Impact of Thermally Reducing Temperature on Graphene Oxide Thin Films and Microsupercapacitor Performance.

In this work, a thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) thin film on microscopic glass was prepared using spray coating and atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition. The structure of TRGO was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) suggesting a decrease in oxygen functional groups (OFGs), leading to the restacking, change in colour, and transparency of the graphene sheets. Raman spectrum deconvolution detailed the film's parameters, such as the crystallite size, degree of defect, degree of amorphousness, and type of defect. The electrochemical performance of the microsupercapacitor (µ-SC) showed a rectangular cyclic voltammetry shape, which was maintained at a high scan rate, revealing phenomenal electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) behaviour. The power law and Trasatti's analysis indicated that low-temperature TRGO µ-SC is dominated by diffusion-controlled behaviour, while higher temperature TRGO µ-SC is dominated by surface-controlled behaviour.

Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting.

Ethiopia is the largest wheat producer in sub-Saharan Africa yet remains a net importer. Increasing domestic wheat production is a national priority. Improved varieties provide an important pathway to enhancing productivity and stability of production. Reliably tracking varietal use and dynamics is a challenge, and the value of conventional recall surveys is increasingly questioned. We report the first nationally representative, large-scale wheat DNA fingerprinting study undertaken in Ethiopia. Plot level comparison of DNA fingerprinting with farmer recall from nearly 4000 plots in the 2016/17 season indicates that only 28% of farmers correctly named wheat varieties grown. The DNA study reveals that new, rust resistant bread wheat varieties are now widely adopted. Germplasm originating from CGIAR centres has made a significant contribution. Corresponding productivity gains and economic benefits have been substantial, indicating high returns to investments in wheat improvement. The study provides an accurate assessment of wheat varietal status and sets a benchmark for national policy-makers and donors. In recent decades, the Ethiopian wheat landscape has transformed from local tetraploid varieties to widespread adoption of high yielding, rust resistant bread wheat. We demonstrate that DNA fingerprinting can be applied at scale and is likely to transform future crop varietal adoption studies.