Using BCG Vaccine to Enhance Nonspecific Protection of Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine can induce nonspecific protection against unrelated infections. We aimed to test the effect of BCG on absenteeism and health of Danish health care workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial included 1221 HCWs from 9 Danish hospitals. Participants were randomized 1:1 to standard dose BCG or placebo. Primary outcome was days of unplanned absenteeism. Main secondary outcomes were incidence of COVID-19, all-cause hospitalization, and infectious disease episodes. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of BCG on unplanned absenteeism. Mean number of days absent per 1000 workdays was 20 in the BCG group and 17 in the placebo group (risk ratio, 1.23; 95% credibility interval, 0.98-1.53). BCG had no effect on incidence of COVID-19 or all-cause hospitalization overall. In secondary analyses BCG revaccination was associated with higher COVID-19 incidence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-5.71), but also reduced risk of hospitalization (HR, 0.28; 95% CI, .09-.86). The incidence of infectious disease episodes was similar between randomization groups (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, .96-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: In this relatively healthy cohort of HCWs, there was no overall effect of BCG on any of the study outcomes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT0437329 and EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT number 2020-001888-90).

Using BCG vaccine to enhance non-specific protection of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in Denmark.

OBJECTIVES: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis is associated with non- specific protective effects against other infections, and significant reductions in all-cause morbidity and mortality have been reported. We aim to test whether BCG vaccination may reduce susceptibility to and/or the severity of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in health care workers (HCW) and thus prevent work absenteeism.The primary objective is to reduce absenteeism due to illness among HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary objectives are to reduce the number of HCW that are infected with SARS-CoV-2, and to reduce the number of hospital admissions among HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic. HYPOTHESIS: BCG vaccination of HCW will reduce absenteeism by 20% over a period of 6 months. TRIAL DESIGN: Placebo-controlled, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial, recruiting study participants at several geographic locations. The BCG vaccine is used in this study on a different indication than the one it has been approved for by the Danish Medicines Agency, therefore this is classified as a phase III study. PARTICIPANTS: The trial will recruit 1,500 HCW at Danish hospitals.To be eligible for participation, a subject must meet the following criteria: Adult (≥18 years); Hospital personnel working at a participating hospital for more than 22 hours per week.A potential subject who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study: Known allergy to components of the BCG vaccine or serious adverse events to prior BCG administration Known prior active or latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) or other mycobacterial species Previous confirmed COVID-19 Fever (>38 C) within the past 24 hours Suspicion of active viral or bacterial infection Pregnancy Breastfeeding Vaccination with other live attenuated vaccine within the last 4 weeks Severely immunocompromised subjects. This exclusion category comprises: a) subjects with known infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) b) subjects with solid organ transplantation c) subjects with bone marrow transplantation d) subjects under chemotherapy e) subjects with primary immunodeficiency f) subjects under treatment with any anti-cytokine therapy within the last year g) subjects under treatment with oral or intravenous steroids defined as daily doses of 10 mg prednisone or equivalent for longer than 3 months h) Active solid or non-solid malignancy or lymphoma within the prior two years Direct involvement in the design or the execution of the BCG-DENMARK-COVID trial Intervention and comparator: Participants will be randomised to BCG vaccine (BCG-Denmark, AJ Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark) or placebo (saline). An adult dose of 0.1 ml of resuspended BCG vaccine (intervention) or 0.1 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution (control) is administered intradermally in the upper deltoid area of the right arm. All participants will receive one injection at inclusion, and no further treatment of study participants will take place. MAIN OUTCOMES: Main study endpoint: Days of unplanned absenteeism due to illness within 180 days of randomisation.Secondary study endpoints: The cumulative incidence of documented COVID-19 and the cumulative incidence of hospital admission for any reason within 180 days of randomisation.Randomisation: Randomisation will be done centrally using the REDCap tool with stratification by hospital, sex and age groups (+/- 45 years of age) in random blocks of 4 and 6. The allocation ratio is 1:1.Blinding (masking): Participants will be blinded to treatment. The participant will be asked to leave the room while the allocated treatment is prepared. Once ready for injection, vaccine and placebo will look similar, and the participant will not be able to tell the difference.The physicians administering the treatment are not blinded.Numbers to be randomised (sample size): Sample size: N=1,500. The 1,500 participants will be randomised 1:1 to BCG or placebo with 750 participants in each group.Trial Status: Current protocol version 5.1, from July 6, 2020.Recruitment of study participants started on May 18, 2020 and we anticipate having finished recruiting by the end of December 2020. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with EudraCT on April 16, 2020, EudraCT number: 2020-001888-90, and with ClinicalTrials.gov on May 1, 2020, registration number NCT04373291.Full protocol: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trialswebsite (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.

Simple Defocused Fiber Optic Volume Probe for Subsurface Raman Spectroscopy in Turbid Media.

We investigated the ability to perform deep subsurface Raman spectroscopy in turbid media using a simple fiber optic volume probe. Being able to collect Raman signals from regions deep within a biological sample provides the ability to noninvasively study underlying living tissue and tissue engineered constructs with high chemical specificity. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy has shown great potential for obtaining subsurface Raman signals in biological samples. The applicability of the method for in vivo studies depends on the system complexity and small size probes are often desirable. Most real-time studies on human patients utilizing Raman spectroscopy have been performed with easy-to-handle miniaturized probes. Here we show both experimentally and theoretically that the sampling depth from a simple volume probe can be controlled by changing the probe to sample distance effectively suppressing Raman and fluorescence contributions from shallow sample layers while favoring the collection of signals from deeper layers. Relative spectral intensities as function of probe to sample distance were investigated for layered phantoms of poly(methyl methacrylate) and trans-stilbene and compared with theory. The volume probe was then utilized for the collection of spectra from phantoms mimicking in vivo transcutaneous measurement configurations of bone and engineered scaffold as well as from an ex vivo sample of bone and soft tissue. Together the results show that Raman fiber optic volume probes can be utilized for subsurface Raman spectroscopy in turbid media, providing a simple alternative to spatially offset Raman systems for, e.g., noninvasive monitoring and studying mineralized tissue and implanted scaffolds in vivo.