An efficient new design of nano-scale comparator circuits using quantum-dot technology.

Traditional semiconductor-based technology has recently faced many issues, such as physical scalability constraints and short-channel properties. Much research on nano-scale designs has resulted in these flaws. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a promising nanotechnology solution for solving CMOS-related issues. The 4-dot squared cell is identified as the main feature of this technology. Also, a comparator is an essential electronic device that compares 2 voltages or currents. It is frequently employed to confirm whether an input has achieved a predefined value or not. So, the design of the QCA-based comparator is one of the interesting lines in recent studies. However, cell and area consumption limits the circuit design in the most relevant research. As a result, two efficient comparator circuits based on the inherent rules of quantum dots have been presented in this work. The proposed 1-bit design employs 35 quantum cells in a 0.04 µm2 compact layout space. Also, the proposed 2-bit design uses 173 cells in a 0.19 µm2 compact layout area. These circuits, which are built across three layers of 90-degree cells, remove the need for coplanar crossovers, ensuring accessible inputs and outputs. The presented 1-bit comparator circuit uses 3 majority gates with three inputs. The first output signal in 1-bit comparator is generated after 0.75 clock phases and in 2-bit design after 1.25 clock phases. QCADesigner-E evaluated the suggested circuits' practical accuracy, cost, and power. The results showed that the proposed designs are extremely efficient in cell and area consumption compared to the state-of-the-art designs.

A new cloud-based method for composition of healthcare services using deep reinforcement learning and Kalman filtering.

Healthcare has significantly contributed to the well-being of individuals around the globe; nevertheless, further benefits could be derived from a more streamlined healthcare system without incurring additional costs. Recently, the main attributes of cloud computing, such as on-demand service, high scalability, and virtualization, have brought many benefits across many areas, especially in medical services. It is considered an important element in healthcare services, enhancing the performance and efficacy of the services. The current state of the healthcare industry requires the supply of healthcare products and services, increasing its viability for everyone involved. Developing new approaches for discovering and selecting healthcare services in the cloud has become more critical due to the rising popularity of these kinds of services. As a result of the diverse array of healthcare services, service composition enables the execution of intricate operations by integrating multiple services' functionalities into a single procedure. However, many methods in this field encounter several issues, such as high energy consumption, cost, and response time. This article introduces a novel layered method for selecting and evaluating healthcare services to find optimal service selection and composition solutions based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (Deep RL), Kalman filtering, and repeated training, addressing the aforementioned issues. The results revealed that the proposed method has achieved acceptable results in terms of availability, reliability, energy consumption, and response time when compared to other methods.

The applications of machine learning techniques in medical data processing based on distributed computing and the Internet of Things.

Medical data processing has grown into a prominent topic in the latest decades with the primary goal of maintaining patient data via new information technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor technologies, which generate patient indexes in hospital data networks. Innovations like distributed computing, Machine Learning (ML), blockchain, chatbots, wearables, and pattern recognition can adequately enable the collection and processing of medical data for decision-making in the healthcare era. Particularly, to assist experts in the disease diagnostic process, distributed computing is beneficial by digesting huge volumes of data swiftly and producing personalized smart suggestions. On the other side, the current globe is confronting an outbreak of COVID-19, so an early diagnosis technique is crucial to lowering the fatality rate. ML systems are beneficial in aiding radiologists in examining the incredible amount of medical images. Nevertheless, they demand a huge quantity of training data that must be unified for processing. Hence, developing Deep Learning (DL) confronts multiple issues, such as conventional data collection, quality assurance, knowledge exchange, privacy preservation, administrative laws, and ethical considerations. In this research, we intend to convey an inclusive analysis of the most recent studies in distributed computing platform applications based on five categorized platforms, including cloud computing, edge, fog, IoT, and hybrid platforms. So, we evaluated 27 articles regarding the usage of the proposed framework, deployed methods, and applications, noting the advantages, drawbacks, and the applied dataset and screening the security mechanism and the presence of the Transfer Learning (TL) method. As a result, it was proved that most recent research (about 43%) used the IoT platform as the environment for the proposed architecture, and most of the studies (about 46%) were done in 2021. In addition, the most popular utilized DL algorithm was the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), with a percentage of 19.4%. Hence, despite how technology changes, delivering appropriate therapy for patients is the primary aim of healthcare-associated departments. Therefore, further studies are recommended to develop more functional architectures based on DL and distributed environments and better evaluate the present healthcare data analysis models.