Clinical cause of neonatal mortality in Iran: analysis of the national Iranian Maternal And Neonatal network.

BACKGROUND: The neonatal mortality rate is a main indicator of the health and development of a country. Having insight into the cause of neonatal deaths may be the first step to reducing it. This paper depicts the cause of newborn deaths in Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on data from the national Iranian Maternal And Neonatal network to investigate all neonatal deaths in the country during the year 2019. The cause of death data were reported according to categories of birth weight, gestational age (GA), death time and place. RESULTS: The main causes of the 9959 neonatal deaths during the study period were respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (37%), malformation (21%), prematurity of <26 weeks (20%), others (12%), asphyxia (7%) and infection (3%). The major causes of neonatal mortality in delivery rooms were prematurity of <26 weeks and in the inpatient wards the RDS. By increasing the GA and birth weight towards term babies, the rate of RDS gets lower, while that of malformation gets higher. CONCLUSIONS: RDS was the main cause of neonatal mortality in Iran which is seen mainly in preterm babies. Prematurity of <26 weeks was another main cause. Thus, suggestions include reducing prematurity by preconception and pregnancy care and, on the other hand, improving the care of preterm infants in delivery rooms and inpatient wards.

Nanomicelle curcumin-induced testicular toxicity: Implications for altered mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy following redox imbalance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of nano-micelle curcumin (NMC)-induced redox imbalance on mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. For this purpose, 24 mature male Wistar rats were divided into control and NMC-received groups (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) groups. After 48 days, the Nrf1, Nrf2, and SOD (Cu/Zn) expression levels, as well as GSH/GSSG, NADP+ /NADPH relative balances (elements involved in redox homeostasis) were analyzed. Moreover, to explore the effect of NMC on mitochondrial biogenesis, the expression levels of Mfn1, Mfn2, OPA1, Fis1, and Drp1 were investigated. Finally, the expression levels of Parkin/PARK and PINK (genes involved in mitochondrial quality control), as well as LC3-I/II (mitophagy marker), were analyzed. Observations showed that NMC, dose-dependently, altered GSH/GSSG, NADP+ /NADPH relative balances, suppressed SOD expression and diminished its biochemical level, and repressed Nrf1 and Nrf2 expression levels. Moreover, it could change the Mfn1, Mfn2, OPA1, Fis1, and Drp1 expression pattern and stimulate the Parkin/PARK and PINK as well as LC3-I/II expression levels, dose-dependently. In conclusion, chronic and high-dose NMC is able to suppress the redox capacity by down-regulating the Nrf1 and Nrf2 expression. Finally, at high-dose levels, it is able to trigger mitophagy signaling in the testicles.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal influenza vaccination is clinically important and reduces hospitalization costs for pregnant women. However, is it also a cost-effective intervention? METHOD: We conducted a systematic search of Medline (via PUBMED), EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases. We included any economic evaluation studies that reported Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios for vaccinating pregnant women against influenza. RESULT: Out of 927 potentially eligible articles, only 14 full texts met our inclusion criteria. In almost all studies, vaccinating pregnant women was a cost-effective and cost-saving strategy. In one study, it was not cost-effective when the researchers used costs and probabilities related to other groups (healthy adults) due to the lack of data for pregnant women. The main factors influencing the cost-effectiveness of the studies were vaccine efficacy and vaccination cost. CONCLUSION: Influenza vaccination of pregnant women is a cost-effective intervention. More studies on the cost-effectiveness of this intervention in underdeveloped countries are needed.

Sperm DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in the sperm of men with oligozoospermia are closely related to anti-ODF2 autoantibodies.

BACKGROUND: Around 15% of couples of childbearing age suffer from infertility; in 50% of these cases, the male factor is present. In this study, we investigated the association between anti-ODF2 autoantibody existence and the DNA fragmentation and apoptosis of sperm in oligozoospermia men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 35 fertile men and 57 oligozoospermia men are enrolled in this study as control and case groups, respectively. After the identification of ODF2 as a possible target of anti-sperm antibodies in sera of oligozoospermia men using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by western blotting and mass spectrometry, the case group serums were screened for anti-ODF2 autoantibodies and divided into anti-ODF2 negative (N = 24) and positive (N = 33) subgroups to follow assays. The mRNA expression levels of ODF2, Caspases 3, 8, 9, BAX, and BCL-2 were evaluated via qRT-PCR in spermatozoa samples of mentioned groups. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis rate of spermatozoa in studied groups were assessed using an SDF kit and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS: Mass spectrometry showed that ODF2 is one of the anti-sperm antibodies targeted in oligozoospermia patients. 33 of 57 oligozoospermia men had anti-ODF2 autoantibody in their sera. An elevated expression of ODF2 mRNA was observed in spermatozoa of anti-ODF2+ patients compared to anti-ODF2- patients and controls. There was an increased expression level of Caspase 3, 8, 9, and BAX and decreased expression of BCL-2 in spermatozoa of anti-ODF2+ patients compared to anti-ODF2- patients and controls. Noticeable increases in DNA fragmentation and apoptosis rate of anti-ODF2+ patients' spermatozoa were observed compared to anti-ODF2- patients and healthy controls spermatozoa. A positive correlation was observed between ODF-2 expression and DNF fragmentation and apoptosis rate of anti-ODF2+ patients' spermatozoa. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that ODF2 is one of the main spermatozoa structural proteins, which is one of the anti-sperm antibodies targets, and its dysregulated expression may result in an increased rate of sperm DNA fragmentation and apoptosis.

Health-promoting services provided in pharmacies: A systematic review.

Pharmacies are a major component of health systems and a major part of health service provision. This study aimed at identifying and introducing the potentials of pharmacies in health promotion. This was a systematic review that searched PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from February 1990 to September 2018 for related materials. The main search keywords were (pharmacy services), (community pharmacy services), (retail pharmacy services), (pharmacy practice intervention). Inclusion was limited to those papers that discussed the health-promoting services provided in the pharmacies. The quality of included papers was assessed by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklists. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses chart was followed in all stages of the study. Of the 4156 papers retrieved, 18 met the inclusion criteria and included in the analysis. Study findings were categorized into three main categories: Health and prevention services, services related to treatments, and the awareness about the pharmacies' functions. The health and prevention category consisted of education, vaccination, screening and prevention of diseases, family planning, blood pressure monitoring, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and weight management. The treatment-related services consisted of adherence to medication, medication consultation, minor pains, and emergency medical services. Pharmacies can provide a wide variety of services besides the medications. Purposeful development of the services provided in the pharmacies and involving them in an extended array of services may accelerate the health promotion activities of the health system and result in improved quality of life and decreased costs. To do so, the legal, educational-skill, and pricing challenges should be resolved.

A novel form of anti-angiogenic molecular antibody drug induces apoptosis in myeloma cells after cultivation upon endothelial feeder cells.

The present study aimed to investigate the ability of a novel form of the anti-angiogenic molecular antibody drug to induce Myeloma cell death after cultivation upon endothelial feeder cells. Bevacizumab-loaded chitosan (BCS) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the ionic gelation method. Human U266 cell line and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were co-cultured for 72 h and treated with BCS nanoparticles (10µM) to study their impact on inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Death assessments, P53 pro-apoptotic marker expression and the VEGF level were investigated by flow-cytometric analyses of the Annexin V, immunocytochemistry and ELISA, respectively. The endothelial monolayer co-culture showed protection of myeloma cells from apoptosis when exposed to NPs or without any treatment. In present of bevacizumab, the VEGF factor was effectively suppressed, and the p53 expression was significantly increased in bevacizumab-treated myeloma cells co-cultured with HUVECs, compared to other groups. BCS was capable of disturbing the effective interconnections of myeloma cells and HUVECs as supportive cells. Disruptions of tumor cells' connections with their microenvironment and blocking their possible supportive pathways might be a potential strategy to eradicate tumor cells and finally cure such types of cancer.

Safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of Argus II in patients with retinitis pigmentosa: a systematic review.

AIM: To assess the effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of the Argus II in treatment of the retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients. METHODS: The ProQuest, Web of Science, EMBASE, MEDLINE (via PubMed) were searched using combinations of the keywords of Argus, safety, effectiveness, bionic eye, retinal prosthesis, and RP through March 2018. The retrieved records were screened and then assessed for eligibility. RESULTS: Totally 926 records were retrieved from the searched databases and finally 12 studies included. The RP patients showed improvements in visual function after receiving the prosthesis, compared to the time before the prosthesis or the time it was off. This was measured by square localization, direction of motion, and grating visual acuity tests. No major adverse effect was reported for the Argus II prosthesis itself and/or the surgery to implement it, but the most frequently reported items were hypotony, and conjunctival dehiscence. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated to be €14603 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in UK and $207 616 per QALY in Canada. CONCLUSION: The available evidence shows that the Argus II prosthesis in RP patients is effective in improvement of their visual function. Some minor adverse effects are reported for the prosthesis. The cost-effectiveness studies show that the technology is cost-effective only at high levels of willingness-to-pay.

Impact of health literacy and self-care behaviors on health-related quality of life in Iranians with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Regarding the importance of health literacy as a key factor in self-care, appropriate understanding of health information by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is fundamental for better management of risk factors, which can also benefit their quality of life. This study aimed to describe the relationship between health literacy (HL), and self-care behaviors with health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with T2DM. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was done in Iran in 2019. Patients were recruited randomly from health centers by medical records (n = 192, 55.2% male, mean age 58.12 years). The data collection included demographic form, health literacy questionnaire, diabetes self-care behavior questionnaire, and world health organization's Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Analyses were adjusted for confounders using hierarchical regression analysis. RESULTS: HL as predictor variables explained 47.5% of variance in overall HRQL (p value < 0.001), reading health information was the strongest HL dimension (ß = 0.478). Self-care behaviors explained an additional 13.6% of the HRQL variance. In total, 65.5% of the variation in the HRQL is explained by the HL, self-care behavior, and the demographic variables. CONCLUSION: We found that more almost two-third of the HRQL explained by the HL and self-care behaviors. Given the importance of health literacy and self-care behaviors in the quality of life in patients with T2DM, adoption of health-promoting behaviors and increasing health literacy can be beneficial for promoting quality of life among these patients.

Adult ADHD screening scores and hospitalization due to pedestrian injuries: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adult ADHD screening scores and hospitalization due to pedestrian injuries in a sample of Iranian pedestrians. METHODS: Through a case-control study, a case population of 177 pedestrians injured by the vehicles in road traffic crashes were compared with 177 controls who lacked a record of intentional or unintentional injuries enrolled from various wards of Imam Reza University Hospital which is a specialty teaching hospital located in the same city with similar referral level. The cases and controls had an age range of 18-65 years and were matched on gender and age. ADHD symptom profile was assessed using the Persian Self-report Screening Version of the Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-S:SV). The association of ADHD screening score and pedestrian injuries was investigated using multiple binary logistic regression to investigate the independent effect of ADHD index score on belonging to case group. Both crude and adjusted odds ratios were reported. RESULTS: Men comprised 86.4% of the study subjects. The crude odds ratios for all the four ADHD subscales to be associated with pedestrian injuries were 1.05, 1.08, and 1.04 for the subscales A (attention deficit), B (hyperactivity/impulsiveness) and ADHD index respectively. However, the association for subscale A was not statistically significant with a borderline p-value. The final multivariate analysis showed that variables associated with pedestrian injuries in the road traffic crashes were ADHD Index score (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12); economic status (including household income and expenditure capacity); educational level and total walking time per 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: Adult ADHD screening score can predict pedestrian injuries leading to hospitalization independently from sex, age, economic status, educational level and pedestrian exposure to traffic environment (average walking time).

The Association of Health Literacy Level with Self-Care Behaviors and Glycemic Control in a Low Education Population with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Promoting Health Literacy (HL) can be a priority in strategic healthcare planning of the countries. Low HL is prevalent in some societies which make barriers to successful self-care of diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the association of HL with self-care behaviors and glycemic control in a low education population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Sarab city, Iran. The 192 participants were patients diagnosed as type 2 diabetes and with low level of education. Convenient sampling method was applied and the participants were chosen by their medical records in health-care centers. To collect data a valid and reliable tool was used based on HL dimensions and self-care behaviors. Using hierarchical logistic regression, the possible association of variables with self-care behaviors and glycemic control was assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of study participants was 58.12 (±11.83) years. A 28.8% of the variation in the self-care behaviors is explained by the HL and the demographic variables (R= 0.288%; p-value<0.05). Furthermore, decision-making was the strongest predictor of self-care behaviors (ß= 0.451). Approximately 80% of the variation in the HbA1c is explained by the HL, self-care behaviors, and the demographic variables (R= 0.804%; p-value<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the HL dimensions predicted approximately one-fourth of self-care behaviors and the self-care behaviors and HL dimensions about eight-tenths of HbA1c in this population. These findings call for the need for interventional programs on HL to improve the self-care behaviors and HbA1c control.

Adherence to a Health Literacy and Healthy Lifestyle with Improved Blood Pressure Control in Iran.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: High blood pressure is the leading and most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Health literacy and lifestyle are two paramount key factors behind better control of hypertension. This study was conducted to examine the current situation of health literacy and health-promoting lifestyle and its association with blood pressure control among people affected by hypertension in the population over age 30 of Northwest Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in October and December 2018 on the over 30-year-old population among subjects suffering from hypertension (n= 210). A self-reported questionnaire was used for assessing health literacy dimensions and lifestyle. RESULTS: In hierarchical linear analysis, the HL explained 33.9% of the variance in healthy lifestyle. Among HL dimensions, the ability to access health information and decision-making were significantly associated with healthy lifestyle. The health literacy dimensions contributed to an additional significant increase in 4.7% of the variance explained in hypertension, furthermore, the health-promoting lifestyle items were explained an additional 14.8% of the hypertension variance. In total, lifestyle and health literacy dimensions were able to explain 21.7% of the variance in hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our study encourages efforts to monitor health literacy in people with hypertension and investigate associations with involvement with health-promoting lifestyle.

Risk factors of neonatal mortality in Iran: a systematic review.

Background: Reducing neonatal mortality is an important measure to reduce the overall under-five-years' mortality. Identifying the risk factors is the first step in this regard. This study performed with the aim of determining the risk factors of the neonatal mortality in Iran. Methods: Databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IronDoc and Google Scholar for the Persian resources and Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, ISI web of science and Cochrane for English resources were searched up to January 2017. The inclusion criteria were the studies analyzing at least one risk factor for neonatal mortality in Iran with a control group and multivariate regression analysis. Eight papers met the inclusion criteria. The risk factors were extracted and tabulated. Results: Of the 1713 records retrieved, 8 were eligible to include in the analysis. Preterm birth, low birth weight, smoking and addiction, and anomaly were the important risk factors of neonatal mortality in Iran. Moreover, an extended list of potential risk factors identified on most of which the evidence was controversial and insufficient. The factors categorized into modifiable and identifiable ones. Conclusion: On the modifiable risk factors, proper intervention, and on the non-modifiable ones, early detection and special care may be helpful in preventing the babies from death. Population-based studies with large sample size and multivariate analysis are needed to make clear the effect size of the identified risk factors.

Topical application of Cinnamomum hydroethanolic extract improves wound healing by enhancing re-epithelialization and keratin biosynthesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Context: Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. (Lauraceae) has a high number of polyphenols with insulin-like activity, increases glucose utilization in animal muscle, and might be beneficial for diabetic patients.Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an ointment prepared from Cinnamomum verum hydroethanolic extract on wound healing in diabetic mice.Materials and methods: A total of 54 male BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: (1) diabetic non-treated group mice that were treated with soft yellow paraffin, (2 and 3) mice that were treated with 5 and 10% C. verum. Two circular full-thickness excisional wounds were created in each mouse, and the trial lasted for 16 d following induction of the wound. Further evaluation was made on the wound contraction ratio, histopathology parameters and mRNA levels of cyclin D1, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde of granulation tissue contents. HPLC apparatus was utilized to identify the compounds.Results: The HPLC data for cinnamon hydroethanolic extract identified cinnamaldehyde (11.26%) and 2-hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde (6.7%) as the major components. A significant increase was observed in wound contraction ratio, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, re-epithelialization and keratin biosynthesis in the C. verum-treated groups in comparison to the diabetic non-treated group (p < 0.05). The expression level of cyclin D1, IGF1, GLUT 1 and antioxidant capacity increased in the C. verum-treated groups in comparison to the diabetic non-treated group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Topical administration of C. verum accelerated wound healing and can possibly be employed in treating the wounds of diabetic patients.

Topical administration of hydroethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis (henna) accelerates excisional wound healing process by reducing tissue inflammation and amplifying glucose uptake.

Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of Lawsonia inermis on wound healing, but the mechanism of action is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a new ointment formulation of hydroethanolic extract leaves of L. inermis on wound healing by gene expression of glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) and insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) in Wistar rats. The animals were topically treated with different doses of L. inermis. An experimentally induced circular excisional wound model of 314 mm2 surface area was surgically created. The percentage of wound contraction and histopathological changes was assessed at different time points following wound induction. The expression of Glut-1 and Igf-1 was evaluated by reverse-transcription PCR. Topical administration of L. inermis, dose dependently, shortened inflammatory phase, accelerated cellular proliferation, and enhanced wound contraction ratio. It also improved revascularization, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization rate and promoted intracytoplasmic carbohydrate storage (P < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA levels of Igf-1 and Glut-1 were significantly higher in the L. inermis-treated groups than the control group (P < 0.05). Topical administration of L. inermis promoted the healing process by reducing tissue inflammation and increasing glucose uptake, which was mediated by up-regulating the expression of Igf-1 and Glut-1.

Association of Self-Care Behaviors and Quality of Life among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Chaldoran County, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Self-care of diabetes is an essential part for controlling the disease and improvement of quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study aimed to analyze the associated factors of quality of life in patients with T2DM in order to design effective interventions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 T2DM patients referred to health centers of Chaldoran, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. The quality of life's questionnaires from World Health Organization and the self-care behaviors' questionnaires were used for data collection. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 46.30% and 53.30% of them were male. Among demographic variables, gender (P=0.002), age groups (P=0.007), and household monthly income (P=0.009) were significantly associated with total quality of life. Also, self-care nutrition (odds ratio [OR], 1.47; P=0.001), self-management of blood glucose control (OR, 1.29; P=0.002), and self-medication behavior (OR, 1.18; P=0.030) were identified as factors significantly associated with quality of life. CONCLUSION: Self-care behaviors were significantly associated with quality of life; among them, the greatest influence was observed in self-care nutrition behavior. According to the findings of this study, appropriate interventions on self-care behaviors about nutrition can improve the quality of life for T2DM patients.

Quality of surgical scrub in a heart hospital: Do not take it for granted.

Introduction: The role of scrub in the prevention of post-surgery infections is well-known. This study aimed to investigate the inputs and process of surgical scrub in operating rooms of the largest heart hospital of northwest Iran. Methods: This study took place with a before-after design as a clinical audit in 2014. A check list developed based on national and international standards of surgical hand scrub was used as the study instrument. Checklists were completed by observation of surgical team scrubbing in real situation. Descriptive statistics and graphs were used to describe the results. Results: A compliance degree with the standards for prerequisites, equipment, general items, process and time of scrub was observed as 58%, 55%, 33%, 68% and 22%, respectively. The compliance degree after the intervention was 72%, 66%, 66%, 85% and 61%, respectively. Improvement was observed in all studied aspects of scrub. The total score of compliance with the standards changed from 47% to 70%. The main issues were incorrect order of scrubbing the areas of the hands, incorrect way of scrubbing the arms, insufficient scrubbing the arms (not above elbow), and lack of awareness about hospital's policy on scrub time. Conclusion: The results showed defects in the surgical scrub of the studied hospital and that the compliance with the standards can be improved by simple interventions. Periodical audit and observation of the scrub and then feedback is recommended.

Validity of the Electronic Triage System in Predicting Patient Outcomes in Tabriz, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the triage ratings performed by the Electronic Triage System (ETS) using hospitalization, length of stay, resource use, in-hospital mortality and patient bills as outcome measures. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study the medical records of 387 patients were reviewed in a one-week period. The data included triage category and the outcome measures were hospitalization, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, patient bill, and used resources. The association between the triage category and hospitalization and death was assessed. The association between the triage category and the number of resources, length of stay, and the bill was also assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 43.65 ±21.17 years. Women comprised 40% (n=155) of 387 people who were included in the study. The frequency of Emergency Severity Index (ESI) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 categories were 18, 61, 127, 181 and 0 respectively. Phi and Cramer's V for hospitalization and death were 0.365 (p<0.001) and 0.305 (p<0.001). Spearman's rho for bill, length of stay, and resource use were -0.483 (p<0.001), -0.228 (p<0.001) and -0.490 (p<0.001). The association between triage category and resource consumption was stronger than other outcomes. CONCLUSION: The ETS was valid in predicting all studied patient outcomes. The ETS has also the advantages of providing quick reports, giving feedback and providing data for research purposes.

The Epidemilogical Characteristics of Motorcyclists Associated Injuries in Road Traffics Accidents; A Hospital-Based Study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the epidemiology of injuries of the motorcyclists in road traffic accidents (RTIs) between 2008 and 2014 in East Azarbayejan province of Iran. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in East Azerbaijan province in Imam Reza hospital on motorcyclists subjected to injuries in RTIs between 2008 and 2014. Demographic characteristics (age, sex), duration of hospitalization, final status of injured people after discharge from the hospital, admission ward, number of admissions due to injuries in RTIs, nature of injury, and the clinical services provided to injured people were gathered from hospital information system (HIS). Demographic characteristics (age, sex), duration of hospitalization, final status of injured people after discharge from the hospital, admission ward, number of admissions due to injuries in RTIs, injured site of the body, nature of injury, and the clinical services provided injured people were gathered from HIS. Standardized data collection form was used for uniform handling of the data. RESULTS: Most of the victims (94.4%) were male. The most frequent injuries pertained to the age group of 18-30 with 1676 (51.4%) injuries. Head, abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine, and pelvis, were the most common injured sites, respectively. Reduction of fracture and dislocation and cranial puncture were the most common provided services. The lowest survival time belonged to the age group over 60 years old. CONCLUSION: Injuries to the head are the most prevalent injuries among motorcyclists in RTIs. So it is suggested that proper interventions be implemented to ensure wearing helmet by motorcyclist and pillion passengers.