Sediment Records of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) from the Anhui Province Section of Yangtze River, China.

This study investigated the temporal changes of PBDEs in the sediment cores from the Anhui Province section of Yangtze River (YR), China. The dramatic increase of ∑Br3-Br9-BDEs and BDE-209 concentrations in cores in the period of ca. 1990-2008 was consistent with the booming of regional and national production and consumption of household appliances and electronics. Following declines in BDE-209 and ∑Br3-Br9-BDEs concentrations can be associated with the deceasing use of legacy commercial PBDE mixtures in recent years. Compared with the different regions around the world, sediments in the YR were moderately polluted by PBDEs. The levels and the detection rates of BDE-209 were highest among the detected PBDEs single congener. The composition analysis indicated that Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE, and Penta-BDE were the dominant forms in the YR. The increasing trends of both BDE-209 and ∑Br3-Br9-BDEs in the YR during 1990s and 2000s largely reflected the time periods for transferring PBDE sources from the developed countries to China. TOC and finer particles were strongly correlated with distributions of PBDEs in sediments.

Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China.

The spatial and temporal distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in five sediment cores from the Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China. The surficial concentrations of nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners (Σ9BDEs) and BDE209 were highest at urban sites S3 and S2, followed by rural site S1 and estuary sites S5 and S4, respectively, based on dry sediment weight. Both BDE209 and ∑9BDE concentrations exponentially increased between 1990 and 2008. Commercial deca-BDE, penta-BDE, and octa-BDE products were likely PBDE sources in the study area. The relative abundances of BDE209 were higher in sediment cores from estuary than those from urban and rural locations, ascribing to the atmospheric transport from the adjacent densely populated northern and eastern coastal regions. This conclusion was further confirmed by the higher ratios of BDE47/BDE99 and BDE100/BDE99 in cores from the estuary than those from other locations.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Soils from the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve, China: Occurrence, Sources, and Potential Risk.

A total of 39 lower brominated PBDE congeners in surface soils from the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve (YRDNR) were analyzed in the present study. The total concentrations of PBDEs (ΣPBDEs) ranged from "not detected" to 0.732 ng g-1, with a mean concentration of 0.142 ng g-1. The concentrations of the ΣPBDEs displayed no correlation with the content of the total organic carbon in the YRDNR. The ΣPBDEs concentrations in the Experimental Area were significantly higher than that of the Buffer Area and Core Area, and ΣPBDEs in soils in the North were lower than that of the South. PentaBDEs and HexaBDEs were the most abundant homologues, and the occurrence of PBDEs in the YRDNR may be attributed to the debromination and long range transport of DecaBDEs. Even though the cancer risk and mass inventory of PBDEs in the present study area were estimated to be very low, due to the widespread presence of PBDEs and the particularity of the natural reserve, vigilance should not be let up on the issue of environmental contamination caused by these compounds despite the gradual phase out of their commercial products in the world.

Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Huaihe River, China: Implications for historical production and household usage of PBDE-containing products.

In recent decades, rapid development of industrialization and urbanization caused adverse impact on the aqueous ecology and environment of the Huaihe River basin, China. In this work, three 210Pb-dated sediment cores extracted from the middle reach of Huaihe River in Anhui Province, China were analyzed to elucidate the temporal trends and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Source diagnostics indicated that commercial Deca-BDE, Penta-BDE and Octa-BDE products and debromination of higher brominated BDE compounds were likely the PBDE sources in the Huaihe River. The prevalence of BDE-47 in the sediment cores was attributed to the extensive use of commercial Bromkal 70-5DE and Bromkal DE-71 in the region. BDE-28 was another congener that was prevalent in all sediment samples, suggesting that reductive debromination occurred in the sediments. Dramatic increase of PBDE concentrations in both three cores since the post-1980s could be attributed to the rapid expansion of production of electronic and telecommunication equipment and household usage in China. PBDE temporal trends in core S1 located at rural area mainly reflected the regional and national inputs deriving from long distance atmospheric transport, and the positive correlations between PBDE concentration in core S1 and gross domestic product (GDP) and household appliances production volumes (HPVs) were observed. PBDE inputs at site S3 mainly include the transport of contaminated water and re-suspended fine sediment particles from the upstream site S2, which was located in the industrial area and adjacent to e-waste recycling area. The government efforts to protect the environment and improve the e-waste management resulted in the progressive decrease trends in PBDE concentrations in cores S2 and S3.

Occurrence and Potential Risk of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Soils from the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve, China.

A total of 28 PCB congeners were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in 46 surface soils collected from the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve (YRDNR) and its adjacent area, China. The total concentrations of PCBs in the YRDNR ranged from 0.149 to 4.32 ng/g, with a mean concentration of 0.802 ng/g. Light PCB congeners predominated in the present research area, which may be attributed to the atmospheric transportation and were also associated with the recent contamination of unintentionally produced PCBs from industrial processes. In addition, PCB 126 and PCB 169 were found to be the major toxicity contributors of dioxin-like PCBs in the YRDNR, which should require special focus.

Occurrence, potential health risk of heavy metals in aquatic organisms from Laizhou Bay, China.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental problem. Up to date, research regarding distribution, accumulation and potential risk assessment of metals in aquatic organisms in Laizhou Bay, China is scarce. This study aims to investigate metals in aquatic organisms in this region. The results demonstrated that great variability of metals content occurred among species and sampling locations. Fe was the most abundant metal, followed by Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb. Overall, shellfish and crab displayed high enrichment ability compared with fish and shrimp. There was no significant correlation between metals and samples weight, δ13C and δ15N values. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that metals in samples were mainly derived from anthropogenic activities. Health risk of metals was evaluated on the basis of estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) values. The results indicated that metals in studied seafood had no significant risks for ordinary consumers.

Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediment cores from different areas in China.

This paper presented the historical data on the temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the sediment cores collected from the Huaihe River, Yellow River and Chaohu Lake, China. Among the 40 targeted PBDE congeners, only 10, 6, and 9 of them were detected respectively in the samples from the Huaihe River, Yellow River and Chaohu Lake. On average, the total PBDEs concentrations in sediments were highest in Chaohu Lake followed by the Huaihe River and the Yellow River. As compared to other PBDE congeners, BDE-209 had higher concentrations and detection rates. The similar down core variation between PBDEs and total organic carbon (TOC) suggests that TOC is an important factor influencing PBDEs distribution in the sediments. The total PBDEs concentrations showed an increasing trend from bottom to upper sediments before a decreasing trend in the topmost sediments. The rapid urbanization and industrialization of these regions in recent decades may cause the historically increasing concentrations of sedimentary PBDEs, especially BDE-209. The decreasing PBDEs concentrations in topmost sediments was probably related to the strict environmental policies at present.

Distribution of heavy metals, stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) and risk assessment of fish from the Yellow River Estuary, China.

This study measured the concentrations of eight heavy metals, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni), and the stable isotope ratios of δ13C and δ15N in 129 fish samples collected from the Yellow River Estuary (YRE) of China. Accumulation characteristics and possible sources of these heavy metals (HMs) were analyzed. The levels of HMs presented high variations among sampling sites, higher concentrations of ∑HMs were observed at the sites closest to the estuary. Cu and Cd in fishes of the YRE were much higher than those found in the fishes of other rivers of China. Furthermore, the mean concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd were also significantly higher than those measured in the fishes of the same region twenty years ago. According to the results of correlation analysis and principal components analysis (PCA), Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni might be originated from similar sources. The values of δ13C and δ15N presented high variation in fishes, indicating a wide range of energy sources and trophic status of the investigated fish species. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cr and Cd in fishes were all lower than the recommended values enacted by the Chinese government. The human health risk assessment showed that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of these HMs did not exceed the permissible tolerable daily intake (PTDI) and oral reference dose (RfD), indicating a situation of no potential health risk for consumption of these fish species.

Spatial distributions, fractionation characteristics, and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in sediments of Chaohu Lake, a large eutrophic freshwater lake in eastern China.

The concentrations, spatial distribution, fractionation characteristics, and potential ecological risks of trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Co) in the surface sediment samples collected from 32 sites in Chaohu Lake were investigated. The improved BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to analyze the chemical forms of trace elements in sediments. The enrichment factor (EF), sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and risk assessment code (RAC) were employed to evaluate the pollution levels and the potential ecological risks. The results found that the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Co in the surface sediments were 78.59, 36.91, 161.84, 98.87, 38.92, and 10.09 mg kg-1, respectively. The lower concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni were almost found in the middle part of the lake, while Co increased from the western toward the eastern parts of the lake. Cr, Ni, Co, and Zn predominantly existed in the residual fractions, with the average values of 76.35, 59.22, 45.60, and 44.30%, respectively. Cu and Pb were mainly combined with Fe/Mn oxides in reducible fraction, with the average values of 66.4 and 69.1%, respectively. The pollution levels were different among the selected elements. Cu had the highest potential ecological risk, while Cr had the lowest potential ecological risk.

n-Alkanes in sediments from the Yellow River Estuary, China: Occurrence, sources and historical sedimentary record.

A total of 21 surface sediments from the Yellow River Estuary (YRE) and a sediment core from the abandoned Old Yellow River Estuary (OYRE) were analyzed for n-alkanes using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). n-Alkanes in the range C12-C33 and C13-C34 were identified in the surface sediments and the core, respectively. The homologous series were mainly bimodal distribution pattern without odd/even predominance in the YRE and OYRE. The total n-alkanes concentrations in the surface sediments ranged from 0.356 to 0.572mg/kg, with a mean of 0.434mg/kg on dry wt. BASIS: Evaluation of n-alkanes proxies indicated that the aliphatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments were derived mainly from a petrogenic source with a relatively low contribution of submerged/floating macrophytes, terrestrial and emergent plants. The dated core covered the time period 1925-2012 and the mean sedimentation rate was ca. 0.5cm/yr. The total n-alkanes concentrations in the core ranged from 0.0394 to 0.941mg/kg, with a mean of 0.180mg/kg. The temporal evolution of n-alkanes reflected the historical input of aliphatic hydrocarbons and was consistent with local and regional anthropogenic activity. In general, the investigation on the sediment core revealed a trend of regional environmental change and the role of anthropogenic activity in environmental change.

Levels and Sources of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Sediment from Anhui Reach of Huaihe River, China.

Twenty-two organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in Anhui reach of Huaihe river, China. Seventeen out of 22 OCPs were detected by GC-MS. The mean concentrations of OCPs followed the order: HCHs > DDTs > HCB > chlordanes > endosulfans. Levels of total HCHs and total DDTs ranged from 2.54 to 13.91 ng g-1 (mean = 7.52 ng g-1) and 0.016 to 2.54 ng g-1 (mean = 0.45 ng g-1), respectively. The concentrations of DDTs were lower than those of HCHs. Compared with the other rivers in China, DDTs and HCHs were relatively lower or similar. Statistical analysis indicated that the OCPs concentration differences were not insignificant between upstream, midstream and downstream. The compound compositions suggested that historical usage of lindane and fresh DDT were the main sources. The regression analysis indicated that TOC has influence on the levels of HCHs and little influence on the levels of DDTs in the sediments.

Occurrence and levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments from the Yellow River Estuary, China.

A total of 21 surface sediments collected from the Yellow River Estuary, China were analyzed for 40 kinds of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their levels, spatial distribution, congener profiles and possible sources were investigated. Only ten congeners were detected in the sediments. The total concentrations of the lower brominated BDEs (∑PBDEslow, PBDEs excluding BDE 209) and BDE 209 ranged from 0.482 ng/g to 1.07 ng/g and 1.16-5.40 ng/g, with an average value of 0.690 and 2.79 ng/g, respectively, which were both at the low end of the global contamination level. The congener profiles were dominated by BDE 209, with the average value accounting for 79.2% of the total PBDEs in the sediment samples. Among the nine lower brominated BDE congeners, BDE 47, 99 and 183 had high abundances. Although the commercial Penta/Octa-BDE products have been banned in most countries, the residual commercial Penta/Octa/Deca-BDE products and the debromination of highly brominated BDE compounds such as BDE 209 were still found to be the possible sources for the trace level of PBDEs in the present study area. In spite of the gradual removal of the commercial PBDEs in the world, the present research results further suggested that scientific attention should not be reduced on the issue of environmental contamination caused by these outdated chemical compounds.

Fractional distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments collected from the Yellow River, China.

Bohai Sea is one of the most intensively exploited region in the world and its environment has been severely impacted by the extensive human activities. The Yellow River is the most important river which connects with the Bohai Sea. Therefore, this study focused on analyzing heavy metals (HMs) in 21 surface sediment samples collected from the Yellow River, China. Sequential extraction procedure (SEP), proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), was applied in the present study to determine the concentration and fractionation characteristics of these HMs. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution, fractionation, risk assessment, and sources of HMs, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni). The results obtained from this research will play a significant role in understanding the migration, transformation, and accumulation of HMs for future research in study area. Results of fractionation revealed that most of the HMs in the study area mainly existed in residual fraction; however, Mn mostly existed in exchangeable fraction. A high percentage of reducible fractions was found for Cu and Pb. The mean contamination factor (Cf) values indicated that Pb was the highest. It was >1 and showed moderate contamination, followed by Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn, had <1 and indicated low contamination. Among studied HMs Pb had higher enrichment factor (EF) as compared to others. Significant positive correlations within all studied HMs and principal component analysis (PCA) results indicated their common sources, however, Pb showed the different contamination sources. The total contents of HMs in sediment were compared with the threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) sediment quality guideline (TEL/PEL-based SQGs) values for trace metals in sediment, as well as literature reported data for comparative purposes, which indicated that the selected river in present study is not severe.

Concentration and fractionation of heavy metals in the old yellow river estuary, china.

A sequential extraction procedure was applied to determine the concentration and fractionation characteristics of eight heavy metals (HMs) (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni) in a sediment core collected from the old Yellow River Estuary, China. The results revealed that the mean deposition rate of this sediment core, which spanned 87 yr (1925-2012), was approximately 0.5 cm yr. The mean concentrations and ranges of HMs were Cu: 26.9 (18.3-38.5), Zn: 76.4 (51.0-107), Pb: 37.3 (17.8-53.8), Cd: 0.23 (0.20-0.27), Cr: 84.7 (45.5-116), Fe: 24,000 (16,500-31,700), Mn: 709 (388-1020), and Ni: 36.1 (24.8-47.2) mg kg (dry weight). Six HMs (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Fe, and Ni) were present in their highest proportion in the residual fraction; their lowest proportion was observed in the exchangeable fraction. Lead primarily existed in the oxidizable or residual fraction. Manganese was mainly presented in the exchangeable fraction. The risk assessment code results revealed that the sediments displayed a low risk for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni. The HMs Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Mn, and Ni displayed minor enrichment in the sediment core, whereas for Pb, moderate contamination enrichment was observed. Overall, an increase in and total concentration of HMs occurred since 1925 and reached a maximum value around 1980, after which there was a larger fluctuation or decline until 2012. We also found that the degree of HM pollution during the 1976-1996 period was less serious than before 1976. All the sediment samples exceeded the effect range low (ERL) for Ni, whereas 56.1, 7.32, and 17.1% exceeded the ERL values for Cr, Cu, and Pb; no samples exceeded the ERL for Zn or Cd.

Occurrence, sources, and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve, China.

A total of 46 surface soil samples collected from the experimental area, buffer area, and core area of the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve (YRDNR), China, and an adjacent area outside the reserve were analyzed for 23 PAHs including highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers. The total concentrations ranged from 87.2 to 319 ng/g for ∑23PAHs and 79.2 to 311 ng/g for ∑16PAHs with average concentrations of 133 and 119 ng/g, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis implied that the total polycyclic aromatic compound (PAH) concentrations had a significant positive correlation with the total organic carbon content on the condition that four sites with abnormal values were removed. Low molecular-weight 2- to 3-ring PAHs predominated in the present study. Source diagnostics based on PAHs isomer ratios, principal component analysis, and multiple linear regression suggested that petroleum contributed most to the PAH contamination in the YRDNR, whereas a potential toxicity assessment using BaPeq indicated that the four dibenzopyrenes were the major carcinogenic PAH contributors in the area under investigation, although their concentrations only represented a small proportion of the total PAH concentrations.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Old Yellow River Estuary, China: occurrence, sources, characterization and correlation with the relocation history of the Yellow River.

The levels of 16 USEPA priority PAHs were determined in surface sediments and one dated sediment core from the abandoned Old Yellow River Estuary, China. Total PAH concentrations in the surface sediments ranged from 100.4 to 197.3 ng g(-1) dry weight and the total toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ(carc)) values of the carcinogenic PAHs were very low. An evaluation of PAH sources based on diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggested that PAHs in the surface sediments mainly derived from combustion sources. The total PAH concentrations altered significantly with year of deposition and showed quite different patterns of change compared with other studies: it is hypothesized that the principal cause of these changes is the relocation of the course of the Yellow River to the sea in 1976 and 1996.

Analysis of HCHs and DDTs in a sediment core from the Old Yellow River Estuary, China.

The present study analyzed the distribution of HCHs and DDTs in a sediment core from the Old Yellow River Estuary, China. The OCP levels were detected by Soxhlet extraction followed by gas chromatography (GC) using a mass-selective detector. Sediment age was analyzed for (210)Pb using an Ortec GWL HPGe gamma spectrometer. The results indicated that the concentrations of ∑DDT in the sediment core were much lower than those of ∑HCH. Compared with the other estuarine and coastal regions in Chinese rivers, HCHs levels in this area were higher or similar, while DDTs levels were lower. The compositional analysis indicated that ß-HCH and p, p'-DDD were the predominant species. The temporal trends indicated that levels of HCHs and DDTs were related with their historical usage, emission and soil residues. According to the analysis of the ratio, HCHs in this area was mainly due to the technical historical residue and recent lindane. DDTs was mainly due to historical residue. The biodegradation conditions for DDTs were anaerobic. The dicofol-type DDTs application occurred in this area.

Distribution, sources, and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from the Yellow River Estuary, China.

Thirty-four surface sediment samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), in order to provide information on levels, distribution and sources of these compounds in the Yellow River Estuary, China. The levels of the organochlorine pesticides in samples were detected by the technique of soxhlet extraction followed by analysis by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a mass selective detector. Total concentrations of OCPs ranged widely from 0.06 to 53.4 ng g(-1), with a mean value of 44.84 ng g(-1), at the mid level of pesticide concentrations compared to those reported in other regions worldwide. HCHs were the predominant species in the study area. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH indicated that the technical HCH contamination was mainly due to a recent input of lindane in upper reach of Yellow River Estuary. The ratios of (DDD + DDE)/DDTs and DDD/DDE suggested that DDTs in sediments came mainly from the degradation of historical DDT in the environment, and DDT could be much easier to degrade into DDD under anaerobic conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) could conclude that most of the OCPs came from early input and historical degradation products in the study area. Based on the sediment quality guidelines, γ-HCH and p'p-DDE would be of more concern for the ecotoxicological risk in this study area.