Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes of the Surgical Treatment of Patellofemoral Instability in Children with Down Syndrome and Dislocated Patella: Case Series.

INTRODUCTION: We attended three skeletally immature patients with Down syndrome (DS) with complaints of severe patellofemoral instability and dislocated patella (preoperatively, Dugdale classification IV or V), in addition to low functional capacity, with falls during gait. The technique (lateral release, medial capsulectomy, reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with the patellar ligament and associated techniques, and some knees) and results in three children with DS and bilaterally dislocated patella were revealed. CASE REPORT: Our minimum follow-up was 27 months and maximum was 105 months (average of 64 months). All children improved gait, patellar stability, Kujala (58.13%), and subjective IDKC (40.55%) scores and improved the congruence and the trochlea groove angles. CONCLUSION: The patellofemoral instability in children with DS is a challenge. We should use an arsenal of surgical techniques in this complex problem. We believe in early surgery to improve the formation of structures, especially in patients with gross instabilities and frequent falls. In all cases, we detected a weakness of medial components and lateral contracture, reconstructed the MPFL (we were the first researchers to describe this procedure for this group of patients), and performed a medial capsulectomy and lateral release. In some knees, intraoperatively, it was necessary to associate the reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament to improve instability. We consider fundamental analysis of the axis with panoramic radiographs and hemiepiphysiodes is in cases of asymmetric or severe valgus.

Estudo comparativo da avaliação da rotação dos joelhos submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior: feixe duplo x feixe simples / Evaluation of tibial rotational range during dynamic activities: double-bundle vs. single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Em uma tentativa de melhor restabelecer a função normal do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), foi proposta a técnica de reconstrução do LCA com feixe duplo (FD). Entretanto, a superioridade desta técnica frente à técnica com feixe simples (FS) ainda não está claramente demonstrada no cenário clínico. O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a amplitude de rotação tibial, o máximo de rotação interna e externa, e a força de reação ao solo de joelhos submetidos à reconstrução anatômica com feixe duplo, a joelhos submetidos à reconstrução com feixe simples, durante a realização de tarefas dinâmicas. Para isso, um total de 75 (setenta e cinco) indivíduos foram avaliados (26 reconstruções feixe duplo, 22 reconstruções feixe simples, 27 indivíduos sem lesão do LCA que formaram um grupo controle). Utilizando um sistema de análise do movimento humano, constituído por 4 câmeras para a análise do movimento, os indivíduos foram avaliados em três tarefas de demandas distintas. Utilizou-se a técnica TSACCAST para o cálculo da rotação interna e externa da tíbia. A média da amplitude de rotação tibial, máximo de rotação interna e externa, foi avaliada para cada joelho em cada um dos três grupos. A avaliação clínica destes pacientes foi realizada utilizando-se questionários subjetivo e objetivo (IKDC), assim como artrometria manual. Estas avaliações revelaram que ambos os grupos operados eram semelhantes no que se refere ao resultado clínico pós-operatório. A avaliação da amplitude de rotação tibial, máximo de rotação interna e externa, demonstrou que o joelho operado era semelhante ao joelho não operado e aos joelhos do grupo controle. Também não se verificou diferença significativa nos valores de amplitude de rotação tibial, máximo de rotação interna e externa, quando se comparou o grupo FS ao grupo FD. Desta forma, concluímos que a reconstrução do LCA com a técnica de FS e com a técnica de FD são similares no que se refere ao restabelecimento do...

In an attempt to better restore the normal function of the two ACL bundles, the ACL reconstruction with two bundles has been proposed. However, the superiority of the double-bundle technique has not been clearly demonstrated in the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to compare the tibial rotational range, maximal internal and external rotation and ground reaction force of anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees with single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees during three different demanding tasks. A total of 75 subjects, (26 with double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 22 with single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and 27 healthy control individuals) were evaluated in this study. Using a 4-camera motion analysis system, motion subjects were recorded performing during three different tasks. Using the CAST technique, the internal-external tibial rotation of both knees was calculated. The mean tibial rotational range, maximum internal and external rotation, for each knee, was evaluated for the 3 groups (double-bundle group, single-bundle group, and control group). Clinical assessment, including objective and subjective IKDC scores, and knee arthrometric measurement, revealed restoration of the reconstructed knee stability with no differences between the two anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction groups. The results demonstrated that both groups resulted in tibial rotation range values that were similar to those in the non-injured knees and those in the healthy controls. There were also no significant differences in tibial rotational range, maximal internal and external rotation and ground reaction force between the DB group and the SB group. Therefore, anatomical double-bundle and single-bundle reconstruction are able to restore normal tibial rotation.

Traumatic patellar dislocation: nonoperative treatment compared with MPFL reconstruction using patellar tendon.

BACKGROUND: Over the long term, acute patellar dislocations can result in patellar instability, with high recurrence rates after nonoperative treatment. PURPOSE: To compare the results of operative (reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament [MPFL]) versus nonoperative treatment of primary patellar dislocation. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients (41 knees) (mean age, 24.2 years; range, 12-38 years) with acute patellar dislocation were randomized into 2 groups. One group was treated nonoperatively with immobilization and physiotherapy, the other was treated surgically with MPFL reconstruction; both groups were evaluated with minimum follow-up of 2 years. The Kujala questionnaire was applied to assess pain and quality of life, and recurrence was evaluated. Pearson χ(2) or Fisher exact test was used in the statistical evaluation. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the nonoperative group (70.8), when compared with the mean value of the surgical group (88.9; P = .001). The surgical group presented a higher percentage of "good/excellent" results (71.43%) on the Kujala score when compared with the nonoperative group (25.0%; P = .003). The nonoperative group presented a large number of recurrences and subluxations (7 patients; 35% of cases), whereas there were no reports of recurrences or subluxations in the surgical group. CONCLUSION: Treatment with MPFL reconstruction using the patellar tendon produced better results, based on the analyses of posttreatment recurrences and the better final results of the Kujala questionnaire after a minimum follow-up period of 2 years.

Reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior com a técnica de duplo feixe - avaliação no laboratório de biomecânica / Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the double bundle technique - evaluation in the biomechanics laboratory

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a metodologia da análise da rotação do joelho utilizando instrumentos do laboratório de biomecânica e apresentar os resultados preliminares de um estudo comparativo com pacientes submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior com a técnica de duplo feixe. MÉTODOS: Descreveu-se o protocolo atualmente utilizado em nosso laboratório e realizou-se a análise cinemática tridimensional e medida da amplitude de rotação do joelho de oito pacientes normais (grupo controle) e 12 pacientes operados com a técnica de duplo feixe em três tarefas no laboratório de biomecânica. RESULTADOS: Não indicam diferenças significativas entre os lados operados e não operados em relação às amplitudes médias da marcha, da marcha com mudança de direção ou da marcha com mudança de direção ao descer a escada (p > 0,13). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados preliminares não demonstraram diferença da técnica de reconstrução de LCA em duplo feixe em relação ao lado contralateral e ao grupo controle.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the methodology of knee rotation analysis using biomechanics laboratory instruments and to present the preliminary results from a comparative study on patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the double-bundle technique. METHODS: The protocol currently used in our laboratory was described. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis was performed and knee rotation amplitude was measured on eight normal patients (control group) and 12 patients who were operated using the double-bundle technique, by means of three tasks in the biomechanics laboratory. RESULTS: No significant differences between operated and non-operated sides were shown in relation to the mean amplitudes of gait, gait with change in direction or gait with change in direction when going down stairs (p > 0.13). CONCLUSION: The preliminary results did not show any difference in the double-bundle ACL reconstruction technique in relation to the contralateral side and the control group.

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION USING THE DOUBLE-BUNDLE TECHNIQUE - EVALUATION IN THE BIOMECHANICS LABORATORY.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the methodology of knee rotation analysis using biomechanics laboratory instruments and to present the preliminary results from a comparative study on patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the double-bundle technique. METHODS: The protocol currently used in our laboratory was described. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis was performed and knee rotation amplitude was measured on eight normal patients (control group) and 12 patients who were operated using the double-bundle technique, by means of three tasks in the biomechanics laboratory. RESULTS: No significant differences between operated and non-operated sides were shown in relation to the mean amplitudes of gait, gait with change in direction or gait with change in direction when going down stairs (p > 0.13). CONCLUSION: The preliminary results did not show any difference in the double-bundle ACL reconstruction technique in relation to the contralateral side and the control group.

RANDOMIZED PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON TRAUMATIC PATELLAR DISLOCATION: CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT VERSUS RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MEDIAL PATELLOFEMORAL LIGAMENT USING THE PATELLAR TENDON, WITH A MINIMUM OF TWO YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the surgical results from reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with non-operative treatment of primary patellar dislocation. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients (41 knees) with patellar dislocation were randomized into two groups. One group was treated conservatively (immobilization and physiotherapy) and other was treated surgically with reconstruction of the MPFL, and the results were evaluated with a minimum follow-up of two years. The Kujala questionnaire was applied to assess pain and quality of life, and recurrences were evaluated. Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used in the statistical evaluation. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the conservative group (70.8), compared with the mean value in the surgical group (88.9), with p = 0.001. The surgical group presented a higher percentage of "good/excellent" Kujala score results (71.43%) than in the conservative group (25.0%), with p = 0.003. The conservative group presented a greater number of recurrences (35% of the cases), while in the surgical group there were no reports of recurrences and/or subluxation. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the patellar tendon produced better results, based on the analysis of post-treatment recurrences and the better final results from the Kujala questionnaire after a minimum follow-up period of two years.

Estudo prospectivo randomizado sobre a luxação traumática de patela: tratamento conservador versus reconstrução do ligamento femoropatelar medial com tendão patelar - mínimo de dois anos de seguimento / Randomized prospective study on traumatic patellar dislocation: conservative treatment versus reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the patellar tendon, with a minimum of two years of follow-up

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados da cirurgia (reconstrução do ligamento femoropatelar medial; LFPM) com os resultados do tratamento conservador da luxação primária de patela. MÉTODOS: Trinta e nove pacientes (41 joelhos) com luxação de patela foram randomizados em dois grupos (um grupo foi tratado conservadoramente - imobilização e fisioterapia - e o outro cirurgicamente com a reconstrução do LFPM) e foram avaliados com um seguimento mínimo de dois anos. O questionário de Kujala foi aplicado para avaliar dor e qualidade de vida e as recidivas foram avaliadas. Os testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher foram utilizados na avaliação estatística. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística mostrou que a média do escore de Kujala foi significativamente mais baixa no grupo conservador (70,8) quando comparada à média do grupo cirúrgico (88,9), com p = 0,001. O grupo cirúrgico apresentou maior porcentagem de resultados bom/excelente (71,43 por cento) no escore de Kujala quando comparados ao grupo conservador (25 por cento) com p = 0,003. O grupo conservador apresentou um número maior de recorrências (35 por cento dos casos), enquanto que no grupo cirúrgico não houve relatos de recorrências e/ou subluxações. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento com a reconstrução do ligamento femoropatelar medial com o tendão patelar produziu melhores resultados, com base na análise das recorrências pós-tratamento e nos resultados finais melhores no questionário de Kujala após um seguimento mínimo de dois anos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the surgical results from reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with non-operative treatment of primary patellar dislocation. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients (41 knees) with patellar dislocation were randomized into two groups. One group was treated conservatively (immobilization and physiotherapy) and other was treated surgically with reconstruction of the MPFL, and the results were evaluated with a minimum follow-up of two years. The Kujala questionnaire was applied to assess pain and quality of life, and recurrences were evaluated. Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used in the statistical evaluation. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the conservative group (70.8), compared with the mean value in the surgical group (88.9), with p = 0.001. The surgical group presented a higher percentage of "good/excellent" Kujala score results (71.43 percent) than in the conservative group (25.0 percent), with p = 0.003. The conservative group presented a greater number of recurrences (35 percent of the cases), while in the surgical group there were no reports of recurrences and/or subluxation. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the patellar tendon produced better results, based on the analysis of post-treatment recurrences and the better final results from the Kujala questionnaire after a minimum follow-up period of two years.

Acute calcaneus tendon rupture associated with ipsilateral malleolar fracture: case report and literature review.

Malleolar fractures are rarely associated with lesions of the adjacent tendons or neurovascular structures. The association of ankle fractures with Achilles tendon rupture is even more infrequent, although both of these injuries are very common in and of themselves. To our knowledge, fracture of the lateral malleolus in association with an acute rupture of the ipsilateral calcaneus tendon has not been previously described. In this article, we describe a female patient who sustained an acute rupture of the Achilles tendon in conjunction with fracture of the ipsilateral lateral malleolus.

Comparison between Platelet-Rich Plasma and Autologous Iliac Grafts for Tibial Osteotomy.

OBJECTIVE: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has the capacity to improve the bone-healing process. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the occurrence of bone healing and the time taken to achieve this in patients submitted to medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO), comparing platelet-rich plasma with bone marrow aspirate to autologous iliac graft. DESIGN: Twenty-five patients who underwent tibial osteotomy were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group, which received autologous iliac grafts (14 patients), and a study group, which received a compound of PRP and bone marrow aspirate (11 patients). RESULTS: The bone-healing rates achieved were 100% in the control group and 91% in the study group. There was no difference in the time taken to achieve bone healing between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a combination of PRP and bone marrow aspirate, as a bone substitute, did not demonstrate any advantage over the use of an autologous iliac graft in MOWHTO.

THE USE OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA WITH BONE MARROW ASPIRATE IN PUDDU TIBIAL OSTEOTOMY.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed in order to evaluate the use of platelet rich plasma associated to bone marrow aspirate, substituting autologous iliac bone graft in medial opening wedge osteotomy (OWHTO). METHODS: Twenty-five patients were submitted to tibial opening wedge osteotomy, being divided into two groups. Iliac group: 14 patients submitted to OWHTO, using autologous iliac bone graft to fill the gap. PRP group: 11 patients using platelet rich plasma associated to bone marrow aspirate to fill the gap. We evaluated bleeding (hemoglobin and hematocrit levels) and pain (visual analogic scale-VAS), then we compared the groups regarding these variables. RESULTS: Differences between the groups were not found regarding hemoglobin levels (p=0.820) and hematocrit levels (p=0.323). The groups were not different regarding pain measured with VAS (p=0.538). CONCLUSION: The use of platelet rich plasma associated to bone marrow aspirate in medial opening wedge osteotomy did not offer advantages over autologous iliac bone graft regarding bleeding and pain.

A utilização de enxerto alógeno nas reconstruções ligamentares do joelho / Use of allograft in ligamentar reconstruction of knee

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização de enxerto alógeno é um tema que há décadas desperta interesse dos ortopedistas devido às supostas vantagens que apresenta, como diminuição do tempo cirúrgico, maior tamanho de enxerto, ausência de morbidade do sítio doador. OBJETIVO: O artigo a seguir faz análise retrospectiva da casuística do grupo de joelho do IOT-HC-FMUSP no uso de enxerto de banco de tecido próprio para reconstruções ligamentares. Serão apresentados as indicações de uso de enxerto alógeno e qual tipo de enxerto foi utilizado para cada tipo de reconstrução ligamentar. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados prontuários de 46 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Usados como enxerto 30 unidades de tendão patelar, 09 unidades de tendão tibial anterior, 08 unidades de tendão calcâneo, 06 unidades de tendão quadriceptal e 01 unidade de tendão fibular e foram usados principalmente para reconstruções multi-ligamentares e revisões de reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de enxerto alógeno mostrou-se uma interessante opção para as reconstruções ligamentares.

INTRODUCTION: The use of allograft is a matter of huge interest for orthopaedic surgeons, due to the supposed advantages with its use, like decreased surgical time, larger grafts and no donator site morbidity. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article was to review our experience with the use of allografts on ligament reconstruction. We present the technique applied for graft harvest, preparation and storage, as well as the indications for allograft use and the type of procedure in which it was applied. METHODS: We revised the records of 46 patients. RESULTS: We used 09 patellar tendons, 09 anterior tibial tendons, 08 calcaneal tendons, 06 quadriceptal tendons and 01 fibular tendon, mainly for multiple ligamentar reconstructions and ACL reviews. CONCLUSION: The use of allograft seems to be an interesting option for ligamentar reconstruction.

Comparação funcional entre revisão de artroplastia de joelho séptica e asséptica / Functional comparison between septic and aseptic knee arthroplasty review

INTRODUÇÃO: A artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) não é um procedimento isento de riscos. A infecção na ATJ não é a complicação mais comum, porém é uma das mais graves. A revisão em 2 tempos é a escolha nos casos de infecção profunda da prótese de joelho. Por outro lado, a soltura asséptica chega a quase metade das indicações de revisão de artroplastias primárias. A queda do nível de satisfação do paciente pode cair nas revisões. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar através dos resultados obtidos nos escores funcionais e de qualidade de vida entre cirurgia de revisão de ATJ por soltura séptica e asséptica. MÉTODO: Realizamos escores HSS e SF-36 para avaliar a qualidade de vida e o resultado funcional entre pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revisão da ATJ entre dois grupos, um que realizou a substituição da prótese em dois tempos (séptica) e outro no qual a substituição ocorreu em tempo único (asséptica). RESULTADOS: A análise dos dados obtidos mostra melhor desempenho do segundo grupo na pontuação do HSS e em 06 dos 08 domínios do SF-36. Conclusão: A revisão de ATJ em tempo único apresenta melhores resultados funcionais.

INTRODUCTION: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) imposes many risks. TKA infection is not the most frequent complication, but is probably the most serious one. Two-step review is the procedure of choice in deep knee prosthesis infection. On the other hand, aseptic prosthesis detachment represents almost half of the primary arthroplasty review indications. Patient's satisfaction level might diminish after reviews. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the quality of life and final result of TKA review for septic and aseptic failures. METHODS: The patients were assessed using the HSS and SF-36 scores. The patients were divided in two groups: one group submitted to two-step review (septic) and the other to one-step review (aseptic). The analysis of the data obtained shows better scores for the second group in HSS and in 06 of 08 domains of SF-36 classification. CONCLUSIONS: The on-step review of total knee arthroplasty leads to better functional outcomes.

O uso do plasma rico em plaquetas associado ao aspirado de medular óssea na osteotomia tibial tipo puddu / The use of platelet rich plasma enriched with bone marrow aspirate in puddu tibial osteotomy

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo procurou avaliar a aplicação do plasma rico em plaquetas associado ao aspirado de medular óssea como substituto ósseo ao enxerto autólogo do ilíaco nas osteotomias tibiais proximais de cunha de adição medial (OTCAM). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 25 pacientes submetidos a OTCAM divididos de forma randomizada em dois grupos, grupo ilíaco, 14 pacientes submetidos a OTCAM nos quais se utilizou o enxerto autólogo do ilíaco para preencher o sitio da osteotomia, grupo PRP, 11 pacientes submetidos a OTCAM nos quais se utilizou um composto formado por plasma rico em plaquetas associado ao aspirado de medular ósseo para preencher o sitio da osteotomia. Foram avaliados o sangramento (variação dos níveis de hemoglobina e hematócrito) e a dor (escala visual analógica -EVA), comparando os grupos em relação a essas variáveis. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no que se refere à variação dos níveis de hemoglobina (p = 0,820) e hematócrito (p = 0,323). Os grupos não foram diferentes em relação à intensidade da dor segundo a EVA (p = 0,538). CONCLUSÃO: O uso do PRP associado ao aspirado de medular óssea nas OTCAM não demonstrou vantagem sobre a utilização do enxerto autólogo do ilíaco no que se refere a dor e sangramento.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed in order to evaluate the use of platelet rich plasma associated to bone marrow aspirate, substituting autologous iliac bone graft in medial opening wedge osteotomy (OWHTO). METHODS: Twenty-five patients were submitted to tibial opening wedge osteotomy, being divided into two groups. Iliac group: 14 patients submitted to OWHTO, using autologous iliac bone graft to fill the gap. PRP group: 11 patients using platelet rich plasma associated to bone marrow aspirate to fill the gap. We evaluated bleeding (hemoglobin and hematocrit levels) and pain (visual analogic scale-VAS), then we compared the groups regarding these variables. RESULTS: Differences between the groups were not found regarding hemoglobin levels (p=0.820) and hematocrit levels (p=0.323). The groups were not different regarding pain measured with VAS (p=0.538). CONCLUSION: The use of platelet rich plasma associated to bone marrow aspirate in medial opening wedge osteotomy did not offer advantages over autologous iliac bone graft regarding bleeding and pain.

Neurapraxia do femoral pelo uso do garrote: relato de caso / Femoral neurapraxia due to the use of tourniquet: case report

Os autores descrevem caso de paciente do sexo feminino, com 23 anos de idade, submetida à cirurgia do joelho para realinhamento patelar com uso de garrote pneumático e que desenvolveu neurapraxia femoral. Faz-se breve revisão da literatura sobre as vantagens e desvantagens do uso do garrote em cirurgias do joelho e discute-se a necessidade da sua indicação, considerando-se as complicações acarretadas por seu uso incorreto.

The authors describe the case of a 27 year-old female patient submitted to knee surgery for patellar realignment with the use of a pneumatic tourniquet, who developed femoral neurapraxia. They make a brief literature review about the advantages and disadvantages of using a tourniquet in knee surgeries, and discuss the need for tourniquet indication considering the complications entailed by the incorrect use of the tourniquet.

Osteoarticular complications related to HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy.

With the significant increase in life expectancy for HIV-infected patients in the era of high potency antiretroviral therapy, major metabolic changes have been observed due to the prolonged period of the viral infection and the treatment itself. Osteoarticular changes resulting from these processes are mainly reported in long term HIV-infected patients receiving high potency antiretroviral therapy and include osteopenia/osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, carpal tunnel syndrome and adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder.

Osteoarticular complications related to HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy

With the significant increase in life expectancy for HIV-infected patients in the era of high potency antiretroviral therapy, major metabolic changes have been observed due to the prolonged period of the viral infection and the treatment itself. Osteoarticular changes resulting from these processes are mainly reported in long term HIV-infected patients receiving high potency antiretroviral therapy and include osteopenia/osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, carpal tunnel syndrome and adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder.

Tratamento das infecções pós artroplastia total de joelho: resultados com 2 anos de seguimento / Treatment of infections following total knee arthroplasty: 2-year follow-up outcomes

INTRODUÇÃO: A (ATJ) Artroplastia Total do Joelho é cirurgia de grande porte e sujeita a complicações pós operatórias, sendo a infecção uma das piores e mais temidas. No Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, a incidência de infecção nas ATJ tem se mantido ao redor de 3 por cento nos últimos 3 anos. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar e padronizar o protocolo de tratamento das infecções pós artroplastia total de joelho. MATERIAIS AND MÉTODOS: Dentre os anos de 2003 e 2004, vinte e nove pacientes com o diagnóstico de infecção pós artroplastia total de joelho primária foram submetidos a o protocolo de tratamento, sendo o período médio de seguimento 20 meses. Dentre os casos nove eram de infecção superficial, três de infecção profunda aguda, e dezoito de infecção profunda crônica. A classificação é baseada em critérios clínicos locais e no tempo de apresentação dos sintomas. RESULTADOS: Foram tratados oito pacientes com quadro de infecção superficial e três pacientes com infecção profunda aguda, com índice de cura de 100 por cento, sem nenhuma recidiva. Foram tratados dezoito casos de infecção profunda crônica, com cura sem recidiva no período de seguimento em 14 pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Consideramos nossos resultados e nosso protocolo de tratamento adequados e compatíveis com a literatura.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to analyze and standardize the treatment protocol of infections following total knee arthroplasty proposed by the Knee Group and the Infectology Group of IOT-HC-FMUSP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2003 and 2004, twenty-nine patients (19 women and 10 men, mean age: 67 years) diagnosed with infection after total primary knee arthroplasty were hospitalized at IOT-HC FMUSP (Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Hospital das Clínicas, Medical College, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil) and subjected to a treatment protocol. The mean follow-up time was 20 months. Nine cases had superficial infections, three had acute deep infections and eighteen had chronic deep infections. The classification is based on local clinical criteria and on the time of symptoms onset. RESULTS: Eight patients with superficial infection and three patients with acute deep infection were treated, showing good outcomes and no recurrence cases. Eighteen patients with chronic deep infection were treated and cured, 14 of whom with no recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: We regard our outcomes and treatment protocol as appropriate and consistent with literature.

Fratura avulsão do planalto tibial medial (Segond reverso) / Avulsion fracture of the medial tibial plateau (reverse Segond injury)

Descreve-se neste artigo um padrão de lesão descrito na literatura apenas duas vezes, num total de quatro casos, denominado Segond reverso por apresentar achados clínicos e radiológicos exatamente opostos aos da clássica lesão de Segond. Semelhantemente aos casos previamente descritos, apresentou fratura avulsão do planalto tibial medial, na inserção do ligamento colateral medial profundo, associada a lesão do ligamento cruzado posterior. Assim como em um dos casos prévios, foi constatada lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior. Entretanto, diferiu dos anteriormente relatados por não apresentar lesão do menisco medial.

This article reports an injury pattern described only twice in literature, totaling four cases, and referred to as reverse Segond injury for its clinical and radiological findings are precisely opposite to those observed in the classical Segond injury. Similarly to the previously described cases, our case reported avulsion fracture of the medial tibial plateau at the insertion of the deep tibial collateral ligament, associated to posterior cruciate ligament injury. Similarly to one of the previous cases, anterior cruciate ligament injury was found in our case, although it differs from the previous ones because it does not show medial meniscal injury.

Revisão da artroplastia total de joelho em dois tempos: o valor da cultura obtida por biópsia artroscópica / Review of knee total arthroplasty in two steps: the value of culture obtained through arthroscopic biopsy

OBJETIVO: O tratamento mais utilizado para o tratamento das infecções profundas nas artroplastias totais do joelho tem sido a revisão em dois tempos. Mesmo seguindo os passos preconizados neste tipo de tratamento, ainda existe a dúvida do período certo para realizar o segundo tempo da revisão sem o risco de colocação de um novo implante em uma área ainda infectada. Nosso trabalho tem como objetivo determinar o valor da cultura obtida por biópsia artroscópica, a fim de determinar o momento adequado para a realização do segundo tempo da revisão e também o tempo adequado para manter o espaçador. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes com o diagnóstico de infecção profunda pós-artroplastia total de joelho primária foram submetidos ao protocolo de revisão em dois tempos, e após seis semanas da colocação do espaçador e da antibioticoterapia, o paciente foi submetido à biópsia artroscópica no joelho infectado e através dela foram colhidas amostras para cultura a fim de verificar se o momento era adequado para a realização do segundo tempo da revisão. RESULTADOS: Os resultados das culturas de todos os pacientes submetidos à biópsia artroscópica foram negativos, sendo todos submetidos ao segundo tempo da revisão. Das culturas colhidas durante o implante da nova prótese, onze confirmaram a inexistência de processo infeccioso ativo no sítio cirúrgico; uma cultura foi positiva, sendo isolado neste paciente Staphyloccocus aureus sensível à oxacilina. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do pequeno número de casos, concluímos que a cultura obtida pela biópsia artroscópica tem valor e mostrou que seis semanas é o tempo adequado para manutenção do espaçador.

OBJECTIVE: The most commonly used treatment for deep infections in knee total arthroplasties has been the two-steps review. Even following the steps recommended for this kind of treatment, still doubts exist about the right period to perform the second step of the review without risks of placing a new implant in an infected area. Our paper was aimed to determine the value of culture obtained through arthroscopic biopsy, in order to establish the appropriate moment for performing the second review step, and also the adequate time of spacer maintenance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients diagnosed with deep infection following primary knee total arthroplasty were submitted to the two-steps review protocol, and after six weeks of spacer placement and antibiotic therapy, the patient was submitted to arthroscopic biopsy of the infected knee through which samples were collected for culture in order to check if that was the appropriate moment to perform the second step of the review. RESULTS: The results of cultures for all patients submitted to arthroscopic biopsy were negative, with all patients being submitted to the second review step. From cultures collected during the new prosthesis implant, eleven confirmed the inexistence of active infectious process at surgical site; one culture was positive, with Staphyloccocus aureus sensitive to oxacilin being isolated in this patient. CONCLUSION: Although the small number of cases, we concluded that the culture obtained through arthroscopic biopsy is valuable and showed that six weeks is the adequate time for maintaining the spacer.

Alterações degenerativas dos meniscos na osteoartrose de joelho: estudo anatomopatológico / Degenerative meniscal changes of knee osteoarthrosis: pathoanatomical study

Objetivo: Analisar as alterações microscópicas dos meniscos de pacientes com osteoartrose de joelho com deformidade em varo. Material: Foram avaliados os meniscos medial e lateral de 19 pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total de joelho. A análise histológica baseou-se no sistema de graduação de Mankin modificado para lesões da cartilagem articular. As modificações adotadas foram: superfície, clones, degeneração mixóide, calcificação distrófica e vascularização. Resultados: Os achados microscópicos mais relevantes nesse modelo clínico foram as alterações da vascularização meniscal, fissuras e erosões superficiais, degeneração mixóide e ausência de calcificação distrófica. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os meniscos lateral e medial. Conclusão: No modelo clínico de gonoartrose associada a desvio em varo do joelho, ambos os meniscos apresentam alterações microscópicas importantes resultantes de processo degenerativo, não havendo diferença, estatisticamente significante, entre os meniscos medial e lateral