Engineered Probiotics for the Management of Congenital Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Engineered probiotics (EPs) can be used to treat/manage chronic and congenital diseases. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review has evaluated the effects of EPs on congenital metabolic disorders in murine models and human subjects. Thus, the present study systematically reviewed interventional studies that assessed the effects of EPs on congenital metabolic disorders. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched up to February 2023 to retrieve related publications. Seventy-six articles were obtained in the primary step. After screening the titles/abstracts based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 papers were included. Finally, only seven articles were included after performing full-text evaluation. The included articles evaluated the effects of EPs on managing phenylketonuria (PKU, n=4) and hyperammonemia (n=3). Moreover, these studies examined mice and/or rats (n=6), monkeys (n=1), and humans (n=2). Studies on EPs and hyperammonemia revealed that some wild strains such as Lactobacillus plantarum have an innate ammonia-hyper-consuming potential; thus, there was no need to manipulate them. However, manipulation is needed to obtain a phenylalanine-metabolizing strain. In conclusion, EPs can be used to manage or treat congenital metabolic diseases including PKU.

Mental Health Conditions, Including Depression and Stress, Are Associated with Increased Odds of Gastric Cancer-Insights into the Role of Diet: A Case-Control Study.

Several risk factors, including nutritional/lifestyle ones, play a role in gastric cancer etiology. Further interactions with mental health have also been emphasized. We hypothesized that individuals with mental disorders would exhibit compromised nutrient intake, increasing their risk of gastric cancer. The state of mental health was evaluated in 82 patients with gastric cancer and 95 healthy controls using the 21-item Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale. The participants' dietary intakes were evaluated by a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Based on fully adjusted logistic regressions, there was a significant association between depression (OR = 1.938, CI 95%: 1.009-3.723) and stress (OR = 2.630, CI 95%: 1.014-6.819) with increased odds of gastric cancer. According to fully adjusted multinomial regressions, vitamins A and B6, beta-carotene, and black tea decreased the odds of depression, based on comparing the control group with cases of depression, while sugar and salt increased its odds. The highest significant association was found for salt intake and anxiety in cases with present anxiety (OR = 4.899, 95% CI: 2.218-10.819), and the highest significant protective effect was found for vitamin B6 and depression in cases with present depression (OR = 0.132, 95% CI: 0.055-0.320). However, considering causal relationships and clarifying the underlying mechanisms is imperative and requires further investigation. Advising healthy dietary patterns, e.g., a Mediterranean diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals such as vitamin A, B6, beta-carotene, and fiber, is expected to reduce the odds of gastric cancer, possibly related to lower levels of anxiety and depression.

Thyroid Hormones Imbalances and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: No conclusive information is available about the association between hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We therefore aimed to summarize the findings of observational studies on the relation between hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and risk of CRC. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using relevant keywords in online databases for appropriate publications through July 2023. Random effects model was used to calculate combined effect sizes (ESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to investigate relationship between hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and CRC risk. RESULTS: Totally, we included 13 studies in the current systematic review and meta-analysis, with a total sample size of 33,557,450 individuals and 25,363 cases of CRC. Pooling 13 effect sizes revealed no significant association between hypothyroidism and risk of CRC (combined effect size: 1.13, 95% CI 0.87-1.48, P = 0.343). There was also no significant association between hyperthyroidism and risk of CRC (combined effect size: 1.09, 95% CI 0.75-1.57, P = 0.638). Additionally, there were significant associations between hypothyroidism and risk of CRC in the Far Eastern studies, between hyperthyroidism and risk of CRC in the Middle East, along with small sample size studies. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis did not reveal any association between hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and risk of CRC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022331089.

The micronutrient content of the diet is correlated with serum glucose biomarkers and lipid profile and is associated with the odds of being overweight/obese-a case-control study.

Background: A low micronutrient intake has been reported to contribute to the double-burden of obesity, increasing the risk for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and mental disorders. This case-control study compared micronutrient intake profiles in overweight/obese vs. normal-weight individuals. We hypothesized that a low intake of certain micronutrients would increase the odds of being overweight/obese. Methods: The case group (n = 812 adults) consisted of individuals with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2, and the control group (n = 793) had BMIs of 17.9-24.9 kg/m2. A validated 124-item food frequency questionnaire was used to determine micronutrient-related dietary-quality, using the index of nutritional quality (INQ), calculated as the fraction of a micronutrient consumed vs. its dietary requirement. In addition, body surface area (BSA) was calculated according to the Mosteller formula. Results: The control group had significantly higher INQ-scores of vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and selenium compared to the case group. Furthermore, individuals with normal BSA (≤1.91 m2 for men; ≤1.71 m2 for women) had significantly higher INQ scores of vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and zinc compared to participants with high BSA. In multivariable adjustment regression models, INQs of vitamin C (ORBMI = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.64-0.97; ORBSA = 0.81, 95%CI, 0.68-0.97) and magnesium (ORBMI = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.47-0.99; ORBSA = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.52-0.97) were significantly associated with the odds of obesity/overweight (in both BMI and BSA categories). Conclusion: The significant association between micronutrient levels of the diet, especially of vitamin C and magnesium, with both obesity criteria, emphasized the importance of certain micronutrients in the obesity/overweight causal network.

Vitamin D status, including serum levels and sun exposure are associated or correlated with bone mass measurements diagnosis, and bone density of the spine.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a health complication worldwide, especially in developing countries. The prevalence was reported to be 18.3% globally. While the effect of biochemical factors on fracture risk/odds has been documented, the association/correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels, vitamin D dietary intake, and sun exposure with bone mineral density (BMD) remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the association and correlation between vitamin D status, including serum levels, dietary intakes, and sun exposure with BMD. We hypothesized that vitamin D-related factors would have different correlations/associations with BMD, which would help better evaluate future studies' results. METHODS: A total of 186 individuals were included in this study (winter 2020). BMD was measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood serum levels of 25(OH)D, phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin were tested using standard lab tests. Valid and reliable questionnaires were used for sun exposure assessment and dietary intakes. RESULTS: There was a significant protective association between spine BMD (classifications, two groups) (OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.50-0.94; p-value = 0.023), BMD diagnosis (classifications, two groups) (OR = 0. 69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.87; p-value = 0.036) and sun exposure. There was a significant and moderate correlation between Spine measurements (Spine BMD: Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.302, p-value = 0.046; Spine T-score: Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.322, p-value = 0.033, Spine Z-score: Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.328, p-value = 0.030) and serum 25(OH)D. In addition, participants with osteopenia and osteoporosis significantly consume a higher amount of soluble fiber than the normal BMD group. There was no significant correlation between vitamin D intake and BMD. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, serum 25(OH)D levels and sun exposure are correlated and associated with BMD. However, prospective studies are needed to investigate the association between dietary vitamin D intake and BMD.

Estimation of bioactive peptide content of milk from different species using an in silico method.

This study assessed the bioactive peptides content of milk from different species, including humans, camel, bovine, buffalo, donkey, sheep, goat, and horse. The highest and lowest concentrations of total digestion-resistant peptides were estimated in sheep and human milk. Donkey milk casein contains a higher angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP-III) inhibitory, DPP-IV inhibitory, and antioxidant peptides. On the other hand, camel whey protein contains the highest ACE-inhibitory peptides. To discover BPs with immunomodulatory and cholesterol-lowering functions, goat milk casein and sheep milk whey protein can be considered, respectively.

Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: There is still controversy over the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on bone health. OBJECTIVE: The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and markers of bone turnover, as well as the dose-response relationship between vitamin D3 and bone health in adults, were evaluated. DATA SOURCES: The PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and AGRIS databases were searched for articles published through April 30, 2022. Thirty-nine of the 6409 records identified met the inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted from articles by 2 authors, and data extraction was cross-checked independently. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect size and the associated 95%CI for the effect of vitamin D3 for each outcome. A one-stage random-effects dose-response model was used to estimate the dose-response relationship between vitamin D3 supplementation and BMD. DATA ANALYSIS: Results of meta-analysis showed a beneficial effect of vitamin D3 at the lumbar spine (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.06; 95%CI, 0.01-0.12) and femoral neck (SMD = 0.25; 95%CI, 0.09-0.41). Dose-response analysis revealed a linear relationship between vitamin D3 supplementation doses and BMD at the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip sites. No significant effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on whole-body or total hip BMD was observed (P > 0.05). Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly decreased BMD at both proximal and distal forearm (SMD = -0.16; 95%CI, -0.26 to -0.06). The variables of ethnicity, age, baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), menopause status, vitamin D3 dosing frequency, and bone health status (P interaction = 0.02) altered the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on BMD. Additionally, a nonlinear relationship between vitamin D3 supplement doses and markers of bone turnover was found. CONCLUSION: A protective effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip is implicated. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42017054132.

Associated between Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) and Odds of Breast Cancer and Correlation between DAI with Pathobiological Markers: Hospital-Based Incidence Case-Control Study.

Background: The relationship between dietary antioxidants and breast cancer (BrCa) has been investigated in various studies. As a limitation, they generally investigate the relationship between one specific antioxidant and the risk/odds of BrCa, and synergistic or inhibitory effects are less considered. Dietary antioxidant index (DAI) is a reliable nutritional tool that evaluates total nutritional antioxidant capacity and is validated with serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Our study aimed to investigate the association between the DAI and the odds of BrCa and the correlation between the DAI and pathobiological markers. We hypnotized a correlation between DAI and pathobiological markers, and there is an association between DAI and the odds of BrCa.Methods: Our study included 145 incidence cases of BrCa and 148 hospital-based controls. Controls were randomly selected from patients attending the same center and were frequency-matched on age (±10 years). DAI was calculated based on a valid semi-quantitative 168-item food frequency questionnaire data. DAI standardizes intake of major dietary antioxidants, including vitamins A, E, C, selenium, zinc, and magnesium, and presents them as summarized scores.Results: Modeling with multivariable regressions adjusting for major confounders including age, education, body mass index, occupation, alcohol, smoking, pregnancy, history of cancer, menarche age, metabolic equivalent of task, hormone replacement therapy, and total energy intake, there was a significant association between odds of BrCa and DAI (odds ratio = 0.18; 95% confidence interval:0.09-0.37; p-value= <0.01). After multiple controls, there was a significant and weak reverse correlation between DAI and the number of lymph node(s) (correlation coefficient= -.140; p-value = 0.05).Conclusion: Our study supports the hypothesis that dietary antioxidants intake is associated with a reduced odds of BrCa. Evidently, DAI can reveal these relationships better than a single study of antioxidants. However, further studies are needed to confirm or refute these results.

The association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and quality of nutrients with odds of colorectal cancer: A hospital-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Dietary quality and patterns have been associated with reduced incidence and increased colorectal cancer (CRC) survival. Two validated scores representing the quality of diet defined respectively by their content in micronutrients (nutritional quality index (INQ)) and antioxidant (dietary antioxidant index (DAI)) were used for assessing dietary quality. INQ standardizes all micronutrients using the recommended values and adjusts nutrients intakes based on total energy. Major dietary antioxidants are standardized based on the global mean and then divided by the global standard deviation to calculate the DAI. We hypothesize that a quality diet with higher scores of DAI can reduce CRC odds. METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study, 207 definite CRC cases and 220 controls met the inclusion criteria. Cases and controls were frequency-matched for age (±5 years) and sex. A 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was completed. Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported in logistic and multivariable regression models. RESULTS: DAI as a continuous (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.98) and as a categorical (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.92) variable and the INQs of vitamin A (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10-0.89), riboflavin (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.94), magnesium (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.18-0.77) and selenium (ORmultiple adjusted = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36-0.86) in the regression crude models, and multivariable adjustments significantly have a protective association in reducing the odds of CRC (all p-values <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that dietary antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, E, zinc, selenium, and manganese from a high-quality diet, including vegetables, whole grains, and fruits, can significantly reduce CRC incidence.

Intake of food groups and cervical cancer in women at risk for cervical cancer: A nested case-control study.

Background: The risk of cervical cancer was reported to be influenced by dietary components. This study aimed to illustrate the association between cervical cancer with the intake of food groups in women with a history of cervical neoplasia. Methods: This nested case-control study was conducted in 558 people with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), including 279 women with cervical cancers and 279 controls with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the intake of food groups. Results: The intake of fruits and vegetables in the case group was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.001). Low intake of dairy products, vegetables, and fruits was associated with cervical cancer risk (OR=4.67; 95% CI 1.2-9.49, P=0.001; OR=9.75, 95% CI 1.36-19. 51, P=0.001; and OR=4.82, 95% CI 1.09-7.25, P=0.001, respectively). After adjusting for age, family history, age at first menstruation, number of children, history of vaginal infection, and age at first sexual intercourse, the results were still significant. Additional adjustments to BMI did not change the results. Conclusion: The results indicate that the risk of cervical cancer can be affected by the intake of certain food groups. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the underlying mechanism of the influence of dietary components on cervical cancer risk.

The engineered probiotics for the treatment of chronic diseases: A systematic review.

Engineered probiotics (EPs) are a group of probiotics whose proteome is manipulated by biotechnological techniques. EPs have attracted a lot of attention in recent researches for preventing and treating chronic diseases. The current study has been conducted to provide an overview regarding the EPs application in the treatment of chronic disease by a comprehensive systematic review of the published articles up to January 2022. To retrieve the related publications, three databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, and Scopus) were searched systematically. Finally, all human (n = 2) and animal (n = 37) studies were included. The included articles evaluated the effects of EPs on treatment of arthritis (n = 3), cancer (n = 2), autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; n = 6), Parkinson disease (PD; n = 1), Alzheimer diseases (AD; n = 1), colitis (n = 11), celiac disease (n = 1), diabetes (n = 8) and cardiovascular disease (CVD; n = 6). Induction of oral tolerance (OT) is the most important mechanism of EPs action in the treatment of chronic disease. Providing oral vaccine and bioactive compounds are the other mechanisms of EPs action. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The current systematic review gathered evidence about the application of EPs in the treatment of chronic diseases. Evidence suggests that EPs have very broad and potent effects in the treatment of chronic and even genetic diseases.

Antioxidant nutrients can increase high-dose Methotrexate efficacy in 4T1 breast tumor Model: An experimental study on Vitamin E Succinate and Methyl-selenic acid.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer and immune system enhancing properties of Vitamin E succinate (VES) and methylselenic acid (MSA) administration on 4T1 breast tumor model under high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy and folinic acid (FA) rescue. METHODS: Thirty six 4T1 mammary carcinoma bearing mice were randomly divided into six groups: control (untreated; n = 6), treatment-1 (T1 group; HDMTX; n = 6), T2 (T1 + FA; n = 6), T3 (T2 + MSA; n = 6), T4 (T2 + VES; n = 6) and T5 (T3 + VES; n = 6). On day 21 of the study, all surviving mice were sacrificed and primary tumors and peripheral tissues were examined for histological and gene expression assays. The expression of GATA Binding Protein-3 (GATA3), forkhead box-P3 (FOXP3), T-bet and Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) were evaluated in tumors and spleens. Also, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and UL16-Binding Protein 1 (ULBP-1) expression were evaluated in tumors. RESULTS: The control, T4 and T5 groups were able to complete the entire 21-day study period. Also, significant tumor shrinkage was occurred in T4 group (P < 0.05). Suppression of splenic FOXP3 and GATA3 were observed in the mice receiving T4 and T5 regimens. Also, induction of tumoral FOXP3 and GATA3 were achieved in the T4 and T5 groups, respectively (P < 0.05). No metastasis occurred in T4 receiving group; while, lung and liver metastasis were observed in T5 group. CONCLUSION: In this study, high and fixed dose of MTX was used. Further studies are needed to optimize MTX dose along with FA, VES and MSA.

Sun Exposure Makes no Discrimination based on Vitamin D Status and VDR-Foki Polymorphisms for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers Risk in Iranian Subjects: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sunlight exposure, the main source of endogenous vitamin D synthesis, may increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) development. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms are associated with various malignancies. This study aimed to examine the associations between vitamin D status and VDR FokI polymorphisms in Iranian subjects with NMSC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study included 73 diagnosed cases of NMSC and 72 healthy controls from dermatology clinics at Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran. A questionnaire was used to assess sunlight exposure. The extracted DNA from whole blood samples was genotyped and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D)) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were measured. RESULTS: We found a significant higher duration of cumulative sunlight exposure in cases compared with controls (p<0.001). However, 25(OH)D and iPTH concentrations were not significantly different between cases and controls (30±15 vs. 29±15 ng/mL, p=0.78 and 46.0±20 vs. 40.5±23 pg/mL, p=0.14, respectively). We did not observe any significant increased risk of NMSC due to f allele, as compared with FF (OR =2.33, 95% CI 0.81-6.75, p=0.12). CONCLUSION: Though sunlight exposure was associated with increased NMSC risk, there were no significant associations between vitamin D status or VDR FokI polymorphisms with NMSC development in our subjects.

Comparison of the Index of Nutritional Quality in Breast Cancer Patients With Healthy Women.

Background: The index of nutritional quality (INQ) is derived from the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and is a method of quantitative and qualitative analysis of diet. This study aimed to compare the INQ for different dietary components between breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy control. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 180 women with BC and 360 healthy women. Data on general characteristics, medical history, anthropometric indices, physical activity, alcohol consumption, reproductive history, smoking, and dietary intake were collected. A valid FFQ was used to assess the intake of nutrients and the INQ was calculated based on the daily intake of the nutrients. Results: There was a significant association between BC and INQ of vitamin A (OR = 0.07, 0.01-0.29), vitamin E (OR = 0.43, 0.20-0.93), vitamin B6 (OR = 0.003, 0.000-0.021), riboflavin (OR = 0.25, 0.11-0.59), vitamin K (OR = 0.58, 0.37-0.90), biotin (OR = 0.07, 0.02-0.26), vitamin B12 (OR = 0.32, 0.18-0.56), vitamin C (OR = 0.72, 0.55-0.95), zinc (OR = 0.020, 0.005-0.083), calcium (OR = 0.14, 0.04-0.54) and magnesium (OR = 0.003, 0.000-0.024). Further adjustment for BMI disappeared the association between INQ of vitamin C and BC. The results did not change after further adjustments for waist circumstance and total calorie intake. Conclusion: A significant association was observed between BC and the INQ of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin K, biotin, vitamin B12, vitamin C, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. The INQ can be used as an indicator in assessing clinical nutrition-related problems. Future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these results.

The Association between Consumption of Dairy-Originated Digestion Resistant and Bioactive Peptides and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study.

Bioactive peptides (BPs) content of dairy products is suggested to be a significant ingredient for reducing breast cancer (BC) risk. There is no observational study regarding the correlation between BPs and the risk of chronic disease because BPs' content of food items has not been evaluated in any study. The goal of the current study was to assess the association of dairy-originated BPs with BC risk. One hundred thirty-four women with BC and 267 cancer-free controls were selected from referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The development of an in-silico model for estimation of the bioactive and digestion-resistant peptides content of dairy products was done in our previous research. The risk assessment for BPs and BC association was performed across the tertiles of the peptide's intake. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression. The negative association of all bioactive and digestion-resistant peptides except for peptides with high hydrophilicity and low bioactivity was seen in all models. In PR-negative subjects only the association of total dairy intake (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.26-1.45; P for trend: 0.276), peptides with low bioactivity (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.16-1.02; P for trend: 0.0.052), antidiabetic peptides (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.17-1.05; P for trend: 0.0.062) and di-peptides (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.17-1.05; P for trend: 0.0.062) were not significant in the final model. Also, no significant association between ER-negative subjects and total dairy intake (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.16-1.07; P for trend: 0.0.068) was noted. Our findings deduced that milk-derived BPs negatively associate with the risk of ER/PR/HER2 negative BC among Iranian women.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.2009884.

Association of calorie and carbohydrate intake with tumour grade in early diagnosis of breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the association of calorie and carbohydrate intake with tumour grade in early detection of breast cancer (BC) in Iranian women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study carried out on 62 women with high grade BC and 93 women with low grade BC. Information about confounding variables was collected through a questionnaire. Dietary intake of calorie and macronutrients was assessed by a valid 122-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Individuals with high grade BC had significantly lower calorie (0.16, 0.04-0.61) and higher carbohydrate intake (4.02; 1.28-12.63) compared with those with low grade BC after controlling for age. This correlation remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that lower intakes of calorie and higher carbohydrate are directly related to the high grade of tumour at the early detection of people with BC after modifying a wide range of confounding factors.

Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Allelic Variants Correlating with Response to Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Breast Cancer Survivors.

We investigated how vitamin D receptor (VDR) allelic variants affect breast cancer survivors' responses to vitamin D3 supplementation to increase circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Two hundred and fourteen patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer at least 6 mo, prior to the study and had completed all treatment regimens were assigned to consume 4000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for 12 weeks. Linear and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association of VDR single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with changes in circulating 25(OH)D. The TaqI and BsmI VDR sequence variants modified the effect of vitamin D3 treatment on the plasma 25(OH)D changes (P value = 0.008 for TaqI and P value = 0.0005 for BsmI). Patients with the bb [Q4 vs. Q1 odds ratio(OR) 8.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.55-41.57] and tt [Q4 vs. Q1 OR 4.64 95%CI 1.02-21.02] genotype of BsmI and TaqI had larger increases in plasma 25(OH)D levels compared to those with BB and TT genotype respectively after adjustment for potential confounders. Haplotype analyses suggested the existence of specific combination of alleles that might be associated with circulating 25(OH)D changes. VDR allelic variants modulate vitamin D3 supplementation to increase plasma 25(OH) levels in breast cancer survivors.

The Association Among Maternal Index of Nutritional Quality, Dietary Antioxidant Index, and Odds of Miscarriage Incidence: Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: Miscarriage is a pregnancy condition in which the fetus or embryo naturally dies before being able to survive independently. According to studies, diet and dietary factors are associated with the risk of miscarriage (pregnancies <20 weeks). A 168-item semi-quantitative feed frequency questionnaire was used to estimate the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) and the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). We aimed to assess the relationship between INQ and DAI with odds of miscarriage. METHOD: In summary, 135 Iranian women with a history of three or more miscarriages were included. We calculated the INQ using the following formula: INQ = consumed amount of a nutrient per 1,000 kcal/Recommended Dietary Allowance of that nutrient per 1,000 kcal. We standardized each dietary vitamins/minerals by subtracting the global mean and dividing the result by the universal standard deviation to compute DAI. We computed the DAI by summing up the standardized intakes of these vitamins and minerals and equal weight. RESULTS: Regression models were used to extract the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in crude and multivariate adjustments. Controls significantly had higher INQ of vitamin B12, niacin, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C, and zinc. Modeling INQs of vitamin D (OR: 0.004, 95% CI, 0.00-0.025) and B12 (OR: 0.04, 95% CI, 0.005-0.41) as a continuous variable showed a significant and protective effect in multivariate adjustment. Modeling DAI as a categorical variable showed a significant protective effect (ORDAI<0.054vs.DAI ≥0.054 = 0.43, 95% CI, 0.20-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Recommending a diet rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E, C, zinc, and selenium and a quality diet containing vitamins B12 and D can be considered an effective strategy to reduce the odds of miscarriage in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage.

The Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfeeding Mothers and Their Nursing Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

The optimal vitamin D supplementation plan during lactation is unclear. We investigated the effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation on mother-infant dyads' vitamin D status during lactation. All controlled trials that compared vitamin D supplements to placebo or low doses of vitamin D in breastfeeding mothers were included. Pooled effect size and the associated 95% CI for each outcome were estimated using random-effects models. A 1-stage random-effect dose-response model was used to estimate the dose-response relation across different vitamin D dosages and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. We identified 19 clinical trials with 27 separate comparison groups (n = 3337 breastfeeding mothers). Maternal vitamin D supplement dosages were associated with circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in breastfeeding women in a nonlinear fashion. Supplementation with 1000 IU of vitamin D/d increased serum 25(OH)D concentrations by 7.8 ng/mL, whereas there was a lower increase in concentrations at vitamin D doses of >2000 IU/d (3.07 and 2.05 ng/mL increases between 2000-3000 and 3000-4000 IU/d, respectively). A linear relation was observed between maternal vitamin D supplementation dosage and the infants' circulating 25(OH)D concentrations. Each additional 1000 IU of maternal vitamin D intake was accompanied by a 2.7 ng/mL increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration in their nursing infants. The subgroup analysis showed that maternal vitamin D supplementation was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in infants' 25(OH)D concentration in the trials with a duration of >20 wk, vitamin D supplementation >1000 IU/d, East Indian participants, maternal BMI <25 kg/m2, and studies with an overall low risk of bias. Long-term maternal supplementation with vitamin D at a high dose (>6000 IU/d) effectively corrected vitamin D deficiency in both mothers and infants. Nevertheless, infants with 25(OH)D concentrations over 20 ng/mL may require a relatively low maternal dose to maintain vitamin D sufficiency.