RESUMO
The productivity of cattle farms is affected by infectious and noninfectious factors that generate economic losses and cause reproductive failure represented by low conception rates, embryonic mortality, abortions, and fetal mummification. The infectious agents that most impact the reproductive health of the bovine species from conception to birth are bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3), Neospora caninum and Leptospira spp. The objective of this study was to diagnose the presence of BoHV-1, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), PI3, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. by serology and identify the risk factors associated with infectious agents of reproductive interest in bovines of Boyacá (Colombia). A descriptive cross-sectional study was developed, with simple random sampling, where a sample size of 601 female cattle of Holstein, Jersey, and Normande breeds of different age groups was determined. Blood samples were taken and processed using the indirect ELISA technique (SYNBIOTICS®, SERELISA® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking, Ingezim R.12.NC.K, PRIMACHECK VPI-3®) and the MAT test for the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis. The data were processed with the statistical program Epi Info™. The highest apparent seroprevalence was established for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (61.1%), followed by BVD (37.6%), PI3 (40.9%), neosporosis (51.1%), and leptospirosis (14.8%). Variables such as age >4 years and Holstein breed for IBR and >4 years for BVD were established risk factors. Considering our results, we suggest implementing prevention and control plans that include vaccination as a prophylactic measure and biosecurity tools that reduce the probability of contagion and transmission of pathogens.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Enzootic bovine leukosis is a disease economically important to the dairy farming industry worldwide. The virus is of the Deltaretrovirus genus and is primarily transmitted iatrogenically. Most bovines infected with the virus remain asymptomatic with only 5-10% of cattle having lymphomas. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of bovine leukosis virus (BLV) in Sotaquirá, Boyacá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a descriptive, observational epidemiological cross-sectional study using the simple random sampling method with a sample size of 1000. Blood samples from random bovine were processed using the SERELISA® BLV Ab Mono Blocking indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Zoetis, USA). The assay had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 98%. The collected data were processed using Epi Info® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). From the study, we could determine a high seroprevalence of BLV in Sotaquirá. RESULTS: We established a high seroprevalence on BLV in the municipality, with 31.1% apparent seroprevalence and 30.6% real seroprevalence rate. We found that male cattle more than 4 years old (39.4%) and the Ayrshire breed (45.5%) had the highest prevalence rates of the virus. In this study, we could establish statistically significant associations according to breed, age, and gender of the cattle under study. Moreover, we identified the risk factors for BLV infection. We found that in cattle aged <1 year and those older than 4 years of age and those of the Holstein breed, the presentation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, mucosal secretions, mastitis, fetal death, the presence of a corral, and the implementation of artificial insemination practices were risk factors for BLV infection. CONCLUSION: Determining the prevalence of BLV within the herd and identifying the associated risk factors for the disease are fundamental in developing efficient programs for the control and eradication of BLV within herds.
RESUMO
Worldwide distributed Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) represents a high risk of infection in most bovine farms, in which it is associated with gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive diseases. The purpose of this research was to establish the seroprevalence and the main risk factors associated with the presentation of BVDV in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Colombia. Samples were taken from 1000 cattle of Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey, Normande Gyr and Holstein x Gyr. Epidemiological surveys were implemented, reproductive and management variables were taken into consideration. Indirect ELISA was performed to detect specific antibodies against BVDV using the commercial kit SERELISA® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking. The overall seroprevalence of antibodies against BVDV was 42.5% (425/1000), where the Gyr breed (59.1% apparent prevalence (AP); 60.3% real prevalence (PR)) and the age group > 4 years (53.0% PA; 54.4% PR) presented the highest seroprevalences. A significant statistical association was found for the breed, age, management practices evaluated and the presentation of PI3 (p ≤ 0.05). Age group > 4 years, Normande breed, presentation of PI3 and grazing lease were established as risk factors associated with BVDV in the herds. These infections are mainly associated with dairy cattle and herds with many animals, so it is important to consider vaccination plans as a preventive system and follow up on the most common diseases.
RESUMO
La garrapata del ganado Rhipicephalus microplus constituye el ectoparásito de mayor importancia en las ganaderías de regiones tropicales y subtropicales, al producir pérdidas directas por reducción de la producción de carne, leche y deterioro de las pieles así como a la transmisión de agentes patógenos para el ganado bovino tales como Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina y Anaplasma marginale. El tratamiento químico ha sido efectivo para el control de las garrapatas; sin embargo, su uso excesivo ha propiciado la selección de individuos resistentes y por tal motivo, se hace necesario el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas de control, tales como el uso de hongos entomopatógenos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia in vitro de M. anisopliae para el control de la fase adulta de R. microplus, en Tunja, Colombia. Se usó la prueba de inmersión de adultas para evaluar la eficacia de la cepa MaF1309® de M. anisopliae a las siguientes concentraciones: 1x10(4), 1x10(6) y 1x10(8) conidias/mL. Se observó que en las garrapatas tratadas a una concentración de 1x10(8) conidias/mL se alcanzó el 100% de mortalidad a los 14 d postratamiento (PT), mientras que las concentraciones 1x10(6) y 1x10(4) conidias/mL alcanzaron el 100% de mortalidad a los días 16 y 20 PT, respectivamente. La mortalidad fue directamente proporcional a la concentración empleada del hongo, siendo las garrapatas tratadas con concentraciones mayores aquellas que alcanzaron una mortalidad en menor tiempo. Estos resultados in vitro son considerados el inicio de información de tipo local proyectados al diseño de programas de control para el departamento de Boyacá.
The livestock tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a high importance ectoparasite in cattle raised at tropical and sub-tropical regions producing direct losses since reduce meat and milk production and cause leather injury besides transmission of pathogenic agents such as Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina y Anaplasma marginale. The chemical treatment has been effective to control tick however the excessive use has selected resistant individuals; for that reason is important to develop new alternatives such as entomopathogen fungi to keep controlled those individuals. The objective of this research was to evaluate in vitro efficacy of M. anisopliae to control adult stage of R. microplus in Tunja, Colombia. The immersion test was used to evaluate efficacy of MaF1309® strain of M. anisopliae at concentrations of 1x10(4), 1x10(6) y 1x10(8) conidia/mL. The group of ticks treated with 1x10(8) conidia had 100% of mortality 14 post-treatment days (PT), otherwise 1x10(6) y 1x10(4) conidia/mL concentrations have 100% of mortality at 16 and 20 PT days, respectively. Mortality was directly proportional to fungus concentration used, the ticks treated with high concentrations reach high mortality in less time. Those in vitro results start in local information projected to design control programs for the department of Boyacá.
RESUMO
La hemoncosis causada por el nemátodo del abomaso de rumiantes, Haemonchus contortus, representa uno de los mayores problemas en los sistemas ovinos debido a su impacto sobre la producción y el costo de los tratamientos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de Haemonchus sp. y la estimación de los valores de hematocrito (Hto) y hemoglobina (Hb) en ovinos pertenecientes al municipio de Oicatá, Colombia. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio de 201 animales criollos que pertenecían a explotaciones extensivas. Se tomaron muestras de materia fecal que fueron analizadas por medio del método de concentración formol-éter y posteriormente se realizó la identificación de Haemonchus sp. En los mismos individuos se obtuvo una muestra de sangre de la vena cefálica, se estimaron y se realizaron hemogramas completos. Se escogieron cuatro parámetros hematológicos: hemoglobina (Hb), hematocrito (Hto), recuento de glóbulos rojos (RBC) y volumen corpuscular medio (VCM). Se observó una prevalencia de Haemonchus sp. del 31,3%. Solo el 6% de los animales mostró Hto por debajo de los valores normales, mientras que el 6,5% tenía valores de Hb anormal en presencia del helminto. Los valores de RBC y VCM no demostraron alteraciones en presencia de la infección. No se observó ninguna relación entre los parámetros hemáticos y la presencia de huevos de Haemonchus sp. en las heces ovinas.
Haemonchosis caused by the abomasal nematode of ruminants, Haemonchus contortus, represents one of the biggest problems in sheep farming by its impact on production losses and cost of anthelmintic treatments. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Haemonchus sp. and the estimated values of the hematocrit (Hto) and hemoglobin (Hb) of sheep from the municipality of Oicatá, Colombia. A random sampling of 201 creole animals belonging to extensive farms was carried out. Individual fecal samples were analyzed by the method of concentration formol-ether and the Haemonchus sp. infection determined. Blood samples from the same animals were obtained from the cephalic vein in EDTA containing tubes. Four hematological parameters were estimated: haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hto), red blood cells count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Results were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS18 with a level of statistical significance of p<0.05. A prevalence of 31.3% was found for Haemonchus sp. Only 6% of the animals showed Hto below normal values, while 6.5% had abnormal Hb values in the presence of the helminth. RBC presented normal values in the presence of the parasite. In this study no correlation was found between the presence of the parasite and the haematological parameters determined.