Determinants of immunization defaulters among children aged 12-23 months in Ambo town, Oromia, Ethiopia: A case-control study.

Immunization is a public health intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality among children. However, vaccination becomes more effective if the child can receive the full course of recommended vaccination doses according to the schedule. Many children fail to complete the full course of vaccination. To identify the determinants of immunization defaulters among children aged 12-23 months in Ambo town, Oromia, Ethiopia. A community-based, unmatched, case-control study was done from October 1 to 25, 2021. A simple random sampling was used to select 317 (106 cases and 211 controls). Data were collected by using a pretested and structured questionnaire. Data were coded and entered to Epi-data version 3.1 and then transported to SPSS version 21.0 for statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis like frequency, mean, and percentage was calculated. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. Finally, variables with a p value  < .05 were considered statistically significant. Urban residences (AOR = 0.288, 95% CI, 0.146, 570), government employee (AOR = 0.179, 95% CI, 0.057, 0.565), number of family members more than four (AOR = 2.696, 95% CI, 1.143, 6.358), higher income (AOR = 0.250, 95% CI, 0.099, 0.628), attending ANC (AOR = 0..237, 95% CI, 0.107, 0.525), and good awareness (AOR = 0.070, 95% CI, 0.005, 308) were significant predictors of immunization defaulters. This study has found that urban residences, government employee by occupation, number of family members more than four, higher monthly income, and attending ANC were identified as determinants of childhood immunization defaulters. Social Behavior Change intervention programs should focus on providing health information about the importance of the vaccine and vaccine schedule. Due attention should be given for rural residents and farmers who had limited access to information and are more prone to defaulting. Policy-makers should consider those identified factors while designing intervention programs to enhance vaccination coverage.

Work-related stress and associated factors among health professionals working in Ambo town public health facilities, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess work-related stress (WRS) and associated factors among health professionals working in Ambo town governmental health facilities, in 2021. DESIGN: Institution-based analytical cross-sectional study. SETTING: Institution-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Ambo town from 15 July 2021 to 15 August 2021. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 420 participants. Data were collected by using structured self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to show the magnitude of WRS. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify variables that are significantly associated with WRS at 95% CI and p value <0.05. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 407 participants were involved in the study making the response rate 96.9%. The age of the respondents ranged from 20 to 52 with the mean age of 29 years (SD=4.8). Among all participants, 261 (64.1%) were male health professionals. RESULTS: This study found that the overall prevalence of WRS was 52.33% (47.5, 57.2). Being female (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.73, 95% CI 1.06, 2.81), home-work interface (AOR=1.93, 95% CI 1.19, 3.14), job insecurity (tendency not knowing continue current job (AOR=3.22, 95% CI 1.87, 5.56) and major life events (serious injury to close relatives (AOR=3.13, 95% CI 1.68, 5.84), death of close relative (AOR=2.09, 95% CI 1.16, 3.77), being violated by other (AOR=3.10, 95% CI 1.65, 5.83) and anything else seriously upset (AOR=2.63, 95% CI 1.60, 4.32) were factors significantly associated with WRS. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of WRS among health professionals working in Ambo town public health facilities was high as compared with other studies. Sex, job insecurity, home-work interface and occurrence of major life events were factors that positively related to WRS and make the work of health professionals stressful. Health facilities, programme managers and policy makers should consider those identified factors while designing public health interventions to reduce WRS among health professionals.

Dietary practice and associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients attending chronic follow-up in public hospitals, central Ethiopia, 2022.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is affecting numerous Ethiopian populations regardless of environmental and social status. Diabetic people all over the world are commonly urged to acquire a healthy eating habit, which necessitates lifelong changes in food habits, beliefs, and meal patterns. Dietary management is considered one of the cornerstones of diabetes care, as it is an important component of the overall treatment plan. Choosing and following a healthy diet is important for everyone, especially people with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess dietary practices and associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients in the west Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, in 2022. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in West Shewa Zone public hospitals among 421 randomly selected type 2 diabetic patients from February 1 to March 30, 2022. Data were collected using a structured and pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were done using SPSS. RESULTS: In this study, about 35.6% (95% CI: 30.9-39.9) of type 2 diabetes patients had good dietary practices. Diabetes knowledge (AOR 9 2; 95% CI 4.4-19.4), food-secured households (AOR 3.3; 95% CI 1.6-6.9), high self-efficacy (AOR 6.6; 95% CI 3.2-13.9), diabetes diet information from healthcare professionals (AOR 2.9; 95% CI 1.3-6.4), complete dietary change (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.8), and female gender (AOR 3.6; 95% CI 1.6-8.1) were independent predictors of good dietary practice. CONCLUSION: The proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes, who attended follow-up at West Shawa Public Hospitals and practiced good dietary habits, was low. Patients' household food insecurity, diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, source of information on the diabetic diet, complete dietary change after diabetes diagnosis, and gender were all significantly associated with type 2 diabetic patients' dietary practices. Thus, promoting the provision of continuous, modified, and comprehensive education and advice on the importance of diabetes self-management, particularly adherence to dietary recommendations, is fundamental to decreasing the burden of diabetes complications and massive health expenses among diabetic patients.

Dietary diversity, undernutrition and associated factors among pregnant women in Gindeberet district, Oromia, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate levels of dietary diversity are essential for proper physiology of human being and it is crucial to consume healthy foods at every phase of life, especially during pregnancy. Inadequate dietary diversity and malnutrition are risk factors for low birth weight, intrauterine growth reduction and small for gestational age. This study was aimed to assess dietary diversity, undernutrition and associated factors among pregnant women in Gindeberet district, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020. METHOD: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 627 pregnant women in Gindeberet district selected by systematic random sampling from October 10/2020- November 10/2020. Data were collected through interviewer administered questionnaires. The collected data were coded and entered to Epi-info version 7.2.2.6 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factor associated with undernutrition and dietary diversity. Level of statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: overall prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and undernutrition were 276 (44.4%) and 110 (17.7%) respectively. Pregnant women who did not receive antenatal care (AOR = 2.32, [95% CI: 1.38, 3.90]), family size ≥ 5 (AOR: 2.93; [95%CI: 1.10, 7.79]), unprotected sources of water (AOR: 4.14; [95% CI: 1.63, 10.52]) were significantly associated with undernutrition. Rural residence (AOR = 2.59, [95% CI: 1.66-4.04]), pregnant women who did not received ANC (AOR = 2.52, [95% CI: 1.58-4.03]) and nutrition information (AOR = 1.43; [95% CI: 1.10, 2.10]) were significantly associated with dietary diversity among pregnant women. CONCLUSION: undernutrition and inadequate dietary diversity among pregnant women were high in study area. Source of drinking water, ANC visit and family size were significantly associated with pregnant women undernutrition. Place of residence, ANC visit and nutrition information were significantly associated with inadequate dietary diversity. Therefore, pregnant women, government, non-governmental organization and stakeholders should focus on importance of ANC visit, clean source of drinking water and adequate dietary diversity to improve nutritional status of pregnant women.

Treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients and associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the outcome of tuberculosis treatment and associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia in 2017. METHODS: This was 5-year retrospective study of a health registry for tuberculosis patients, which was reviewed from 1 September 2011 to 30 August 2016. Data were analyzed, and descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors that were associated with tuberculosis treatment outcomes. RESULTS: Among the 7205 tuberculosis patients, 6325 (87.8%) had a successful treatment outcome and 880 (12.2%) had an unsuccessful outcome. The age groups ≤14 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.21), 15 to 24 years (AOR=1.61), 25 to 34 years (AOR=1.86), or 35 to 44 years (AOR=1.65); being treated at a hospital (AOR=1.63) or health center (AOR=2.52); pulmonary tuberculosis-positive (AOR=0.80); or extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients (AOR= 0.78) were the factors that were significantly associated with tuberculosis treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Public health facilities should pay special attention to the identified variables for tuberculosis prevention and control activities, especially focusing on supporting health workers who work at a health post (lowest level of Ethiopia's three-tiered healthcare system).

Occupational Injury and Its Correlated Factors among Small-Scale Industry Workers in Towns of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia.

Introduction: In developing countries, the laborer forces have managed many of the industrial works. As a result, the process of the work has put the health and lives of workers at risk. Thus, this study was designed to assess occupational injury and its correlated factors among small-scale industry workers in the towns of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed among five hundred ninety small-scale industries in towns of Bale zone, Southeast Ethiopia, in March to April 2016. Multistage sampling was applied to recruit the study subjects. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. A structured questionnaire addressing the objectives of the study was used. EpiData was used for data entry, and the data were exported to SPSS windows version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics like frequency and percentage were used for the prevalence, whereas binary and multiple logistic regressions were employed to identify the predictors of the outcome variable. Results: A total of 574 workers from different small-scale industries, including woodwork, metalwork, and concrete block construction, participated in the study with a response rate of 97.3%. In this study, among the total participants of the study, 43.2% (248), 30% (172), and 21.6% (124) of them had encountered lifetime, last one year, and six months occupational injury, respectively. Taking health and safety training, presence of any things on the floor that can cause accidents and occupational risk perception were independent predictors of occupational injury. The presence of any things on the floor that can cause accidents and having a low-risk perception increases occupational injury by 12.69 [AOR: 12.69, (1.67-96.13)] and 2.84 [AOR: 2.84, (1.80-4.49)], respectively. Conclusion: About one in three occupational injuries occurred among small-scale industry workers. Health and safety training should be provided for every worker in small-scale industries. Supportive supervision focusing awareness creation, economic stability, and health care from health office, social and labor affair office, and other concerned body is highly recommended. District or town health office should address the identified factors to promote the health of the workers.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection disclosure status to infected school aged children and associated factors in bale zone, Southeast Ethiopia: cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive status disclosure is an essential component of Pediatric care and long term disease management. Children have a right to know their HIV diagnosis result. However, Pediatric HIV disclosure is complex and varies in different communities. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HIV-positive status disclosure to infected children and associated factors among caregivers of infected children. METHODOLOGY: A facility based mixed methods research design study was conducted in Bale Zone of South East Ethiopia. Randomly selected caregivers of HIV-positive children were interviewed using structured questionnaires for quantitative study and 17 in-depth interviews of health care workers and caregivers were conducted for qualitative data. Content analysis was done for qualitative data and logistic regression analysis was used to see the association between different variables and HIV-positive disclosure status. Odds ratio with 95% CI was computed to determine the presence and strength of the associated factors. RESULTS: A total of 200 caregivers of school aged (6-14 years) children participated in the study. Only 57 (28.5%) of the care givers disclosed HIV-positive status to the child for whom they were caring. The main reason for disclosure delay was due to fear of negative consequences, perception on maturity of the child, and fear of social rejection and stigma. Having social support [AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: (1.1-6.4)], caring for a child between 10 and 14 years with HIV [AOR = 6.5, 95% CI: (2.1-20.2)], a child diagnosed with HIV at age > 5 years [AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: (1.1-7.1)], and children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with follow-up for > 5 years [AOR = 4.7, 95% CI: (1.8-11.2)] had significant association with HIV- positive status disclosure to infected children. CONCLUSION: The frequency of HIV infection disclosure to infected children was very low in our cohort. Having social support, having an older child with HIV, a long period of ART follow-up and HIV diagnosis after age of five years were positively associated with HIV-positive status disclosure to infected children. Giving age appropriate counselling to children, social support to the caregivers and working on related factors are very important to improve the observed low disclosure status.

HIV positive sero-status disclosure and its determinants among people living with HIV /AIDS following ART clinic in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: a facility- based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Even though, the disclosure of HIV sero- status to sexual partners, friends or relatives is the main tool for prevention and care strategies, most of the HIV/AIDS patients do not inform their close friends. The most common reasons for not disclosure of their status to the community were majorly fear of social rejection and discriminations. Therefore, this study assessed the HIV positive sero-status disclosure and its determinants among People Living with HIV /AIDS (PLWH/A) followed by the Antiretroviral therapy (ART) Clinic in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility based cross-sectional study design was used among 351 ART patients that selected by systematic random sampling from ART clinic of Jimma University Specialized Hospital in March-2014. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. In a descriptive analysis frequency, mean and percentage were calculated. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify associated factors and the association between the explanatory and dependent variables was estimated. RESULTS: Only 37.6% (n = 132) were revealed their HIV positive status to anyone. Disclosure was done towards the sexual partners (88.6%), close family (72.7%) and a larger population (18.2%). Age ≤ 39 years (AOR = 0.014 [95%, CI = 0.005, 0.037]),Male sex (AOR = 3.039, [95% CI = 1.164, 7.935]), WHO stage III - IV at ART start(AOR = 2.766, [95%, CI = 1.321, 5.791]), presence of comorbidity (AOR = 2.500, [95%, CI = 1.483, 4.214]), having any clinical symptoms for HIV(AOR = 2.98, [95%, CI = 1.724, 5.152]),Low physical domain related quality of life (AOR = 3.83, [95%, CI = 2.008, 7.315]) and high social domain related quality of life (AOR = 0.053, [95%, CI = 0.022, 0.125]) were statistically significant association with their HIV sero-status disclosure. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study indicated, the disclosure of HIV status is very low. Discloser is more likely when the patient is older, male, and has a higher level of education. Clinical determinants for disclosure was the WHO stage III-IV, treatment duration of ≥2 years, comorbidity, presence of clinical symptoms for HIV, low physical domain related quality of life, low social domain related quality of life and low overall quality of life.