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1.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 62(3): 194-199, sep.-dic. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-584951

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: la cepa atenuada 638 Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, Ogawa, ha demostrado ser bien tolerada e inmunogénica por vía oral en estudios realizados en voluntarios sanos. OBJETIVO: se evaluó la protección conferida contra el cólera, en un ensayo clínico de reto, para el escalado tecnológico y farmacéutico de este candidato vacunal como ingrediente activo a escala industrial. MÉTODOS: en el estudio participaron 21 voluntarios sanos, 12 de ellos recibieron el candidato vacunal, y 9 ingirieron un placebo; 28 d después, todos recibieron una dosis infectante de una cepa virulenta de V.cholerae. RESULTADOS: la diarrea se registró en 7 de los 9 placebos, mientras que ninguno de los voluntarios vacunados presentó diarrea. Los voluntarios placebos del grupo sanguíneo O, tuvieron diarreas con mayor frecuencia e intensidad. Todos los voluntarios en el grupo placebo excretaron V. cholerae mientras que solo 3 (25 por ciento) de los 12 vacunados la excretaron. CONCLUSIONES: en este modelo de ensayo de reto, la cepa 638 demostró proteger contra la diarrea producida por una cepa virulenta de V. cholerae.


INTRODUCTION: live attenuated oral Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, Ogawa strain 638 has demonstrated to be well tolerated and immunogenic when administrated orally in studies carried out in healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the protection against cholera infection in a challenge clinical trial, for the technological and pharmaceutical scale-up of this vaccinal candidate as active ingredient at industrial level. METHOD: a total of 21 healthy volunteers were involved in this trial; the vaccine candidate was administered to 12 of them and the remaining nine were given the placebo. Twenty eight days later, all of them received an infective dose of a V. cholerae virulent strain. RESULTS: diarrheas were observed in 7 out of 9 placebos whereas not a single vaccinated volunteer showed diarrheas. More frequent and intense loose stools were found in the placebo volunteers with O-blood group. All volunteers in he placebo group excreted V. cholerae, but only three (25 percent) out of the 12 vaccinated volunteers did so. CONCLUSION: in this challenge clinical trial model, the 638 strain proved to protect people against the diarrhea caused by a virulent V. cholerae strain.


Assuntos
Humanos , Vacinas contra Cólera/imunologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Vibrio cholerae/imunologia , Método Duplo-Cego
2.
Rev Cubana Med Trop ; 62(3): 194-9, 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23437548

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: live attenuated oral Vibrio cholerae Ol El Tor, Ogawa strain 638 has demonstrated to be well tolerated and immunogenic when administrated orally in studies carried out in healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the protection against cholera infection in a challenge clinical trial, for the technological and pharmaceutical scale-up of this vaccinal candidate as active ingredient at industrial level. METHODS: a total of 21 healthy volunteers were involved in this trial; the vaccine candidate was administered to 12 of them and the remaining nine were given the placebo. Twenty eight days later, all of them received an infective dose of a V. cholerae virulent strain. RESULTS: diarrheas were observed in 7 out of 9 placebos whereas not a single vaccinated volunteer showed diarrheas. More frequent and intense loose stools were found in the placebo volunteers with O-blood group. All volunteers in he placebo group excreted V. cholerae, but only three (25%) out of the 12 vaccinated volunteers did so. CONCLUSION: in this challenge clinical trial model, the 638 strain proved to protect people against the diarrhea caused by a virulent V. cholerae strain.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra Cólera/imunologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Vibrio cholerae/imunologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos
3.
Rev. cuba. pediatr ; 81(2)abr.-jun. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-576546

RESUMO

En Cuba, entre el 1ero. de enero de 1986 y el 30 de abril de 2007 nacieron 280 niños hijos de madres VIH+. De ellos solo 22 (7,8 por ciento) nacieron con edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas y solo uno (4,5 por ciento) presentó una enterocolitis necrosante. En el presente artículo se describe un episodio de esta enfermedad en un niño prematuro hijo de padres VIH+, supuestamente asociado al uso profiláctico de zidovudina en las madres seropositivas por la posibilidad de producir toxicidad mitocondrial en el feto. Con el tratamiento quirúrgico empleado, la evolución del niño fue favorable. El caso presentado constituye una evidencia que el personal médico debe tener en cuenta para el cuidado y diagnóstico de estos pacientes.


In Cuba, from January 1, 1986 to April 30, 2007 were born 280 children from HIV+ mothers. Only 22 (7, 8 percent) had a gestational age under 37 weeks and only one (4, 5 percent) presented with a necrotizing enterocolitis. In present paper we describe an episode of this disease in a premature baby son of HIV+ parents, supposedly associated with prophylactic use of Zidovudine in seropositive mothers by possibility to produce mitochondria toxicity in fetus. This case is an evidence that family physician must to assess for care and diagnosis of these patients.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Enterocolite Necrosante/cirurgia , Enterocolite Necrosante/diagnóstico , Enterocolite Necrosante/tratamento farmacológico , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Relatos de Casos
4.
Invest Clin ; 49(3): 309-20, 2008 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18846772

RESUMO

HIV infection affected 0.06% of the Cuban population and AIDS associated tuberculosis (TB) represented 4.4% of cases in 2004. The objective of this study was to determine the survival of AIDS patients with TB. 167 individuals of both sexes and ages between 15 and 60 years old were studied; all of them were diagnosed in the Havana's Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Cuba, between January 1st 1997 and May 31st 2005. The Kaplan-Meier's method and the Long-rank test were used for the survival, and the Cox's multivariate method to identify the variables associated with mortality by means of SPSS 9.0. 78 individuals of the total died at the end of study, 71.8% belonged to the pre highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era and 28.2% to the later period. From all deceased cases due to TB, 82.1% were diagnosed in the pre HAART era. The median survival was 41 months (CI=20-62). TB diagnosis in the pre HAART period, TB not being the first disease indicator of AIDS, suffering from candidiasis of esophagus before TB and a LTCD4+ count < 200 at the diagnosis of TB, were all independently associated with mortality. This study demonstrated the positive impact of HAART in the survival of Cuban AIDS patients with TB and also identified advanced immunodepression and opportunistic infections as predictors of mortality.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Tuberculose/mortalidade , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Cuba , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Taxa de Sobrevida , Tuberculose/complicações , Adulto Jovem
5.
Invest. clín ; 49(3): 309-320, sept. 2008. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-518665

RESUMO

En Cuba el VIH infecta al 0,06% de la población y la tuberculosis (TB) asociada al SIDA representó el 4,4% de los casos en el año 2004. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la supervivencia de los enfermos con SIDA y TB. Se estudiaron 167 individuos de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 60 años, diagnosticados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí” de La Habana, Cuba, entre el 1º de enero de 1997 y el 31 de mayo del 2005. Se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier y la prueba de Log-rank para la supervivencia, un modelo multivariado de Cox para identificar las variables asociadas con la mortalidad mediante SPSS 9.0. De los 167 individuos 78 fallecieron, el 71,8% perteneció a la era-pre Tratamiento Antirretroviral de Alta Eficacia (TARVAE) y el 28,2% al periodo posterior. Del total de fallecidos por TB (39), el 82,1% se diagnosticó en la etapa pre-TARVAE. La mediana de supervivencia fue 41 meses (IC=20-62). Se asociaron de forma independiente con la mortalidad las categorías: diagnóstico de TB en la etapa pre-TARVAE, no ser la TB la primera enfermedad indicadora de SIDA, padecer candidiasis oroesofágica antes de la TB y menos de 200 LTCD4+ en el diagnóstico de la TB. Se demostró el impacto positivo del TARVAE en la supervivencia de los enfermos SIDA con TB en Cuba, y se identificaron la inmunodepresión avanzada y las enfermedades oportunistas como predictores de mortalidad.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por HIV , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/terapia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/métodos , Tuberculose/patologia , Cuba/epidemiologia
7.
Rev Chilena Infectol ; 25(1): 41-8, 2008 Feb.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18273524

RESUMO

Vertical transmission of HIV infection constitutes one of the most sensitive pillars of the current pandemic of this disease. This article carries out a report of the nine Cuban children who acquired this way the infection and died between 1986 and 2006. Prophylactic management of the cases and the clinical and anatomic pathological manifestations of those in whom autopsy was performed are described. The average gestational age was of 37.6 weeks, four of the pregnancies were captured late. Six children were born by caesarean section and in all transmission were presumably intrauterine. The average birth weight was 2786 grams. Four mother-sibling binomial received prophylaxis with AZT. The autopsy was carried out only in 4 children.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Pré-Escolar , Cuba , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 25(1): 41-48, feb. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-473650

RESUMO

Vertical transmission of HIV infection constitutes one of the most sensitive pillars of the current pandemic of this disease. This article carries out a report of the nine Cuban children who acquired this way the infection and died between 1986 and 2006. Prophylactic management of the cases and the clinical and anatomic pathological manifestations of those in whom autopsy was performed are described. The average gestational age was of 37.6 weeks, four of the pregnancies were captured late. Six children were born by caesarean section and in all transmission were presumably intrauterine. The average birth weight was 2786 grams. Four mother-sibling binomial received prophylaxis with AZT. The autopsy was carried out only in 4 children.


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Gravidez , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Cuba , Evolução Fatal , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos
9.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Enfermedades Respir ; 19(2): 113-121, abr.-jun. 2006. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-632588

RESUMO

Fundamento: Hay más de 40 millones de afectados en el mundo por el VIH/SIDA; han muerto alrededor de 20 millones de personas desde los inicios de la epidemia. Hay mayores tasas de mortalidad y menor supervivencia en los enfermos con tuberculosis (TB) e infección por el VIH-I. Particularmente, en Cuba no existen estudios previos que aborden la supervivencia en individuos coinfectados por VIH/TB. Métodos: Estudio observacional de una serie de 72 casos con TB y SIDA antes de generalizada la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (TARVAE). Se describen variables clínicas e inmunológicas que se relacionan con la supervivencia a los tres años del diagnóstico de la TB y con el riesgo de muerte. Utilizamos el método de Kaplan-Meier y de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: El 69.4% de los enfermos habían fallecido a los tres años del diagnóstico de la TB. La media del recuento de LTCD4+ resultó significativamente inferior en los muertos: 126 células por mm³ (p < 0.0001). El 44.4% de los casos cumplió los criterios de muerte por TB. La mediana de supervivencia global fue de 10 meses. Tener LTCD4 + < a 200 células y padecer candidiasis profunda previo a la TB, se asoció independientemente con el riesgo de muerte. Conclusiones: En ausencia de TARVAE, las infecciones oportunistas y el deterioro inmunológico en los individuos con SIDA y TB se relacionaron con un mayor riesgo de muerte.


Background: Infection due to HIV/AIDS affects more than 40 million people worldwide; around 20 million have succumbed since the epidemy began. There are higher mortality rates and shortened survival in those affected by tuberculosis (TB) and HIV-I. In Cuba, there are no previous studies regarding the survival of patients coinfected by HIV/TB. Methods: Observational study of a series of 72 cases infected by TB and AIDS before the widespread use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART); we describe the clinical and immunological variables associated to three year survival from the diagnosis of TB/AIDS and to the risk of death. Survival analyses were done by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test to determine the survival function according to categories of the variables included. Cox's proportional hazards was used to determine the independent association of each variable with the risk of death. Results: 51.4% of patients were dead one year and 69.4%, three years after the diagnosis of TB. Mean CD4+T lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in the deceased, 126 cells/mm³ (p < 0.0001); 44.4% fulfilled the criteria of death caused by TB. Mean survival was 10 months; survival was higher in those patients with TB as the first condition indicative of AIDS, in those who were not AIDS before TB, in those not having previous deep candidiasis, when CD4 + T lymphocyte counts > 200/mm³, in those with a reactive tuberculin skin test and when smears from sputum were negative to acid fast bacilli. The risk of death was independently associated to CD4 + T lymphocyte counts < 200/mm³, and having deep candidiasis before TB. Conclusions: In the absence of HA ART, opportunistic infections and immunologic impairment in patients with AIDS and TB are related to lower survival rates and increased risk of death.

10.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Enfermedades Respir ; 19(1): 16-27, ene.-mar. 2006. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-632574

RESUMO

Objetivo: Caracterizar dos grupos de enfermos con SIDA y tuberculosis (TB) diagnosticados antes y después de generalizada la terapia antirretrovirai de alta eficacia (TARVAE) en Cuba. Métodos: Diseño descriptivo y correlacional en dos series de casos en 149 enfermos con SIDA y TB: serie I, 72 casos (enero 1997-marzo 2001, antes de la TARVAE); serie II, 77 casos (mayo 2001-julio 2004, después de la TARVAE). Todos los casos fueron egresados del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" de La Habana, Cuba. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, clínicas, microbiológicas e inmunológicas por revisión de expedientes clínicos. Resultados principales y conclusiones: Predominó el sexo masculino en ambas series; la edad media varió de los 30 a los 33 años. El 58.3% y el 57.1% de los casos de ambas series clasificaba como enfermo SIDA en el momento de la TB, ésta fue la primera enfermedad indicadora del síndrome en el 64.9% de los casos en la serie II, 48.6% en el resto. En la serie II, el 54.5% de los enfermos tuvieron un recuento de LTCD4+ < 200 células, indicando mejor estado inmunológico respecto a la serie I (76.4%). El estado clínico de la TB fue semejante en ambos grupos; en la serie II, hubo mayor frecuencia de fiebre de origen desconocido (92.2%), diaforesis nocturna (64.9%), disnea (14.3%) y linfadenopatías regionales (27.3%). La localización pulmonar fue la más frecuente en ambas series (79.2 y 75.35%); en 9 casos de la serie II se diagnosticó TB diseminada (11.7%). Las formas radiológicas más frecuentes fueron el infiltrado inflamatorio difuso de las bases, la mediastinal y la TB con radiografía negativa; en la serie II, hubo lesiones cavitarías (7.8%) y apicales (14.3%), pero menos afectación de las bases (18.2% vs 36.1%); no hubo correlación entre el recuento promedio de LTCD4+ y las formas clínicas y radiológicas de la TB. En la serie II resultó inferior la frecuencia de baciloscopías y cultivos de esputos positivos y superior la de Mantoux reactivos (32.9%) y exámenes anatomohistológicos positivos (16.9%).


Objective: Analysis of groups of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed before and after the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Cuba. Methods: Chart analysis of 149 cases with AIDS and TB. Series I, 72 cases (January 1997-March 2001, before HAART). Series II, 77 cases (May 2001-June 2004, after HAART); all the patients were discharged from the "Instituto de Medicina Tropical 'Pedro Kourí" in Havana, Cuba. Results and conclusions: There was a predominance of young (30-33ys) males in both series; 58.3% and 57.1% of cases classified as AIDS at the appearance of TB; TB was the first indicator of AIDS in 64.9% of cases in Series II; 54.5% of cases in Series II and 36.4% in Series I had < 200 CD4 + TL cells, probably related to better immunologic status. Clinical profile was similar; fever of uknown origin, nocturnal sweats, dyspnea and regional lymphadenopathies were more frequent in Series II. Amongst TB cases, pulmonary disease was more frequent (79.2% and 75.3%, respectively); 9 cases (11.7%) of Series II had disseminated TB. Diffuse basal and mediastinal shadows and negative chest X rays were more frequent; there was no correlation between the counts of CD4+ TL cells and the clinical and radiological forms of TB. Series II had a lower invadence of positive sputum smears and positive cultures and a higher incidence of positive intradermal reaction to tuberculin and positive tissue diagnoses for TB.

11.
Rev Invest Clin ; 57(4): 498-504, 2005.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16315633

RESUMO

HIV infection in children causes a serious immunodeficiency with special characteristics that distinguish it from the adult, causing a global immune deficit. This is a case-control study between Cuban paediatric patients infected with HIV by vertical transmission and a control group of supposedly healthy children. Both groups were characterized from the clinical point of view and markers were used for evaluating the immunologic and virologycal state. Clinically 75% of patients present a pattern of precocious progression; from the total, only two stayed asymptomatic. All HIV-infected children receive antirretroviral treatment and three of them present values of viral load bigger than 100,000 cp/mL. The immune alterations found in the HIV-infected children compared with healthy children were: a cellular immune depletion with diminished counts of lymphocyte subsets T CD4+, CD16+/CD56+ and CD19+, an increase in subsets of CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/ CD95+ and a hypergammaglobulinemia due to prevalence of immunoglobulin gamma IgG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there were not significantly differences in the serum levels of both C3 and C4, as well as in the haemolytic activity of the classic and alternate activation pathways of the complement system. This finding allowed better attention and treatment of paediatric HIV patients.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ativação do Complemento , Complemento C3/análise , Complemento C4/análise , Cuba , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Hipergamaglobulinemia/etiologia , Lactente , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T , Carga Viral
12.
Rev. invest. clín ; 57(4): 498-504, jul.-ago. 2005. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-632422

RESUMO

HIV infection in children conditions a serious immunodeficiency with special characteristic that distinguish it from the adult, causing a global immune deficit. This constitutes a cases and controls study between Cuban paediatric patients infected with HIV by vertical transmission and a control group of supposedly healthy children. The both groups were characterized from the clinical point of view and markers were used for evaluated the immunologic and virologycal state. Clinically 75% of patients present a pattern of precocious progression, from total only two stay asymptomatic. All HIV infected children receive antirretroviral treatment and three of them present values of viral load bigger than 100,000 cp/mL. The immune alterations found in the HIV infected children compared with healthy children were: a cellular immune depletion with diminish counts of lymphocytes subsets of T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + and CD19+, an increase in subsets of CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/ CD95+ and a hipergammaglobulinemia to prevalence of immunoglobulin gamma IgG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, they were not significantly differences in the serum levels of both C3 and C4, as well as in the haemolytic activity of the roads classic and it alternates of the complement system. This finding allowed us to a better attention and treatment of paediatric HIV patients.


La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños condiciona una grave inmunodeficiencia con características especiales que la distinguen del adulto, ocasionando un déficit inmune global. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de los pacientes pediátricos cubanos infectados por transmisión vertical con el VIH comparado con niños supuestamente sanos. Ambos grupos se caracterizaron desde el punto de vista clínico y se emplearon marcadores que evaluaron el estado inmunológico y virológico. Clínicamente 75% de los pacientes infectados por VIH presentan un patrón de progresión precoz, y dos se mantienen asintomáticos. A todos los niños infectados se les suministró tratamiento antirretroviral y tres presentan valores de carga viral mayores de 100,000 cp/mL. Las alteraciones inmunes encontradas en los pacientes VIH+ fueron: una inmunodepresión celular con conteos de subpoblaciones linfoides T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + y CD 19+ disminuidas significativamente con respecto al grupo control (p < 0.05). Además, se encontró un aumento de linfocitos CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/CD95+ y una hipergammaglobulinemia a predominio de inmunoglobulina gamma IgG en la comparación estadística (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles séricos de C3 y C4, así como en la actividad hemolítica de las vías clásica y alterna del sistema del complemento. Este conocimiento nos permitió sentar pautas para contribuir al manejo y tratamiento de los pacientes pediátricos infectados por VIH.


Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ativação do Complemento , Cuba , /análise , /análise , Progressão da Doença , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Hipergamaglobulinemia/etiologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T , Carga Viral
13.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 15(5): 341-7, 2004 May.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15231083

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors associated with the development of tuberculosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and to identify the most frequent symptoms and signs of tuberculosis in this group of patients. METHODS: This retrospective observational case-control study was carried out with 143 patients diagnosed with AIDS who were discharged from the Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine, which is in the city of Havana, Cuba, between January 1997 and March 2001. The cases were 72 patients with AIDS and some clinical form of tuberculosis, while the control group was made up of the first 71 AIDS patients without tuberculosis who were discharged. The following variables were evaluated: AIDS stage before the study, serious opportunistic infections suffered before the diagnosis of tuberculosis (pulmonary pneumocystosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, systemic candidiasis, isosporiasis, and recurrent pneumonia), concentration of CD4+ T lymphocytes, and clinical symptoms and signs of tuberculosis. The primary data were taken from the clinical files of the patients. We calculated the frequency of the nominal qualitative variables and the crude odd ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The statistical association among the variables was determined with the chi-square test with Yates correction. The individual effect of each variable was assessed through multivariate logistic regression analysis. The level of statistical significance was 0.05. RESULTS: Tuberculosis in this group of patients showed a statistically significant association with: being ill with AIDS before the study (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.78 to 7.17); a history of pulmonary pneumocystosis (OR = 4.73; 95% CI: 1.51 to 15.76), cerebral toxoplasmosis (OR = 6.22; 95% CI: 1.21 to 42.99), or systemic candidiasis (OR = 11.29; 95% CI: 1.40 to 246.5); and having CD4+ T lymphocyte concentrations lower than 200 cells/mm(3). However, the logistic regression showed a significant association only with the history of systemic candidiasis (OR = 10.47; 95% CI: 1.06 to 103.5; P = 0.0446). The symptoms associated with the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis were hemoptysis (OR = 7.54; 95% CI: 1.88 to 170.34), fever of unknown origin (OR = 13.38; 95% CI: 5.55 to 32.96), night sweats (OR = 21.95; 95% CI: 4.66 to 142.43), and weight loss (OR = 3.52; 95% CI: 1.65 to 7.55). The associated signs were regional lymphadenopathies (OR = 10.00; 95% CI: 1.22 to 220.3), hepatomegaly (OR = 5.44; 95% CI: 1.76 to 17.95), and splenomegaly (OR = 5.08; 95% CI: 1.63 to 16.83). CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms and signs seen most frequently in the patients with AIDS and tuberculosis are the characteristics of tuberculosis in patients without AIDS. In patients with AIDS, tuberculosis can be associated with other diseases whose symptoms are similar to those of tuberculosis. Nevertheless, these results indicate that the traditional symptoms of tuberculosis can help diagnose tuberculosis in this group of patients.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Tuberculose/complicações , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cuba/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia
14.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 15(5): 341-347, mayo 2004. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-385831

RESUMO

OBJETIVOS: Determinar los factores asociados con el desarrollo de la tuberculosis en pacientes con el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida) e identificar los síntomas y signos de tuberculosis más frecuentes en este grupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de casos y testigos en 143 pacientes con diagnóstico de sida egresados del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, entre enero de 1997 y marzo de 2001. El grupo de casos estuvo constituido por los 72 pacientes con sida que presentaban alguna de las formas clínicas de tuberculosis, mientras que el grupo testigo estuvo integrado por los primeros 71 pacientes que egresaron con sida sin tuberculosis. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: estado clínico con relación al sida previo al estudio, infecciones oportunistas mayores padecidas antes del diagnóstico de tuberculosis (pneumocistosis pulmonar, toxoplasmosis cerebral, candidiasis profunda, isosporidiosis y neumonía recurrente), concentración de linfocitos T CD4+, y síntomas y signos clínicos de tuberculosis. Los datos primarios se tomaron de los expedientes clínicos de los pacientes. Se calcularon la frecuencia de las variables cualitativas nominales y las razones brutas de posibilidades (OR) y sus intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento. La asociación estadística entre las variables se determinó mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado con la corrección de Yates. El efecto individual de cada variable se evaluó mediante análisis de regresión logística con múltiples variables. El nivel de significación estadística fue de 0,05. RESULTADOS: La tuberculosis en este grupo de pacientes mostró una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la condición de estar enfermo de sida antes del estudio (OR = 3,57; IC95 por ciento: 1,78 a 7,17); con tener antecedentes de pneumocistosis pulmonar (OR = 4,73; IC95 por ciento: 1,51 a 15,76), toxoplasmosis cerebral (OR = 6,22; IC95 por ciento: 1,21 a 42,99) y candidiasis profunda (OR = 11,29; IC95 por ciento: 1,40 a 246,5); y con tener concentraciones de linfocitos T CD4+ inferiores a 200 células/mm³. Sin embargo, la regresión logística solo mostró una asociación significativa con los antecedentes de candidiasis profunda (OR = 10,47; IC95 por ciento: 1,06 a 103,5; P= 0,0446). Los síntomas asociados con el diagnóstico clínico de tuberculosis fueron hemoptisis (OR = 7,54; IC95 por ciento: 1,88 a 170,34), fiebre de origen desconocido...


Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Tuberculose/complicações , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cuba/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia
15.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 56(1)ene.-abr. 2004. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-387005

RESUMO

Se incluyeron en la investigación 72 enfermos de SIDA con diagnóstico de tuberculosis egresados del IPK entre enero de 1997 y marzo de 2001, con el propósito de estudiar la enfermedad tuberculosa en pacientes infectados por el VIH/SIDA. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo y retrospectivo y se describen variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas; además, se determinó el recuento de linfocitos T CD4. Predominó el sexo masculino (72,2 por ciento de los casos), con una edad media de 30,83 años y 4,82 años promedio entre el serodiagnóstico de VIH y la tuberculosis. De los casos, 48,6 por ciento definió SIDA por la tuberculosis. La tos, expectoración, fiebre de origen desconocido, sudoración nocturna, y la pérdida de peso, fueron los más frecuentes. El recuento medio de CD4 fue 179 células por mm3 y 76,4 por ciento tuvo menos de 200 células por mm3 (p< 0,05). La tuberculosis pulmonar fue la forma de presentación en 79,2 por ciento de los enfermos, sin asociación con el grado de inmunodepresión. La radiografía de tórax mostró alteraciones en 83,3 por ciento de los casos; el infiltrado inflamatorio de las bases, la toma mediastinal y pleural, fueron las más representativas. El índice de positividad de la baciloscopia resultó 45,8 por ciento, mientras que el cultivo fue positivo en 62,4 por ciento de los pacientes (p< 0,05). Los resultados de las pruebas anteriores no se asociaron significativamente con el recuento medio de CD4. Se reportó anergia a la tuberculina en 50 enfermos (69,4 por ciento) (p< 0,05), la media de CD4 en los anérgicos (109 células) fue significativamente menor que en el resto (403 células) (p= 0,0009)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções por HIV , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Tuberculose
16.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 56(1)ene.-abr. 2004. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-387011

RESUMO

Se valoró que cada día aumentan los casos de niños infectados por el VIH por transmisión vertical, de aquí la importancia que tiene el diagnóstico precoz en la embarazada VIH+ y la administración de antivirales en la etapa prenatal para disminuir la transmisión. Teniendo en cuenta estos factores, a partir de 1997 en Cuba se decidió administrar a todas las embarazadas VIH+, AZT a ella y al niño recién nacido, como establece el protocolo 076, lo que disminuyó considerablemente el número de niños infectados


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Zidovudina
17.
Rev Cubana Med Trop ; 56(1): 35-41, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15849907

RESUMO

72 AIDS patients with tuberculosis diagnosis discharged from "Pedro Kouri" Tropical Medicine Institute between January, 1997, and March, 2001, were included in the research aimed at studying tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS patients. A descriptive and retrospective design was used and clinical, epidemiological and microbiological variables were described. The CD4 T lymphocytes count was also determined. Males prevailed (72.2% of the cases) with an average age of 30.83 years old and 4.82 average years between the HIV serodiagnosis and tuberculosis. In 48.6% of the cases, AIDS was defined due to tuberculosis. Cough, expectoration, fever of unknown origin, night sweating and weight loss were the most frequent symptoms. The mean CD4 count was 179 cells per mm3. 76.4% had less than 200 cells per mm3 (p < 0.05). Pulmonary tuberculosis was the form of presentation in 79.2% of the patients without association with the immunosuppresion degree. The chest X-ray showed alterations in 83.3% of the cases, the inflammatory infiltrate of the bases, and the mediastinal and pleural taking were the most representative. The positivity rate of baciloscopy was 45.8%, whereas the culture was positive in 62.4% of the patients (p < 0.05). The results of the previous tests were not significantly associated with the mean CD4 count. Anergy to tuberculin was reported in 50 patients (69.4%) (p < 0.05). The CD4 mean in the anergic patients (109 cells) was markedly lower than in the rest (403 cells) (p = 0.0009).


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/etiologia , Adulto , Cuba , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos
18.
Rev Cubana Med Trop ; 56(1): 70-2, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15849913

RESUMO

It was assessed that the number of HIV infected children due to vertical transmission increases every day and that is why the early diagnosis in the HIV+ pregnat women and the administration of antivirals in the prenatal stage to reduce the transmission is so important. Taking these factors into account, from 1997 on, it was decided in Cuba to administer AZT to all HIV+ pregnant women and to the newborn infant, as it is established in the protocol 076, which considerably reduced the number of infected children.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Soropositividade para HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Cuba , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez
19.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 55(1): 54-57, ene.-abr. 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-340643

RESUMO

Se reportó un escolar de 12 años de edad, blanco con el diagnóstico de hemofilia A grado III desde los 2 meses de nacido, por lo cual ha recibido innumerables transfusiones de crioprecipitado y varias de sangre. En 1999 se le diagnosticó una hepatitis C y a finales del 2000, infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, ambos con mucha probabilidad de haber sido adquiridos por las transfusiones de sangre y hemoderivados recibidas. Por los estudios inmunológicos realizados se corroboraron cifras de linfocitos TCD4 muy bajas (4 por ciento) con 54 células/mm3, por lo que clasifica como SIDA, grupo B-3, según clasificación del Centers for Disease Control (CDC) de Atlanta de 1994 y se le indica tratamiento antirretroviral con triterapia (d4T, 3TC y Nelfinavir). Se presentó este caso para alertar los cuidados que se deben tener en cuenta al prescribir tratamiento con antivirales e inhibidores de proteasas para el SIDA, en los casos pediátricos con el diagnóstico de hemofilia, porque algunos de estos medicamentos pueden producir episodios de sangrado espontáneo


Assuntos
Criança , Hemofilia A , Hepatite C , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/transmissão , Transfusão de Sangue/efeitos adversos
20.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 53(3): 217-221, sept.-dic. 2001. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-327202

RESUMO

Se reportó la infección larvaria por Echinococcus granulosus (quiste hidatídico) en una niña de 10 años procedente de Ucrania. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron ligeras pues solo se quejaban de dolor abdominal frecuentemente. El diagnóstico se realizó por ultrasonido y la detección inmunoenzimática de anticuerpos contra Echinococcus (ELISA) con títulos de 1/800. Se le puso tratamiento con varios ciclos de albendazol y tuvo una evolución favorable con reducción del tamaño del quiste


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Albendazol , Criança , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Equinococose Hepática/diagnóstico , Equinococose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Equinococose Hepática
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