Wakabayashi & Daimon cardiometabolic index as an indicator to assess risk in adults. A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the Wakabayashi & Daimon (2015) equation, as a predictive indicator of cardiometabolic diseases and its comparison with other indices. DESIGN: A systematic review was carried out between January and March 2023, according to the PRISMA statement. DATA SOURCE: Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were reviewed using "cardiometabolic index" (CMI) as the search term. STUDY SELECTION: The following inclusion criteria were determined: studies in adults with cardiometabolic diseases using the Wakabayashi & Daimon (2015) CMI formula in different populations; studies that validate or compare the equation or that demonstrate the effects of the intervention. DATA EXTRACTION: Of the 11 selected articles, the characteristics of the population, type of study, indicators for the validation of the CMI, the reported statistics and the conclusions that were recorded in a comparative table were obtained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Odds ratio, hazard ratio, sensitivity, and specificity were used to assess associations, risk, effectiveness, and validity of the tests, indicating favorable relationships between the factors analyzed and the results obtained. Validation and probabilistic analysis of the CMI were performed against diverse diseases such as obesity [Man >60y=AUC=0.90 (0.75-1.00) (p=0.01), Se=100, Sp=81.8, YI=0.82 and OR 4.66 and Women >60y=AUC=0.95 (0.88-1.00), p=0.001, Se=90.0, Sp=100, YI=0.90 and OR=36.27]; cardiovascular diseases [AUC=0.617, Se=0.675, Sp=0.509; HR=1.48 (1.33, 1.65), p=<0.001], among others. In conclusion CMI is a new utility index that broadly identifies the presence of risk that leads to cardiometabolic diseases in adults.

Strength and VO2max Changes by Exercise Training According to Maturation State in Children.

The health benefits of physical activity (PA) are widely recognized; however, biological maturation contributions are a subject that has been little studied, which is why the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a six-week training program at moderate-intensity on the muscular strength and aerobic capacity in children between nine and 13 years (13 ± 1.0 years) according to their maturation state. Twenty-six schoolchildren (15 girls) participated in a six-week physical exercise program based on aerobic/anaerobic capacity and coordination skills. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), trunk-lift, push-ups, curl-ups, and handgrip strength (both hands) were measured as response variables. Body mass index (BMI), skeletal maturity indicator (SMI), peak height velocity (PHV), age on peak height velocity (APHV) and sex were considered as covariates. The results of VO2max, push-ups, curl-ups, and handgrip strength were higher after the exercise program in the whole group (p < 0.05). The VO2max showed a greater increase in the normal-weight than in the overweight-obesity children (p = 0.001). Higher results in dominant handgrip strength were observed in girls (p = 0.003). The PHV before intervention presented a positive correlation with the dominant handgrip strength in all kids (r = 0.70, p = 0.001). As a conclusion, the six-week training program improved the physical fitness of children independent of the maturation state. Somatic maturation increases the physical abilities in schoolchildren.

Moderating effect of bone maturation on the relationship between body fat and insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to analyze the moderating effect of maturation on the relationship between body fat and insulin resistance, in children from 9 to 12 years. METHODS: Maturity offset, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body fat percentage (BF%) were estimated in 127 children. Skeletal maturation indicator (SMI) was estimated in 105 participants. A moderation analysis based on a linear regression and on Johnson-Neyman technique was performed using a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: BF%, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR values were lower in late maturers than on-time maturers (p<0.05). SMI moderated the relationship between BF% and HOMA-IR index in 11.1% of boys and in 32.5% of girls (p<0.05). Also, the highest values of HOMA-IR index were observed at -1 year to achieve the peak height velocity, in girls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Maturation process has a moderation effect on the relationship BF% and insulin resistance, particularly in early maturers; furthermore, it was independently associated with HOMA-IR.

Simple anthropometry-based calculations to monitor body composition in athletes: Scoping review and reference values.

BACKGROUND: Kinanthropometry offers to exercise and health professionals a standardized procedure of acquiring surface anatomical measurements that might be used to track changes in body composition. AIM: To describe simple anthropometric indices to monitor body composition changes in amateur and elite athletes, and to provide reference values during the competition phase. METHODS: A search of articles indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and SciELO databases using the string body composition AND (anthropometric OR skinfolds OR circumferences OR girth OR estimation equation) AND "body fat". Inclusion criteria were: quantitative and/or qualitative research published between 2009 and 2020, written in English or Spanish, reporting simple anthropometric indices that included skinfolds, girths, or basic measures in amateur and elite athletes. RESULTS: A total of 51 studies (Price's index = 66.4%) met all the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. Contrary to the frequent practice, the use of a regression equation might not be accurate to evaluate body composition. To avoid this, anthropometrists should base their analysis on the absolute values of the sum of skinfolds (∑S) and related variables, such as skinfold-corrected girths and lean mass index. While not definitive, because further research is required, the practical recommendations and updated reference values in competition phase provided by this review would contribute to the accurate identification of body composition changes. CONCLUSIONS: ∑S and lean mass index have been shown to be valid for monitoring changes in fat mass and fat-free mass, respectively. More research is needed to derive the lean mass index-specific coefficient for each sports population.

[Physical exercise and loss of weight and body mass index in bariatric surgery: a systematic review]. / Ejercicio físico y disminución del peso y el índice de masa corporal en la cirugía bariátrica: una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: bariatric surgery is considered successful when the percentage of weight loss is equal to or higher than 25 %, or when the percentage loss of body mass index occurs above 50 % long-term. Objective: to analyze the effect of physical exercise on body weight and body mass index before and/or after bariatric surgery. Methodology: articles registered in the PudMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for original papers with open access in English and Spanish that compared one or more physical exercise programs as treatment before and/or after bariatric surgery, with results on initial and final weight and body mass index, muscle mass, and fat mass from January to April 2021. Results: a total of 730 articles were obtained in the different databases and only 7 were selected for the analysis. Aerobic exercise combined with resistance training showed a greater decrease in the percentage of weight loss (% PP) and the percentage of loss of body mass index (% PBMI). Conclusions: aerobic physical exercise in combination with endurance training is the most applied program in subjects with bariatric surgery, and the most important effects are an increase in percentage of weight loss and a decrease in body mass index.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la cirugía bariátrica se considera exitosa cuando el porcentaje de pérdida de peso es igual o superior al 25 % o bien cuando el porcentaje de pérdida de índice de masa corporal ocurre por encima del 50 % a largo plazo. Objetivo: analizar el efecto del ejercicio físico en el peso corporal y el índice de masa corporal antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica. Metodología: se buscaron artículos registrados en las bases de datos de PudMed, Scopus y Web of Science, de artículos originales con acceso abierto en inglés y español que compararan uno o varios programas de ejercicio físico como tratamiento antes y/o después de la cirugía bariátrica, con resultados de peso e índice de masa corporal inicial y final, masa muscular y masa grasa, de enero a abril de 2021. Resultados: se obtuvieron en total 730 artículos de las diferentes bases de datos y solo 7 se seleccionaron para el análisis. El ejercicio aerobio combinado con el entrenamiento de resistencia mostró una mayor disminución del porcentaje de peso perdido (% PP) y del porcentaje perdido de índice de masa corporal (% PIMC). Conclusiones: el ejercicio físico aerobio, en combinación con el entrenamiento de resistencia, es el programa más aplicado a los sujetos con cirugia bariátrica y los efectos más importantes son el aumento del porcentaje de pérdida de peso y la disminución del índice de masa corporal.

Skeletal age prediction model from percentage of adult height in children and adolescents.

Skeletal age (SA) is considered the gold standard to assess the degree of maturation and has been widely used in sports, education and public health areas; however, it requires sophisticated equipment and well-trained technicians. Therefore, it is important to develop non-invasive methods for its evaluation. The aim was to develop an equation to predict SA using the percentage of adult height. SA was measured by Tanner-Whitehouse-3 method, and the percentage of adult height was estimated by two methodologies: Tanner-Whitehouse-3 method (P-TW3) and Khamis-Roche method (P-KR) using 839 schoolchildren of both sexes. Linear regression was used for predicting SA from P-TW3; then P-TW3 was replaced in the equation for P-KR value. Bland-Altman graphs, interclass correlation coefficient and Kappa index were used as validation tests. Model showed a SA predictive capacity of 93.2% in boys and 96.8% in girls. The average differences between SA measured and SA predicted by P-TW3 was 0.0504 (± 0.664) in boys and 0.0144 (± 0.435) in girls (P = 0.229 and 0.667, respectively). When P-TW3 was replaced for P-KR value in the equation, the average differences were - 0.0532 in boys and 0.0850 in girls (P = 0.509 and 0.167 respectively). The present model, based on the percentage of adult height, showed an adequate estimation of SA in children and adolescents and it can be used in the absence of bone X-ray equipment, in healthy boys aged 9 to 15 and girls 8 to 13.

Assessment of Physical Activity in Adults: A Review of Validated Questionnaires From a Nutritionist's Point of View.

Physical activity (PA) is a component of total energy expenditure. PA and PA energy expenditure (PAEE) can be estimated by objective techniques (OTs). However, the use of questionnaires is frequent in clinical settings and epidemiological studies. We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to perform a review of studies reporting the reliability and validity of PA questionnaires validated against OTs-doubly labeled water (DLW) or accelerometers-in free-living adults. We selected original articles published between 2009 and 2019 that reported validation studies of PA questionnaires. We identified 53 studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Four PA questionnaires were validated against DLW and the remaining against accelerometers. Three questionnaires were compared with both DLW and accelerometer results. The correlation between questionnaire-estimated PAEE and DLW results ranged from r = .22 to r = .46, while that between questionnaire-estimated total PA (TPA) and accelerometer results ranged from r = .11 to r = .54 The intraclass correlation coefficients were between .56 and .84. Despite having good reliability, most of the questionnaires included in this review have shown limited validity for estimating TPA in adults. OTs should be considered as a first option, when possible. Further research is warranted on techniques to obtain more accurate PA and PAEE estimates.

[Moderate exercise and intake of either high or low glycemic index carbohydrates in sedentary women]. / Ejercicio moderado y consumo de alimentos de alto y bajo índice glucémico en mujeres sedentarias.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze changes in blood glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations in relation to a moderate aerobic exercise in sedentary women of different body weight, exposed to either a high or low glycemic index carbohydrates diet. DISEñO: Cross-over type. SITE: Research was performed in the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, México. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six young sedentary women who did not exercise in the last year participated in the study. Four of adequate weight (AW) and 2 with obesity (OB) were excluded for not consuming the suggested carbohydrates (1gr/kg of weight) nor completed the programed exercise. There were n=10 in each group (AW/OB). INTERVENTION: Two treatments of 55minutes of aerobic exercise each were applied one day after consuming either high or low glycemic index carbohydrates. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Plasmatic glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were determined before and after the scheduled exercise. RESULTS: Glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were higher in OB than in AW at baseline. Glucose was normalized in OB from 5.8±0.35 to 5.3±0.23 mmol/L (P=.001), only by eating foods with low glycemic index; triglycerides increased from 139.5±66.0 to 150.8±67.2mg/dl (P=.004) at the end of the exercise, after consumption of low glycemic index carbohydrates. CONCLUSION: Elevation of triglycerides secondary to exercise after consumption of low glycemic index seems to indicate an increase of lipid oxidation in OB.