Environmental quality assessment of the fish farms' impact in the Monastir Bay (eastern of Tunisia, Central Mediterranean): a benthic foraminiferal perspective.

Offshore fish farms have been active inside the Monastir Bay, Hammemet Gulf for over 10 years, but their environmental impact is still unknown. This study focuses on the evaluation of the fish farming activity impact in the Monastir Bay as revealed by geochemical and benthic foraminiferal data. Samples were collected around three fish cages at different water depths. Total organic carbon (TOC) and total phosphate (TP) in the sediment show higher values beneath the fish cages and decrease proportionally with distance from the cages. Living foraminiferal assemblages around fish farms are dominated by stress-tolerant species with higher abundances of Ammonia tepida, Rosalina bradyi, Elphidium crispum, and Peneroplis planatus. On the basis of our results, A. tepida and Quinqueloculina seminula are confirmed to be tolerant to elevated nutriment content, while Ammonia parkinsoniana seems to be more sensitive to organic enrichment. We also test the Foram-AMBI that is revealed to be a very promising tool by which evaluating the ecological quality status of marine sediment. The results of the present study confirm the suitability of living benthic foraminifera as bioindicators of organic enrichment induced by aquaculture activities.

Assessment of organic and metallic contamination in the surface sediment of Monastir Bay (Eastern Tunisia): Spatial distribution, potential sources, and ecological risk assessment.

To investigate the current environment status in Monastir Bay (Tunisia), surface sediments from 32 stations were assessed for heavy metal and organic matter concentrations, and the results were compared with values of natural metal content, marine sediment quality standards, and other results concerning sediments from other Mediterranean coasts. The study of their spatial distributions refined by complementary approaches, including potential ecological risks determined through the enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, potential ecological risk index, pollution load index, and principal component analysis, showed a significant impact of multiple anthropogenic sources. Moderate pollution of sediments, particularly by Ni and Cu, was also observed. Moreover, TOC values showed that the northern part of Monastir Bay is characterized by high levels of sediment organic matter because of the presence of fish farm cage. This baseline study can be used to establish background values for future sediment surveys.

Antifungal, molluscicidal and larvicidal assessment of anemonin and Clematis flammula L. extracts against mollusc Galba truncatula, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Tunisia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of anemonin and Clematis flammula (C. flammula) extracts against infective organisms. METHODS: The molluscicidal activities of anemonin and C. flammula extracts against Galba truncatula Müll. (Lymnaeidae) and Fasciola hepatica larval stages contaminating this snail in Tunisia were assessed by testing six groups of snails in 250 mL of extracts and aqueous dechlorinated solutions with different concentrations (ranging from 2.5 to 20.0 mg/L) for 48 h. Besides, the antifungal potential of C. flammula leaves and flowers was evaluated by using the diffusion agar and broth dilution methods against four fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, Pythium catenulatum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium phyllophilum. RESULTS: As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate flower extracts exhibited significant molluscicidal activities with LC50 median lethal concentrations values of 11.87 and 11.65 mg/L, respectively while LC50 value of anemonin was 9.64 mg/L after 48 h exposure. The flower extracts showed a larvicidal effect with a deterioration rate exceeding 35.39% where flower ethyl acetate residue gave a deterioration rate of cercariae close to 97%. Moreover, C. flammula extracts were not noxious to the associated fauna survival. All extracts inhibited the growth of P. catenulatum, the leaves and flowers methanolic extracts had the more important fungicide action with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.56 and 3.12 mg/mL together with minimum fungistatic concentrations of 3.12 and 6.25 mg/mL respectively. Only flower extracts were active against Rhizoctonia solani with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying between 0.70 and 1.56 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL of minimum fungistatic concentration. Phytochemical tests showed that the antifungal activity may be attributed to the presence of the flavonoids/saponins in the methanolic extracts and the molluscicide effects could be due to the richness of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts on sterols and triterpenoids. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the important molluscicidal and antiparasitic effects of flower ethyl acetate extracts and anemonin compound as well as the considerable antifungal activities of methanolic extracts. These results improve the therapeutic virtues of C. flammula aerial part extracts.

Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and amylase by extracts of different spices and plants.

The aim of this study is to search new anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents from plant and spices crude extracts as alternative to synthetic drugs. The inhibitory effect of 72 extracts was evaluated, in vitro, on lipase and amylase activities. Aqueous extracts of cinnamon and black tea exhibited an appreciable inhibitory effect on pancreatic amylase with IC50 values of 18 and 87 µg, respectively. Aqueous extracts of cinnamon and mint showed strong inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase with IC50 of 45 and 62 µg, respectively. The presence of bile salts and colipase or an excess of interface failed to restore the lipase activity. Therefore, the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, by extracts of spices and plants, belongs to an irreversible inhibition. Crude extract of cinnamon showed the strongest anti-lipase and anti-amylase activities which offer a prospective therapeutic approach for the management of diabetes and obesity.

A study of the molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) leaf extract and its main cucurbitacins against the mollusc Galba truncatula, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica.

BACKGROUND: The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of the medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis leaf extracts and its main cucurbitacins were tested against the mollusc gastropod Galba truncatula, the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. RESULTS: Our findings proved for the first time that the molluscicidal activity was correlated with the presence of terpenoids. A significant molluscicidal value was found in the ethyl acetate extract (LC50 = 12.6 mg L-1 ). Further fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of two main compounds identified to cucurbitacin E 1 and 2-O-ß-d-glucocucurbitacin E 2. Their molluscicidal activities were also investigated and they possessed close activities with LC50 = 9.55 and 10.61 mg L-1 for compounds 2 and 1, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ethyl acetate extract and both pure compounds proved the highest larvicidal activities, with a deterioration rate exceeding 89.2% (89.2-100%) and with no toxic effects against associated fauna. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

LC-MS-MS and GC-MS analyses of biologically active extracts and fractions from Tunisian Juniperus phoenice leaves.

CONTEXT: Despite some studies related to Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae), phytochemical and biological investigations of this plant remain unexplored. OBJECTIVE: This work is the first report dealing with the identification and characterization of volatile components and flavonoids in hexane and methanol extracts from J. phoenicea leaves Materials and methods: Antioxidant activity of hexane, and methanol extracts from J. phoenicea leaves were determined by DPPH-radical scavenging assay. α-Amylase inhibitory activity was evaluated by enzyme inhibition using in vitro assay (each extract was dissolved in DMSO to give concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/mL). The chemical composition of fractions (Fr1-Fr3) from methanol extract was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The hexane extract was analyzed by GC-MS technique which allowed the identification of 32 compounds. The main constituents were α-humulene (16.9%), pentadecane (10.2%) and α-cubebene (9.7%). Fraction Fr 2 exhibited a strong DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 20.1 µg/mL) compared to that of BHT as well as the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 28.4 µg/mL). Three flavonoids were identified in these fractions using HPLC-MS analysis: Quercetin 3-O-glucoside, isoscutellarein 7-O-pentoside and quercetin 3-O-pentoside. In addition, the more active fraction (Fr 2) was purified with semi-preparative HPLC affording one pure compound (amentoflavone) using 1H NMR analysis. This compound exhibited powerful DPPH radical-scavenging (IC50 = 14.1 µg/mL) and α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 20.4 µg/mL) effects. CONCLUSION: This study provides scientific support to some medicinal uses of J. phoenicea found in North Africa.

Hexane Extract of Echinops spinosissimus Turra subsp. spinosus from Tunisia: A Potential Source of Acetylated Sterols - Investigation of its Biological Activities.

The hexane extract of Echinops spinosissimus Turra subsp. spinosus flower heads was analyzed for its fatty acid and sterol composition. Its physicochemical characteristics were also studied. The saponification, iodine and peroxide values were determined as 255 mg KOH/g, 42.57 g I2 /100 g and 110 m equiv. O2 /kg of oil, respectively. The oleic (C18:1; 61.14%), palmitic (C16:0; 21.36%) and linoleic (C18:2; 10.45%) acids were the dominant fatty acids. This extract was also found to contain high levels of ß-sitosterol and stigmasterol (44.97% and 34.95% of total sterols, respectively). On the other hand, the identification of terpenoid compounds was investigated by using GC/MS, which revealed fourteen major terpenoids mainly taraxasterol, lupeol, pseudotaraxasterol, lup-22(29)-en-3-yl acetate, taraxasteryl acetate, α-amyrin, ß-amyrin, pseudotaraxasteryl acetate, hop-20(29)-en3-ß-ol, α-amirenone, along with ß-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Moreover, we have evaluated the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the unsaponifiable matter and a fraction isolated from this extract. These activities were conducted using the diffusion disc methods and broth microdilution assay. The resulted fraction from this extract showed the highest antibacterial activity with significant minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values 125.0 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus. However, it did exhibit no substantial antifungal activity.

The contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching can affect the dynamic balance in healthy men / A facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva por contração-relaxamento pode afetar o equilíbrio dinâmico em homens saudáveis

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (CR PNF) stretching protocol on dynamic balance. METHODS: Twenty healthy young male performed two sessions in a randomized order; a session with CR PNF stretching protocol, and a session without the stretching protocol. Bipedal dynamic balance was measured in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions before and after the completion the two experimental sessions with eyes opened and closed. RESULTS: the present study showed that there is no significant difference between the two sessions (with vs without the CR PNF stretching protocol) in the anterior-posterior direction. However, in the medio-lateral direction, the CR PNF stretching protocol significantly enhanced dynamic balance, when compared with the no stretch protocol condition. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that CR PNF stretching might be effective to improve dynamic balance control.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de um protocolo de alongamento por facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva de contração-relaxamento sobre o equilíbrio dinâmico. MÉTODOS: Vinte jovens saudáveis do sexo masculino realizaram duas sessões oredenadas aleatoriamente; uma sessão com protocolo de alongamento por facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva de contração-relaxamento, e uma sessão sem esse protocolo. O equilíbrio dinâmico bipedal foi medido nas direções ântero-posterior e médio-lateral antes e após a conclusão das duas sessões experimentais, com os olhos abertos e fechados. RESULTADOS: O estudo mostrou que não há diferença significativa entre as duas sessões (com vs sem o protocolo de alongamento) no sentido ântero-posterior. No entanto, na direção médio-lateral, o protocolo de alongamento aumentou significativamente o equilíbrio dinâmico, quando comparado com a condição de protocolo sem alongamento. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo permite concluir que o protocolo de alongamento por facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva de contração-relaxamento pode ser eficaz para melhorar o controle de equilíbrio dinâmico.

Molluscicidal activity of Solanum elaeagnifolium seeds against Galba truncatula intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica: Identification of ß-solamarine.

CONTEXT: The persistence of fascioliasis in many developing countries urges the search for simple, cheap, and effective substances. In this view, plants provide interesting molluscicidal activities thanks to the secondary metabolites they produce. The genus Solanum is known for its potent effect on vector snails. OBJECTIVE: The molluscicidal activity of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae) seeds against Galba truncatula Müll. (Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica L. (Fasciolidae), was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Solanum elaeagnifolium seeds were powdered and successively extracted using n-hexane, methylene chloride, acetone, and methanol, for 20 h each. After filtration, solvents were evaporated. An acid-base treatment was conducted on seed methanolic extract to isolate total alkaloids and ß-solamarine. Total saponins fraction was obtained after successive macerations and evaporations. The molluscicidal activity was evaluated by subjecting snails, in groups of 10, for 48 h to 500 mL of extracts, fractions, and pure product aqueous solutions, each containing amounts, ranging from 1 to 50 mg of plant material in 5 mg increments. RESULTS: The methanolic extract of seeds, ß-solamarine isolated for the first time from this plant and total saponins fraction showed very potent activities on snails, giving respective median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 1.18, 0.49, and 0.94 mg/L. Total alkaloids fraction obtained from the methanolic extract was less active giving an LC50 value of 14.67 mg/L. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes that glycoalkaloids and saponins of Solanum elaeagnifolium are potent molluscicidal agents. Seed methanolic extract, ß-solamarine, and total saponins fraction may be used as molluscicides.

MOLLUSCICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF Atriplex inflata AERIAL PARTS AGAINST THE MOLLUSK Galba truncatula, INTERMEDIATE HOST OF Fasciola hepatica / Atividade moluscicida e larvicida das partes aéreas de Atriplex inflata contra o molusco Galba truncatula, hospedeiro intermediário da Fasciola hepatica

Fasciolosis is a widespread parasitosis of farm live-stock in many developing countries. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new substances against parasitic diseases caused by flukes. Indeed, a wide variety of terrestrial plants have been subjected to chemical and pharmacological screening in order to discover their potential for human medicinal use. The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Atriplex inflata were tested on Galba truncatula and Fasciola hepatica larval stages infecting this snail in Tunisia. Phytochemical tests were conducted on extracts in order to establish a meaningful relationship with molluscicidal and larvicidal activities. The molluscicidal activity was evaluated by subjecting snails to sample aqueous solutions. Accordingly, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and methanol-water (8:2, v-v) were used as extraction solvents. As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed potent activity, according to the World Health Organization, giving LC50 = 7.59 mg/L and 6.69 mg/L for hexane extracts of leaves and fruits, respectively. Ethyl acetate extracts gave LC50 = 5.90 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L for leaves and fruits, successively. Molluscicidal activities of powders were less potent on snails, but active according to the World Health Organization. Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and fruits gave potent larvicidal activities with a delay rate exceeding 45.50% (45.50- 98.92%). Phytochemical tests showed that these activities may be attributed to the presence of triterpenoids and/or sterols.

Fasciolose é uma parasitose generalizada que ocorre em animais de fazendas em muitos países em desenvolvimento. Por esta razão, é necessária a busca de novas substâncias contra as doenças parasitárias causadas por vermes. De fato, uma grande variedade de plantas terrestres foi objeto de testes farmacológicos e químicos a fim de descobrir o seu potencial para utilização em terapêutica humana. As atividades moluscicida e larvicida de Atriplex inflata foram testadas contra estágios larvários de Galba truncatula e Fasciola hepatica infectando este caracol na Tunísia. Testes fitoquímicos foram realizados com extratos a fim de estabelecer uma relação significativa com as atividades moluscicida e larvicida. A atividade moluscicida foi avaliada submetendo os caracóis a soluções aquosas. Conforme o caso, hexano, acetato de etilo, metanol e metanol-água (8:2, v-v) foram utilizados como solventes de extração. Como resultado, hexano e extratos de acetato apresentaram atividades potentes de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, resultando em LC50 = 7,59 mg/L e 6,69 mg/L para extratos de hexano de folhas e frutos, respectivamente. Extratos de acetato de etilo resultaram em LC50 = 5,90 mg/L e 7,32 mg/L para as folhas e frutos sucessivamente. Atividades moluscicidas das substâncias sob a forma de pó foram menos potentes em caracóis, mas ativas de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde. Hexano e extratos de acetato de folhas e frutos apresentaram atividade larvicida potente, com uma taxa de atraso superior a 45,50% (45,50-98,92%). Testes fitoquímicos mostraram que estas atividades podem ser atribuídas à presença de triterpenóides e/ou esteróis.

Hepatoprotective activity of Peganum harmala against ethanol-induced liver damages in rats.

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Peganum harmala seeds extract (CPH) against chronic ethanol treatment. Hepatotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats by administrating ethanol 35% (4 g/kg/day) for 6 weeks. CPH was co-administered with ethanol, by intraperitonial (IP) injection, at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw/day. Control rats were injected by saline solution (NaCl 9‰). Chronic ethanol administration intensified lipid peroxidation monitored by an increase of TBARS level in liver. Ethanol treatment caused also a drastic alteration in antioxidant defence system; hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. A co-administration of CPH during ethanol treatment inhibited lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidants activities. However, treatment with P. harmala extract protects efficiently the hepatic function of alcoholic rats by the considerable decrease of aminotransferase contents in serum of ethanol-treated rats.

MOLLUSCICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF Atriplex inflata AERIAL PARTS AGAINST THE MOLLUSK Galba truncatula, INTERMEDIATE HOST OF Fasciola hepatica.

Fasciolosis is a widespread parasitosis of farm live-stock in many developing countries. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new substances against parasitic diseases caused by flukes. Indeed, a wide variety of terrestrial plants have been subjected to chemical and pharmacological screening in order to discover their potential for human medicinal use. The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Atriplex inflata were tested on Galba truncatula and Fasciola hepatica larval stages infecting this snail in Tunisia. Phytochemical tests were conducted on extracts in order to establish a meaningful relationship with molluscicidal and larvicidal activities. The molluscicidal activity was evaluated by subjecting snails to sample aqueous solutions. Accordingly, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and methanol-water (8:2, v-v) were used as extraction solvents. As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed potent activity, according to the World Health Organization, giving LC50 = 7.59 mg/L and 6.69 mg/L for hexane extracts of leaves and fruits, respectively. Ethyl acetate extracts gave LC50 = 5.90 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L for leaves and fruits, successively. Molluscicidal activities of powders were less potent on snails, but active according to the World Health Organization. Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and fruits gave potent larvicidal activities with a delay rate exceeding 45.50% (45.50- 98.92%). Phytochemical tests showed that these activities may be attributed to the presence of triterpenoids and/or sterols.

Antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of extract and isolates from Zygogynum pancheri subsp. arrhantum.

One new sesquiterpenoid (5R(*),8R(*),9R(*),10R(*))-cinnamolide (8), and seven known compounds, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavonone (1), 8-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-(2″,2″-dimethylchromene)-tetralone (2), 8-hydroxy-3-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-(2″,2″-dimethylchromene)-tetralone (3), 1ß-E-O-p-methoxycinnamoyl-bemadienolide (4), 1ß-O-(E-cinnamoyl)-6α-hydroxy-9-epi-polygodial (5), 1ß-O-(E-cinnamoyl)-6α-hydroxypolygodial (6), and 1ß-O-E-cinnamoylpolygodial (7) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of barks of Zygogynum pancheri subsp. arrhantum (Winteraceae). The structures of these molecules were assigned predominantly based on spectral data. The structure of compound 8 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited significant antioxidant activity, whereas compounds 1 and 4-7 showed significant α-amylase inhibitory activity.

Protective effects of aqueous extract of Hammada scoparia against hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol in the rat.

Aqueous extract (AE) of Hammada scoparia leaves was chemically characterized and its hepatoprotective activities were investigated in vivo in rat model. Wistar rats were treated daily with 35% ethanol solution (3 g/kg/day) during 4 weeks and fed with basal diet or basal diet containing AE (200 mg/kg/day). Control rats were treated with saline solution and fed with basal diet. The bioactivity of AE against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rat liver was studied in order to explore its hepatoprotective effects. H. scoparia extract used at 200 mg/kg body weight significantly prevented the effects of ethanol, which induced a hepatic pathological damage and increased the levels of the serum markers of the enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Concomitantly, with these changes, this extract also prevented ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the rat liver as evidenced by the decreased lipid peroxidation level, a considerable decrease in the activities of AST, ALT and ALP and restoring the activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. These biochemical changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked hepatoprotective effect of the AE of H. scoparia.

Structural determination and NMR characterization of a bacterial exopolysaccharide.

A strain of Bacillus licheniformis with high exopolysaccharide (EPS) production ability was isolated and identified. A new type of EPS was isolated from the strain fermentation and its structural characteristics were investigated and elucidated by partial and total acid hydrolysis, Fourier transform infrared, and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy including 2D (1)H, COSY, NOESY, XHCOR and HMBC experiments. Based on obtained data, the EPS was found to be a levan composed of linear chains of (2→6)-linked ß-d-fructofuranosyl residues with connections ß (2→6).

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Hammada scoparia against ethanol-induced liver injury in rats.

The present work was aimed at studying the antioxidative activity and hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extract (ME) of Hammada scoparia leaves against ethanol-induced liver injury in male rats. The animals were treated daily with 35 % ethanol solution (4 g kg(-1) day(-1)) during 4 weeks. This treatment led to an increase in the lipid peroxidation, a decrease in antioxidative enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) in liver, and a considerable increase in the serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phospahatase. However, treatment with ME protects efficiently the hepatic function of alcoholic rats by the considerable decrease in aminotransferase contents in serum of ethanol-treated rats. The glycogen synthase kinase-3 ß was inhibited after ME administration, which leads to an enhancement of glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver and a decrease in lipid peroxidation rate by 76 %. These biochemical changes were consistent with histopathological observations, suggesting marked hepatoprotective effect of ME. These results strongly suggest that treatment with methanolic extract normalizes various biochemical parameters and protects the liver against ethanol induced oxidative damage in rats.

New secoiridoid from olive mill wastewater.

A new secoiridoid, olenoside A (1a) and its known epimer olenoside B (1b), were isolated from olive mill wastewater as a mixture of two isomers. Their structures, 1-methyl-7-oxo-6,6a,8,8a-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, were determined by spectroscopic methods including 2-D NMR. The structure of major compound 1a was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.

Chemical composition, cytotoxicity effect and antimicrobial activity of Ceratonia siliqua essential oil with preservative effects against Listeria inoculated in minced beef meat.

The present study describes the phytochemical profile and the protective effects of Ceratonia siliqua pods essential oil (CsEO), a food and medicinal plant widely distributed in Tunisia. Twenty five different components were identified in the CsEO. Among them, the major detected components were: Nonadecane, Heneicosane , Naphthalene, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutylester, Heptadecane, Hexadecanoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Phenyl ethyl tiglate, Eicosene, Farnesol 3, Camphor, Nerolidol and n-Eicosane. The antimicrobial activity of CsEO was evaluated against a panel of 13 bacteria and 8 fungal strains using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results have shown that CsEO exhibited moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the tested species. In addition, the inhibitory effect of this CsEO was evaluated in vivo against a foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, experimentally inoculated in minced beef meat (2×10(2) CFU/g of meat) amended with different concentrations of the CsEO and stored at 7 °C for 10 days. The antibacterial activity of CsEO in minced beef meat was clearly evident and its presence led to a strong inhibitory effect against the pathogens at 7 °C. On the other hand, the cytotoxic effects of the essential oil against two tumoral human cell lines HeLa and MCF-7 were examined by MTT assay. The CsEO showed an inhibition of both cell lines with significantly stronger activity against HeLa cells. The IC(50) values were 210 and 800 µg/ml for HeLa and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Overall, results presented here suggest that the EO of C. siliqua possesses antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, and is therefore a potential source of active ingredients for food and pharmaceutical industry.

In vitro study of the PLA2 inhibition and antioxidant activities of Aloe vera leaf skin extracts.

BACKGROUND: In the present work we determined the total phenolic content of Aloe vera leaf skin (AVLS) extracts by using various solvents (hexane, chloroform-ethanol (1/1), ethyl acetate, butanol and water). We have also evaluated the antioxidant and the anti-PLA2 properties of these extracts by measuring their inhibition potency on the human pro-inflammatory phospholipase A2 (group IIA). RESULTS: The water extract exhibits the highest inhibitory effect with an IC50 = 0.22 mg/ml and interestingly no effect was observed on the digestive phospholipase A2 (group IB) even at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Antioxidant activities were also analyzed and the most active extracts were observed when using chloroform ethanol (1/1) and ethyl acetate (IC50 = 0.274 and 0.326 mg/ml, respectively). Analysis of the total phenolic content reveals that the water extract, with the best anti-PLA2 effect, was poor in phenolic molecules (2 mg GAE/g). This latter value has to be compared with the chloroform-ethanol and the ethyl acetate extracts (40 and 23.8 mg GAE/g, respectively), mostly responsible for the antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: A significant correlation was established between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity but not with the anti PLA2 activity. Results from phytochemical screening suggest that the anti PLA2 molecules were probably catechin tannins compounds.

Hammada scoparia flavonoids and rutin kill adherent and chemoresistant leukemic cells.

In search for compounds able to reduce cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR), we studied effects of Hammada scoparia extracts on leukemic cells adherent or in suspension. We show that H. scoparia flavonoidic fraction and its compound rutin induce apoptosis specifically in adherent leukemic cells and abolish CAM-DR. Importantly, rutin inhibited survival of adherent leukemic progenitors (CD34(+)38(-)123(+)) but spared normal progenitors (CD34(+)38(-)). The pro-apoptotic effects of rutin were correlated with a decrease of active GSK3ß and inhibitors of GSK3ß reproduced rutin-induced cytotoxicity. This study uncovers the potential of H. scoparia flavonoids and rutin to overcome CAM-DR in acute myeloid leukemia.