Development and Evaluation of a Subject-Specific Lower Limb Model With an Eleven-Degrees-of-Freedom Natural Knee Model Using Magnetic Resonance and Biplanar X-Ray Imaging During a Quasi-Static Lunge.

Musculoskeletal (MS) models can be used to study the muscle, ligament, and joint mechanics of natural knees. However, models that both capture subject-specific geometry and contain a detailed joint model do not currently exist. This study aims to first develop magnetic resonance image (MRI)-based subject-specific models with a detailed natural knee joint capable of simultaneously estimating in vivo ligament, muscle, tibiofemoral (TF), and patellofemoral (PF) joint contact forces and secondary joint kinematics. Then, to evaluate the models, the predicted secondary joint kinematics were compared to in vivo joint kinematics extracted from biplanar X-ray images (acquired using slot scanning technology) during a quasi-static lunge. To construct the models, bone, ligament, and cartilage structures were segmented from MRI scans of four subjects. The models were then used to simulate lunges based on motion capture and force place data. Accurate estimates of TF secondary joint kinematics and PF translations were found: translations were predicted with a mean difference (MD) and standard error (SE) of 2.13 ± 0.22 mm between all trials and measures, while rotations had a MD ± SE of 8.57 ± 0.63 deg. Ligament and contact forces were also reported. The presented modeling workflow and the resulting knee joint model have potential to aid in the understanding of subject-specific biomechanics and simulating the effects of surgical treatment and/or external devices on functional knee mechanics on an individual level.

Accuracy between optical and inertial motion capture systems for assessing trunk speed during preferred gait and transition periods.

Motion capture through inertial sensors is becoming popular, but its accuracy to describe kinematics during changes in walking speed is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of trunk speed extracted using an inertial motion system compared to a gold standard optical motion system, during steady walking and stationary periods. Eleven participants walked on pre-established paths marked on the floor. Between each lap, a 1-second stationary transition period at the initial position was included prior to the next lap. Resultant trunk speed during the walking and transition periods were extracted from an inertial (240 Hz sampling rate) and an optical system (120 Hz sampling rate) to calculate the agreement (Pearson's correlation coefficient) and relative root mean square errors between both systems. The agreement for the resultant trunk speed between the inertial system and the optical system was strong (0.67 < r ≤ 0.9) for both walking and transition periods. Moreover, relative root mean square error during the transition periods was greater in comparison to the walking periods (>40% across all paths). It was concluded that trunk speed extracted from inertial systems have fair accuracy during walking, but the accuracy was reduced in the transition periods.

Quantos médicos de família e comunidade temos no Brasil? / How many family and community doctors do we have in Brazil? / ¿Cuántos médicos de familia y comunidad tenemos en Brasil?

A formação de médicos especialistas no Brasil se dá por meio da conclusão de um programa de residência médica ou pela realização de uma prova e obtenção de um título de especialista. São caminhos paralelos e que por vezes se sobrepõem. Além disso, as instituições responsáveis por esses respectivos modelos de formação de especialistas, que são a Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica e a Associação Médica Brasileira, não dispõem de uma base de dados unificada. Em função desses fatores, sempre foi difícil definir com alguma precisão o número de médicos de família e comunidade no país. Com mudança recente no sistema da informação da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica (SIS-CNRM), foi possível obter informações sobre certificados de conclusão de residência médica anteriores à criação do sistema. A partir desses dados do SIS-CNRM foi possível se obter o número atual de médicos de família e comunidade no país. O levantamento desse número, inédito para a Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade, é elemento essencial para planejar o crescimento e o futuro da especialidade no país.

The training of medical specialists in Brazil is through the completion of a medical residency program or by conducting a test and obtaining a specialist degree. They are parallel paths and sometimes overlap. In addition, the institutions responsible for these respective specialists training models, which are the National Medical Residency Commission and the Brazilian Medical Association, do not have a unified database. Due to these factors, it has always been difficult to define with any precision the number of family and community doctors in the country. With a recent change in the information system of the National Medical Residency Commission (SIS-CNRM), it was possible to obtain information about certificates of completion of medical residency prior to the creation of the system. Based on these SIS-CNRM data, it was possible to obtain the current number of family and community doctors in the country. The survey of this number, unprecedented for the Brazilian Society of Family and Community Medicine, is an essential element to plan the growth and future of the specialty in the country.

La formación de médicos especialistas en Brasil se da por medio de la conclusión de un programa de residencia médica o por la realización de una prueba y obtención de un título de especialista. Son caminos paralelos y que a veces se superponen. Además, las instituciones responsables de estos respectivos modelos de formación de especialistas, que son la Comisión Nacional de Residencia Médica y la Asociación Médica Brasileña, no disponen de una base de datos unificada. En función de estos factores, siempre fue difícil definir con cierta precisión el número de médicos de familia y comunidad en el país. Con un cambio reciente en el sistema de información de la Comisión Nacional de Residencia Médica (SIS-CNRM) fue posible obtener información sobre certificados de terminación de residencia médica anteriores a la creación del sistema. A partir de esos datos del SIS-CNRM fue posible obtener el número actual de médicos de familia y comunidad en el país. El levantamiento de ese número, inédito para la Sociedad Brasileña de Medicina de Familia y Comunidad, es un elemento esencial para planificar el crecimiento y el futuro de la especialidad en el país.