Educational intervention for the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding in adolescent mothers: A feasibility study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the nursing intervention Breastfeeding Counseling (5244) in first-time adolescent mothers and its effect on the knowledge and maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life. METHODS: Randomized, controlled feasibility study with 166 first-time mothers between 14 and 19 years of age, from 20 to 30 weeks of gestation, assigned to an experimental group (nursing intervention: breastfeeding counseling) or a control group (usual education plus nursing intervention not related to breastfeeding). The rate of abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding and the level of knowledge about breastfeeding were evaluated. FINDINGS: The inclusion was 91.7% (166/181), dropout during the intervention was 39.75% (n = 66), and loss in the follow-up was 8.43% (n = 14). Compliance with the intervention protocol was 100%. The pregnant women and family members were satisfied with the intervention and perceived the health benefits for the mothers and their children. Outcome measures in the experimental group did not reveal a significant effect on breastfeeding abandonment rates at 2, 4, and 6 months postpartum, but they did manage to improve and maintain the level of knowledge about breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that it is feasible to implement the nursing intervention: "Breastfeeding counseling" in prenatal classes, achieving an increase in the level of knowledge about breastfeeding in adolescent mothers, but without a reduction in the rate of abandonment of breastfeeding. Nursing professionals need to know and address barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in adolescents. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The nursing intervention "Breastfeeding counseling (5244)" and the outcome "Knowledge: Breastfeeding (1800)" supported the processes of education and knowledge assessment on breastfeeding in pregnant adolescents, which should be instituted in perinatal nursing care.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la factibilidad en la implementación de la intervención de enfermería Asesoramiento en la lactancia (5244), en madres adolescentes primerizas y su efecto en el conocimiento y mantenimiento de la lactancia materna exclusiva en los primeros seis meses de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudio de factibilidad controlado aleatorizado con 166 madres primigestantes entre 14 y 19 años, de 20 a 30 semanas de gestación, asignadas a un grupo experimental (intervención de enfermería: asesoramiento en la lactancia) o a un grupo control (educación habitual más intervención de enfermería no relacionada con la lactancia materna). Se evaluó la tasa de abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva y el nivel de conocimiento sobre la lactancia. RESULTADOS: La inclusión fue del 91.7% (166/181), la deserción durante la intervención del 39.75% (n = 66) y en el seguimiento del 8.43% (n = 14). El cumplimiento del protocolo de intervención fue del 100%. Las gestantes y familiares se encontraron satisfechos con la intervención y percibieron los beneficios en la salud de las madres y sus hijos. Las medidas de resultado en el grupo experimental no revelaron un efecto significativo en las tasas de abandono de lactancia materna a los 2,4 y 6 meses posparto, pero sí logró mejorar y mantener el nivel de conocimientos sobre lactancia materna. CONCLUSIONES: Se encontró que es factible implementar la intervención de enfermería: "Asesoramiento en la lactancia" en las clases prenatales, logrando incrementar el nivel de conocimientos sobre lactancia en las madres adolescentes, pero sin disminución de la tasa de abandono de la lactancia materna. Los profesionales de enfermería requieren conocer y abordar las barreras para la lactancia exclusiva en adolescentes. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA DE ENFERMERÍA: La intervención de enfermería "Asesoramiento en la lactancia (5244)" y el resultado "Conocimiento: lactancia materna (1800)" apoyaron los procesos de educación y evaluación del conocimiento sobre lactancia materna en gestantes adolescentes, por lo cual deberían ser instituidos en el cuidado de enfermería materno perinatal.

A Rasch Analysis of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-Brazilian Version.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Rasch model has not yet been used to evaluate the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI), a tool used worldwide to measure coping with chronic pain. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the adjustment of the CPCI-Brazilian version and its scales to the Rasch model. METHODS: CPCI Rasch analysis with 705 outpatients from a Brazilian hospital. RESULTS: The set of Illness-Focused coping strategies presented as a one-dimensional scale. The Rasch reliability of the person item ranged between 0.33 and 0.89, and 0.29 and 0.99, respectively. There were misfits for items 35 (MNSQOutfit = 2.12) and 54 (MNSQOutfit = 2.92), and DIF of one item regarding gender. The Wright map revealed some gaps in coping measurement. CONCLUSIONS: The scales of CPCIBrazilian Version fitted to the Rasch model after adjustments in the categories of response and exclusion of items 35 and 54.

Structural validity of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-Brazilian version.

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI) has been widely used to measure coping with pain, however, the psychometric properties of the Brazilian CPCI are unknown. AIM: To verify the validity and reliability of the CPCI-Brazilian version. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 705 outpatients with chronic pain participated in the study. Cronbach's alpha, corrected item-total correlations, and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, using the method of Diagonally Weighted Least Squares. RESULTS: Construct validity was supported with a factor loading range of 0.36-0.90 (9 factors) corroborating original loads. The final model had adequate fit with items 42 and 54 excluded, D.F = 2174, TLI = 0.96; CFI = 0.96 and RMSEA = 0.051(p = 0.067). Eight of the nine CPCI scales showed satisfactory reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.70 to 0.92). The Relaxation scale obtained a low alpha value (0.53). CONCLUSION: The CPCI-Brazilian version, after exclusion of items 42 and 54, is valid to measure chronic pain coping in Brazilian adults.

Brazilian Nursing Process Research Network contributions for assistance in the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the theoretical construction process of nursing process support documents in COVID-19 care scenarios. METHODS: an experience report of the joint activity of the Brazilian Nursing Process Research Network (Rede de Pesquisa em Processo de Enfermagem) composed of Higher Education and Health Institution researchers in Brazil. RESULTS: five instruments were organized collectively, involving the elements of nursing practice (nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions) in assistance for community; for patients (with suspected or mild, moderate, and critical COVID-19 and residents in Nursing Homes); for nursing workers' health support, also subsidizing registration and documentation during the COVID-19 pandemic. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: valuing the phenomena manifested by families/communities, patients and health professionals is essential for early detection, intervention, and prevention of diseases.

SCHFI 6.2 Self-Care Confidence Scale - Brazilian version: psychometric analysis using the Rasch model.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Self-Care Confidence Scale in heart failure in the Brazilian version of the Self Care Heart Failure Index, version 6.2, using the Rasch model criteria. METHOD: secondary study, of psychometric analysis, using the Rasch model, of the six items of the scale. The sample consisted of 409 patients with heart failure undergoing outpatient treatment [mean age 57.9 (standard deviation = 11.6) years, 54.8% male]. RESULTS: of the total of six items, one ("De maneira geral, você está confiante sobre estar livre dos sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca?") presented maladjustment to the model (Infit = 1.84 and Outfit = 1.99). After the exclusion of this item, the others showed a good fit, composed one dimension and explained 55% of the variance in the data; the categories of response to the items were adequate, the values of separation and reliability of person were 2.13 and 0.82, respectively, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.87. Items of extreme difficulty were identified and there is no differential functioning of the items in relation to sex. CONCLUSION: with the exclusion of the first item, the Self-Care Confidence Scale showed good psychometric properties, with caution in interpreting the results of the six-item scale.

Brazilian Nursing Process Research Network contributions for assistance in the COVID-19 pandemic / Contribuciones de la Red de Investigación en Proceso de Enfermería para la asistencia en la pandemia de COVID-19 / Contribuições da rede de pesquisa em processo de enfermagem para assistência na pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the theoretical construction process of nursing process support documents in COVID-19 care scenarios. Methods: an experience report of the joint activity of the Brazilian Nursing Process Research Network (Rede de Pesquisa em Processo de Enfermagem) composed of Higher Education and Health Institution researchers in Brazil. Results: five instruments were organized collectively, involving the elements of nursing practice (nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions) in assistance for community; for patients (with suspected or mild, moderate, and critical COVID-19 and residents in Nursing Homes); for nursing workers' health support, also subsidizing registration and documentation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Final considerations: valuing the phenomena manifested by families/communities, patients and health professionals is essential for early detection, intervention, and prevention of diseases.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el proceso de construcción teórica de los documentos de respaldo del Proceso de Enfermería en los escenarios de asistencia al COVID-19. Métodos: es un relato de experiencia de la actividad conjunta de la Red de Investigación de Procesos de Enfermería, formada por investigadores de las Instituciones de Educación Superior y Salud de Brasil. Resultados: se organizaron cinco instrumentos de manera colectiva, involucrando elementos de la práctica de enfermería (diagnósticos, resultados e intervenciones de enfermería) en el cuidado comunitario; al paciente (sospechoso o con COVID-19 leve y moderado, crítico y residente en Hogares para Ancianos); y apoyo a la salud del trabajador de enfermería, subsidiando además el registro y documentación durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Consideraciones finales: valorar los fenómenos manifestados por las familias/comunidades, pacientes y profesionales de la salud es fundamental para su identificación temprana, intervención y prevención de enfermedades.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o processo de construção teórica dos documentos de apoio ao Processo de Enfermagem nos cenários de atendimento à COVID-19. Métodos: trata-se de um relato de experiência da atividade conjunta da Rede de Pesquisa em Processo de Enfermagem, formada por pesquisadores de Instituições de Ensino Superior e de Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: cinco instrumentos foram organizados coletivamente, envolvendo os elementos da prática de enfermagem (diagnósticos, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem) na assistência à comunidade; ao paciente (suspeito ou com COVID-19 leve e moderada, crítico e residente em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos); e ao suporte à saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem, subsidiando igualmente o registro e a documentação durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Considerações finais: valorizar os fenômenos manifestados por famílias/comunidades, pacientes e profissionais de saúde é essencial para sua identificação precoce, intervenção e prevenção de agravos.

Designing a telephone intervention program for family caregivers.

Objective Describing the development process of a nursing intervention program to promote the adaptation of family caregivers for people with chronic diseases in Colombia and Brazil. Method A developmental study in which an intervention program was created as proposed by the UK Medical Research Council for developing and evaluating complex interventions. Results The program was organized into five weekly sessions of 40 minutes duration applied over the telephone, which integrated the activities of Caregiver Support and Improvement in Coping. Conclusion Following the recommendations of the UK Medical Research Council allowed designing an intervention program of high methodological rigor based on existing scientific evidence, and based on a theoretical model from the nursing discipline which will increase the understanding of their mechanisms of action in improving the well-being of family caregivers.

Modelo de adaptação em um ensaio clínico controlado com cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doenças crônicas / Modelo de adaptación en un ensayo clinico controlado con cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedades crónicas / Adaptation model in a controlled clinical trial involving family caregivers of chronic patients

RESUMO Objetivo: elaborar a estrutura conceitual e teórico-empírica, a partir da aplicação do modelo de Adaptação de Roy, para nortear o desenvolvimento de um ensaio clinico controlado que avaliará a efetividade de um programa de intervenção de enfermagem para promover a adaptação de cuidadores familiares com tensão do papel de cuidador. Método: estudo teórico. A estrutura conceitual foi desenvolvida seguindo três passos: o desenvolvimento de uma compreensão abrangente do modelo conceitual, a revisão da literatura e a construção da estrutura conceitual e teórico-empírica, propriamente dita. Resultados: o processo de aplicação mostrou-se consistente no delineamento de um programa de intervenção para cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doenças crônicas, a ser testado num ensaio clínico controlado. Os indicadores de adaptação foram a diminuição da pontuação na escala de tensão do papel de cuidador e o aumento da percepção de bem-estar e qualidade de vida. Conclusão: o modelo de Roy configura-se como um guia importante para a pesquisa de enfermagem que pretende testar intervenções de enfermagem que favoreçam o bem-estar de cuidadores familiares.

RESUMEN Objetivo: elaborar el marco conceptual-teórica-empírico, a partir de la aplicación del modelo de Adaptación de Roy, para guiar un ensayo clínico controlado que evaluará la efectividad de un programa de intervención de enfermería para promover la adaptación de cuidadores familiares con cansancio del rol de cuidador. Método: estudio teórico. La estructura conceptual teórica empírica fue desarrollada siguiendo tres pasos: desarrollo de una comprensión amplia del modelo conceptual, revisión de la literatura y construcción del marco conceptual-teórica-empírica. Resultados: la aplicación de la teoría fue consistente con el diseño de un programa de intervención para cuidadores familiares, a ser evaluado en un ensayo clínico controlado. Los indicadores de adaptación fueron la disminución en la puntuación de la escala cansancio del rol de cuidador y el aumento de la percepción de bienestar y calidad de vida. Conclusión: el modelo de Roy es una guía importante para la investigación en enfermería que pretende evaluar intervenciones de enfermería que promuevan el bienestar de los cuidadores familiares.

ABSTRACT Objective: to elaborate the conceptual and theoretical-empirical structure, based on the application of Roy's Adaptation model, to guide the development of a controlled clinical trial aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a nursing intervention program to promote the adaptation of family caregivers with caregiver role strain. Method: theoretical study. The conceptual structure was developed in three phases: development of a comprehensive understanding of the conceptual model, literature review and construction of the conceptual and theoretical-empirical structure itself. Results: the application process demonstrated its consistency in the design of an intervention program for family caregivers of chronic patients, to be tested in a controlled clinical trial. The indicators of adaptation were the reduced score on the caregiver tension scale and the increased perception of wellbeing and quality of life. Conclusion: Roy's model serves as an important guide for nursing research intended to test nursing interventions that favor the wellbeing of family caregivers.

Content validation of nursing outcomes in relation to family caregivers: content validation by Brazilian and Colombian experts / Resultados de enfermería relacionados con el cuidador familiar: validación de contenido por expertos brasileños y colombianos / Resultados de enfermagem relacionados ao cuidador familiar: validação de conteúdo por expertos brasileiros e colombianos

ABSTRACT Objective: this study's aim was to estimate the content validity of nursing outcomes in relation to family caregivers. Method: eleven Brazilian and Colombian experts participated in the study. None of the 61 indicators of the four nursing outcomes were considered irrelevant; 42 (68.9%) were considered primary and 19 (31.1%) were considered secondary. Results: the indicators with higher validity scores were: family share care responsibilities for Caregiver well-being (CVI=0.85); disruption of family dynamics to Caregiver lifestyle disruption (CVI=0.85); perceived spiritual well-being and anger for Caregiver emotional health (CVI=0.79) and perceived general health to Caregiver physical health (CVI=0.79). Conclusion: the nursing outcomes studied had adequate content validity. It is recommended that content validation followed by clinical and construct validation of the nursing-sensitive outcomes be given in different cultures and care settings.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estimar la validez de contenido de cuatro resultados de enfermería relacionados con el cuidador familiar. Método: once expertos brasileros y colombianos participaron en el estudio. Ninguno de los 61 indicadores de los cuatro resultados de enfermería fueron consideraos irrelevantes, 42 (68,9%) fueron considerados principales y 19 (31,1%) fueron considerados secundarios. Resultados: los indicadores con mayores puntuaciones de validez fueron: familia compartiendo las responsabilidades del ofrecimiento de cuidados para el Bienestar del cuidador (IVC=0,85), ruptura de la dinámica familiar para Ruptura del estilo de vida del cuidador (IVC=0,85); bienestar percibido y rabia para Salud emocional del cuidador (IVC=0,79) y salud general percibida para Salud física del cuidador (IVC=0,79). Conclusión: los resultados de enfermería tuvieron adecuada validez de contenido. Se recomienda que la validación de contenido seguida por la validación clínica y de constructo se realice en diferentes culturas y escenarios de cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: estimar a validade de conteúdo de quatro resultados de enfermagem relacionados ao cuidador familiar. Método: onze expertos brasileiros e colombianos participaram do estudo. Nenhum dos 61 indicadores dos quatro resultados de enfermagem foi considerado irrelevante, 42 (68,9%) foram considerados principais e 19 (31,1%) foram considerados secundários. Resultados: os indicadores com maiores escores de validade foram: família compartilhando as responsabilidades do oferecimento de cuidados para o Bem-estar do cuidador (IVC=0,85); ruptura da dinâmica familiar para a Ruptura do estilo de vida do cuidador (IVC=0,85); bem-estar espiritual percebido e raiva para Saúde emocional do cuidador (IVC=0,79) e saúde geral percebida para Saúde física do cuidador (IVC=0,79). Conclusão: os resultados de enfermagem estudados tiveram adequada validade de conteúdo. Recomenda-se que a validação de conteúdo, seguida pela validação clínica e de construto dos resultados ocorram em diferentes culturas e locais de assistência.

Designing a telephone intervention program for family caregivers / Diseño de un programa de intervención con uso de teléfono para cuidadores familiares / Desenho de um programa de intervenção com uso de telefone para cuidadores familiares

ABSTRACT Objective Describing the development process of a nursing intervention program to promote the adaptation of family caregivers for people with chronic diseases in Colombia and Brazil. Method A developmental study in which an intervention program was created as proposed by the UK Medical Research Council for developing and evaluating complex interventions. Results The program was organized into five weekly sessions of 40 minutes duration applied over the telephone, which integrated the activities of Caregiver Support and Improvement in Coping. Conclusion Following the recommendations of the UK Medical Research Council allowed designing an intervention program of high methodological rigor based on existing scientific evidence, and based on a theoretical model from the nursing discipline which will increase the understanding of their mechanisms of action in improving the well-being of family caregivers.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el proceso de desarrollo de un programa de intervención de enfermería para promover la adaptación de los cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedades crónicas de Colombia y de Brasil. Método Estudio de desarrollo en el que el programa de intervención fue creado según la propuesta del UK Medical Research Council para el desarrollo y la valoración de intervenciones complejas. Resultados El programa fue organizado en cinco sesiones semanales, de 40 minutos de duración, aplicadas por teléfono, que integraron las actividades de Apoyo al cuidador y Mejora del enfrentamiento. Conclusión Seguir las recomendaciones de la UK Medical Research Council permitió el diseño de un programa de intervención, de alto rigor metodológico, fundamentado en evidencias científicas existentes, sostenido sobre un modelo teórico propio de la disciplina de enfermería, lo que permitirá aumentar la comprensión de sus mecanismos de acción en la mejora del bienestar del cuidador familiar.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o processo de desenvolvimento de um programa de intervenção de enfermagem para promover a adaptação dos cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doenças crônicas da Colômbia e do Brasil. Método Estudo de desenvolvimento no qual o programa de intervenção foi criado segundo a proposta do UK Medical Research Council para o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de intervenções complexas. Resultados O programa foi organizado em cinco sessões semanais, de 40 minutos de duração, aplicadas por telefone, que integraram as atividades de Apoio ao cuidador e Melhora do enfrentamento. Conclusão Seguir as recomendações da UK Medical Research Council permitiu o delineamento de um programa de intervenção, de alto rigor metodológico, fundamentado em evidências científicas existentes, sustentado em um modelo teórico próprio da disciplina de enfermagem o que permitirá aumentar a compreensão dos seus mecanismos da ação na melhora do bem-estar do cuidador familiar.

Effectiveness of teaching strategies on the development of critical thinking in undergraduate nursing students: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching strategies used for development of critical thinking (CT) in undergraduate nursing students. METHOD: Systematic review with meta-analysis based on the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute . Searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, ERIC, and a database of theses from four continents. The initial selection and evaluation of studies and assessment of methodological quality was performed by two reviewers independently. RESULTS: Twelve randomized clinical trials were included in the study. In the meta-analysis of the four studies included that evaluated the strategy of problem-based learning (PBL), compared to lectures, the effectiveness of PBL was demonstrated with statistical significance (SMD = 0.21 and 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.42; p = 0.0434) for the development of CT in undergraduate nursing students, and the studies were homogeneous (chi-square = 6.10, p = 0.106). CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of PBL was demonstrated in the increase of overall CT scores. Further studies need to be conducted in order to develop, implement and evaluate teaching strategies that are guided in high methodological rigor, and supported in theoretical models of teaching and learning. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade das estratégias de ensino utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico (PC) em estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem. MÉTODO: Revisão sistemática com metanálise baseada nas recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO e ERIC e de banco de teses dos quatro continentes. A seleção e avaliação inicial dos estudos e a avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi realizada por dois revisores de forma independente. RESULTADOS: Incluídos 12 ensaios clínico randomizados. Na metanálise, dos quatro estudos incluídos que avaliaram a estratégia do Problem Based Learning (PBL), comparada a palestras, foi demonstrada a efetividade do PBL, estatisticamente significativa (SMD=0,21 e 95% IC=0,01-0,42; p=0,0434) para o desenvolvimento do PC em estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem e os estudos eram homogêneos (Qui-quadrado=6,10, p=0,106). CONCLUSÃO: Foi demonstrada a efetividade do PBL no aumento dos escores de PC global. Novos estudos precisam ser feitos com o objetivo de desenvolver, implementar e avaliar estratégias de ensino, que sejam pautadas em alto rigor metodológico e amparadas em modelos teóricos de ensino-aprendizagem.

Effectiveness of teaching strategies on the development of critical thinking in undergraduate nursing students: a meta-analysis / Efectividad de las estrategias de enseñanza en el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico de estudiantes de pregrado de enfermería: un metaanálisis / Efetividade das estratégias de ensino no desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico de graduandos de Enfermagem: uma metanálise

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching strategies used for development of critical thinking (CT) in undergraduate nursing students. METHOD Systematic review with meta-analysis based on the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute . Searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, ERIC, and a database of theses from four continents. The initial selection and evaluation of studies and assessment of methodological quality was performed by two reviewers independently. RESULTS Twelve randomized clinical trials were included in the study. In the meta-analysis of the four studies included that evaluated the strategy of problem-based learning (PBL), compared to lectures, the effectiveness of PBL was demonstrated with statistical significance (SMD = 0.21 and 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.42; p = 0.0434) for the development of CT in undergraduate nursing students, and the studies were homogeneous (chi-square = 6.10, p = 0.106). CONCLUSION The effectiveness of PBL was demonstrated in the increase of overall CT scores. Further studies need to be conducted in order to develop, implement and evaluate teaching strategies that are guided in high methodological rigor, and supported in theoretical models of teaching and learning.

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar la efectividad de las estrategias de enseñanza utilizadas para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico (PC) de estudiantes de pregrado de Enfermería. MÉTODO Revisión sistemática con metaanálisis basado en las recomendaciones del Joanna Briggs Institute. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO y ERIC, y de banco de tesis de los cuatro continentes. La selección y evaluación inicial de los estudios y la evaluación de la calidad metodológica las llevó a cabo dos revisores de modo independiente. RESULTADOS Incluidos 12 ensayos clínicos randomizados. En el metaanálisis, de los cuatro estudios incluidos que evaluaron la estrategia del Problem Based Learning (PBL), comparada con conferencias, fue demostrada la efectividad del PBL, estadísticamente significativa (SMD=0,21 y el 95% IC=0,01-0,42; p=0,0434) para el desarrollo del PC en estudiantes de pregrado en Enfermería, y los estudios eran homogéneos (Chi cuadrado=6,10, p=0,106). CONCLUSIÓN Fue demostrada la efectividad del PBL en el incremento de los puntajes de PC global. Se necesitan hacer nuevos estudios con el fin de desarrollar, implantar y evaluar estrategias de enseñanza que se pauten en un alto rigor metodológico y se amparen en modelos teóricos de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Resumo OBJETIVO Avaliar a efetividade das estratégias de ensino utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico (PC) em estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem. MÉTODO Revisão sistemática com metanálise baseada nas recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO e ERIC e de banco de teses dos quatro continentes. A seleção e avaliação inicial dos estudos e a avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi realizada por dois revisores de forma independente. RESULTADOS Incluídos 12 ensaios clínico randomizados. Na metanálise, dos quatro estudos incluídos que avaliaram a estratégia do Problem Based Learning (PBL), comparada a palestras, foi demonstrada a efetividade do PBL, estatisticamente significativa (SMD=0,21 e 95% IC=0,01-0,42; p=0,0434) para o desenvolvimento do PC em estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem e os estudos eram homogêneos (Qui-quadrado=6,10, p=0,106). CONCLUSÃO Foi demonstrada a efetividade do PBL no aumento dos escores de PC global. Novos estudos precisam ser feitos com o objetivo de desenvolver, implementar e avaliar estratégias de ensino, que sejam pautadas em alto rigor metodológico e amparadas em modelos teóricos de ensino-aprendizagem.

The effectiveness of interventions in managing treatment adherence in adult heart transplant patients: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 20 years, solid organ transplantation has evolved from experimental treatments to an effective alternative for the treatment of various diseases, including heart failure. Treatment non-adherence is a limiting factor for the success of heart transplants. A systematic review of the evidence is needed to examine the effectiveness of interventions for managing adherence to treatment in heart transplant patients. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the best available evidence regarding interventions for managing adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in heart/heart-lung transplant patients. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review considered primary studies that included patients 18 years old or older, who had undergone heart or heart-lung transplantation (regardless of gender, ethnicity, comorbidities or whether they had received other treatments or not) who were receiving pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.This review considered studies that evaluated the effectiveness of interventions in managing adherence to pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatments among adult heart/heart-lung transplant patients. Primary studies comparing standard care with any type of intervention to maintain treatment adherence were considered.This review considered any experimental study design including randomized controlled trials; other research designs, such as non-randomized controlled trials and before and after studies, were also considered for inclusion.The primary outcome considered was patient adherence to pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatments by means of objective or self-report assessment. SEARCH STRATEGY: Published and unpublished studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish were searched in electronic databases. Searches were completed in January 2014. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY: Two independent reviewers, using the standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument, assessed methodological quality. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted using the standardized data extraction tool from Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. DATA SYNTHESIS: Statistical pooling was not possible due to substantial heterogeneity of the studies; therefore data were presented as a narrative summary. RESULTS: Three quasi-experimental studies were included in this review. One study found that a dose reduction of immunosuppressive medications from a twice-daily to a once-daily regimen had a positive impact on treatment adherence; one found no significant difference in treatment adherence between patients who received educational intervention conducted in a teaching laboratory and those who received standard care; the third one also reported no significant difference in outcomes between a multifaceted intervention consisting of internet-based interactive workshops and standard care. CONCLUSIONS: The current best evidence to guide decisions regarding interventions to manage treatment adherence in heart transplant patients is limited. There is weak evidence that psycho-educational interventions (other than the standard care) has a positive impact on adherence and that decreasing the complexity of the treatment regimen by reducing the daily dose of the immunosuppressant drug improves adherence in heart transplant patients.