Impact of future scenarios of climate change on lignin dynamics in soil: A case study in a Mediterranean savannah.

Lignin is an abundant and recalcitrant biopolymer of major relevance as soil organic matter (SOM) component playing a significant role in its stabilization. In this work, a factorial field experiment was established, where three climatic treatments (W, warming; D, drought; W + D, warming + drought), mimicking future climate change scenarios were installed over five years in a Mediterranean savannah "dehesa", accounting for its landscape diversity (under the tree canopy and in open grassland). A combination of analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) and the study of biogeochemical proxies based on lignin monomers is used for the direct detection of lignin-derived phenols and to infer possible shifts in lignin dynamics in soil. A total of 27 main lignin-derived methoxyphenols were identified, exhibiting different patterns and proportions, mainly driven by the effect of habitat, hence biomass inputs to SOM. An accelerated decomposition of lignin moieties -(exhibited by higher LG/LS and Al/K + Ac ratios)- is particularly exacerbated by the effect of all climatic treatments. There is also an overall effect on increasing lignin oxidation of side chain in syringyl units, especially under the tree canopy due to the alteration in biomass degradation and potential stimulation of enzyme activities. Conversely, in open grassland these effects are slower since the microbial community is expected to be already adapted to harsher conditions. Our findings suggests that climate change-related temperature and soil moisture deviations impact soil lignin decomposition in dehesas threatening this productive Mediterranean agroecosystem and affecting the mechanism of soil carbon storage.

Spatial distribution of pyrogenic carbon in Iberian topsoils estimated by chemometric analysis of infrared spectra.

Understanding the global carbon (C) cycle is critical to accurately model feedbacks between climate and soil. Thus, many climate change studies focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes. Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is one of the most stable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM). Accurate maps based on measured PyC contents are required to facilitate future soil management decisions and soil-climate feedback modelling. However, consistent measurements that cover large areas are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to map the PyC content and stock of the Iberian Peninsula, which covers contrasting climatic zones and has long-term data on wildfire occurrence. A partial least square (PLS) regression using the mid-infrared spectra (1800-400 cm-1) was applied to a dataset composed of 2961 soil samples from the Iberian component of the LUCAS 2009 database. The values of PyC for LUCAS points were modelled to obtain a map of topsoil PyC by a random forest (RF) approach using 36 auxiliary variables. The results were validated through comparison with documented historical wildfire activity and anthropogenic energy production. A strong relationship was found between these sources and the distribution of PyC. Our study estimates that the accumulated PyC in Iberian Peninsula soils comprises between 3.09 and 20.39% of total organic carbon (TOC) in the topsoil. Forests have higher PyC contents than grasslands, followed by agricultural soils. The incidence of recurrent wildfires also has a notable influence on PyC contents. This study shows the potential of estimating PyC with a single, rapid, low cost, chemometric method using new or archived soil spectra, and has the ability to improve soil-climate feedback modelling. It also offers a possible tool for measuring, reporting and verifying soil C stocks, which is likely to be important moving forward if soils are used as sinks for C sequestration.

Can straw-biochar mulching mitigate erosion of wildfire-degraded soils under extreme rainfall?

High severity wildfires cause a drastic alteration of soil carbon cycling - both oxidising and thermally altering soil organic matter (SOM) - and usually are followed by strong runoff and erosion events. To restore wildfire-degraded soils, SOM needs to be rebuilt while soil erosion is prevented. Post-fire straw mulching has been shown to mitigate soil erosion by providing a protective cover against rainsplash. However, SOM takes many decades or centuries to rebuilt naturally. Biochar, co-applied with straw to the soil surface can replace the SOM of the O-horizon, while the stabilised soil - by straw mulching - may gain in SOM naturally and by downward movement of biochar. We conducted a field study to test if straw-only and straw-biochar co-application could restore soils degraded by wildfire in one high burn severity (HBS) and one moderate burn severity (MBS) study area in southern Portugal and Spain, respectively, by monitoring erosion and SOM for the most intense rainfall period of the first post-fire year. Burned sites were characterized for soil and sediment physical properties, TOC content, SOM quality by thermogravimetry (DTG) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR 13C) spectroscopy. Straw-biochar mulching significantly reduced soil erosion by 76% and 65% in the HBS and MBS sites, respectively, in both cases similar to the erosion reduction by straw-only mulching. DTG and NMR 13C indicated that a relatively small proportion of the biochar eroded, i.e. 0.7%, indicating that co-application of straw with biochar may help restore the SOC lost in the wildfire in the medium term. The amount of SOM eroded was lower with straw-biochar mulching than in the untreated plots for both study areas. Straw-biochar mulching mitigates erosion of wildfire-degraded soils under extreme rainfall, while a relatively small proportion of the biochar is lost by erosion. Future studies need to monitor medium term effects.

Impact of wildfire on granite outcrops in archaeological sites surrounded by different types of vegetation.

The lack of scientific information about the effects of wildfire on prehistoric structures and rock art, such as dolmens and petroglyphs, impedes the development of conservation guidelines. In this study, the impact of a recent wildfire (late 2017) on granite outcrops in the San Salvador de Coruxo archaeological site (Vigo, SW Galicia) was evaluated. Samples of the same type of granite were obtained from three sites characterised by different types of vegetation (natural scrub, native deciduous oak and non-native pine-eucalypt forest) in order to determine how the vegetation influences the fire-caused damage to the rock. Three subsamples were taken from each of the granite samples at depths of 1 cm-3 cm to study how fire affects the rock at depth. In all sites, the temperature reached at the granite surface was below 380 °C. No mineralogical changes due to fire exposure were detected, and no physical changes that could be attributed to the effect of the fire on the fissure system of the granite were identified. However, aesthetic colour changes due to the deposition of organic and charred matter, which even penetrated the fissures, were detected. The existence of lignin-derived compounds, lipids and carbohydrates in the samples from the oakwood site indicates greater resistance to fire effects in this type of vegetation than in the other two types. Although preliminary, these findings suggest that oakwoods could act as protective belts around archaeological sites by reducing the wildfire severity, because of their greater resistance to being burnt, and that they could buffer the damaging effects of fire in natural areas where parietal art is found.

Colorectal tumor 3Din vitromodels: advantages of biofabrication for the recapitulation of early stages of tumour development.

The majority of cancer-relatedin vitrostudies are conducted on cell monolayers or spheroids. Although this approach has led to key discoveries, it still has a poor outcome in recapitulating the different stages of tumor development. The advent of novel three-dimensional (3D) systems and technological methods for their fabrication is set to improve the field, offering a more physiologically relevant and high throughputin vitrosystem for the study of tumor development and treatment. Here we describe the fabrication of alginate-based 3D models that recapitulate the early stages of colorectal cancer, tracking two of the main biomarkers for tumor development: CD44 and HIF-1α. We optimized the fabrication process to obtain alginate micro-beads with controlled size and stiffness, mimicking the early stages of colorectal cancer. Human colorectal HCT-116 cancer cells were encapsulated with controlled initial number, and cell viability and protein expression of said 3Din vitromodels was compared to that of current gold standards (cell monolayers and spheroids). Our results evidenced that encapsulated HCT-116 demonstrated a high viability, increase in stem-like cell populations (increased expression of CD44) and reduced hypoxic regions (lower HIF-1a expression) compared to spheroid cultures. In conclusion we show that our biofabricated system is a highly reproducible and easily accessible alternative to study cell behavior, allowing to better mimic the early stages of colorectal cancer in comparison to otherin vitromodels. The use of biofabricatedin vitromodels will improve the translatability of results, in particular when testing strategies for therapeutic intervention.

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry of polyethylene.

Polyethylene is probably the most used plastic material in daily life and its accurate analysis is of importance. In this communication the chemical structure of polyethylenes is studied in detail using conventional analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), bulk stable isotopic analysis (IRMS) and pyrolysis compound specific stable isotopic analysis (Py-CSIA) to measure stable isotope proportions (δ(13)C, δ(15)N and δD) of polyethylene pyrolysis compounds. Polyethylene pyrolysis yields triplet peaks of n-alkanes, α-alkenes and α,ω-alkanedienes. No differences were found for bulk δ(13)C among different polyethylene types. However, conspicuous differences in δD were evident. It was possible to assign structure δ(13)C and δD values to specific polyethylene pyrolysis products in the range 12-18 carbon chain length. Conspicuous differences were found for the pyrolysis products with unsaturated moieties showing significant higher δD values than saturated chains (alkanes) that were deuterium depleted. In addition, a full isotopic fingerprinting (δ(13)C, δ(15)N and δD) for a dye (o-chloroaniline) contained in a polyethylene is reported. To the best of our knowledge this is the first application Py-CSIA to the study of a synthetic polymer. This hyphenated analytical technique is a promising tool to study synthetic materials, providing not only a fingerprinting, but also allowing the traceability of the polymerization process and the origin of the materials.

Detection of cylindrospermopsin toxin markers in cyanobacterial algal blooms using analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) and thermally-assisted hydrolysis and methylation (TCh-GC/MS).

The hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is produced by freshwater cyanobacteria becoming an emerging threat for human health. Methods for the rapid determination of CYN in environmental samples are needed. Conventional analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) and thermally-assisted hydrolysis and methylation (TCh-GC/MS) were used to study a CYN standard, two Aphanizomenon ovalisporum cultures (CYN+) and one culture of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (CYN-). A micro-furnace pyrolyzer was used directly attached to a GC/MS system fitted with a 30 m × 250 µm × 0.25 µm film thickness column (14% cyanopropyl phenyl, 86% dimethyl polysiloxane pahase composition). Oven temperature was held at 50 °C for 1 min and increased to 100 °C at 30 °C min(-1), from 100 °C to 300 °C at 10 °C min(-1), and stabilized at 300 °C for 10 min using helium (1 mL min(-1)) as carrier gas. Pyrolysis at 500 °C yield over 70 compounds with 20 specific for CYN+ samples. Two peaks containing a diagnostic fragment (m/z 194) were found at 25.0 and 28.9 min only in CYN+ samples. Fewer peaks with limited diagnostic value were released after TCh-GC/MS, including breakdown products and TMAH adducts. A compound was detected that may correspond to the CYN molecule (MW 415 Da) thermoevaporation product after the loss of SO3 (MW 80 Da). This TCh-GC/MS peak (m/z 336) together with the fragments obtained by conventional Py-GC/MS (m/z 194) are diagnostic ions with potential use for the direct detection of CYN toxin in environmental samples at last with an estimated 5 ppm detection threshold.

Cloning and sequence analysis of the LEU2 homologue gene from Pichia anomala.

The Pichia anomala LEU2 gene (PaLEU2) was isolated by complementation of a leu2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. The cloned gene also allowed growth of a Escherichia coli leuB mutant in leucine-lacking medium, indicating that it encodes a product able to complement the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase deficiency of the mutants. The sequenced DNA fragment contains a complete ORF of 1092 bp, and the deduced polypeptide shares significant homologies with the products of the LEU2 genes from S. cerevisiae (84% identity) and other yeast species. A sequence resembling the GC-rich palindrome motif identified in the 5' region of S. cerevisiae LEU2 gene as the binding site for the transcription activating factor encoded by the LEU3 gene was found at the promoter region. In addition, upstream of the PaLEU2 the 3'-terminal half of a gene of the same orientation, encoding a homologue of the S. cerevisiae NFS1/SPL1 gene that encodes a mitochondrial cysteine desulphurase involved in both tRNA processing and mitochondrial metabolism, was found. The genomic organization of the PaNFS1-PaLEU2 gene pair is similar to that found in several other yeast species, including S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans, except that in some of them the LEU2 gene appears in the reverse orientation.

The sequence of a 15 769 bp segment of Pichia anomala identifies the SEC61 and FBP1 genes and five new open reading frames.

We have determined the sequence of a 15 769 bp DNA segment of Pichia anomala. The sequence contains seven complete open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 amino acids and a putative tRNA gene. Two of the ORFs code for the well-characterized genes SEC61 (which codes for the core subunit of the ER translocation complex) and FBP1 (encoding fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase). A gene coding for a protein similar to S. cerevisiae YDL054c was found between the two genes. These three genes show a different organization (intermingled triples) in three yeast species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and P. anomala. Two out of the four remaining ORFs show weak homology with different proteins from other species and the other two show non-significant similarity with previously sequenced genes. The nucleotide sequence has been submitted to the EMBL database under Accession No. AJ306295.

Cloning and characterization of a Candida albicans gene homologous to fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase genes.

By sequencing of the DNA adjacent to the Candida albicans SEC61 gene, an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 331 amino acids was found. The predicted protein showed a strong homology with the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase [FbPase] from other organisms, and conserved regions included the catalytic motif found in all known FbPases. Although the cloned gene did not complement the growth failure of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fbp1 mutant in media with gluconeogenic carbon sources, it was transcribed in the transformants in a fashion that indicates a partial repression by glucose. A similar control on the transcription of this gene and on FbPase activity was found in wild-type C. albicans, where the cloned gene (CaFBP1) was shown to be localized in a single chromosomal locus in the genome.

Cloning, sequencing, and expression of H.a.YNR1 and H.a.YNI1, encoding nitrate and nitrite reductases in the yeast Hansenula anomala.

A single Hansenula anomala genomic DNA fragment containing the genes H.a.YNR1 (yeast nitrate reductase) and H.a.YNI1 (yeast nitrite reductase) encoding nitrate and nitrite reductase, respectively, was isolated from a lambda EMBL3 genomic DNA library. As probe, a 3.2 kb DNA fragment isolated from a lambda gt11 H. anomala genomic DNA library screened with antiserum anti-NR from H. anomala was used. H. a.YNR1 and H.a.YNI1 genes are separated by 473 bp and encode putative proteins of 870 and 1077 amino acids, respectively, with great similarity to nitrate and nitrite reductases from other organisms. Northern blot analysis revealed that both genes are highly expressed in nitrate, very low in nitrate plus ammonium, and no expression was detected in ammonium or nitrogen-free media. Levels of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were very low or undetectable by Western blot analysis in nitrogen-free and ammonium media, whereas both proteins were present in nitrate and ammonium plus nitrate media. The nucleotide sequence Accession No. is AF123281.

Tuberculosis and other infectious diseases in the adolescent immigrant.

Adolescent medicine physicians are frequently the initial contact for adolescents newly arriving in the U.S. and it is important that they recognize the needs of their patients. The adolescent immigrant may be encountered in a school-based health setting, private practice, community health center, or other health care settings. This article begins with a review of the categories of immigrants comprising the adolescent population. It gives an extensive review of tuberculosis among Mexican-American adolescents, detailing history, epidemiology, diagnosis, social factors, and treatment modalities. It further delineates the impact of Mexican tuberculosis control strategies on the practice of medicine in the U.S., and outlines preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies that should be followed in the adolescent immigrant. This article also reviews viral hepatitis in its multiple forms and its impact on the adolescent immigrant. It concludes by delineating prevention practices required for the adolescent immigrant and summarizes the interventions an initial contact physician should undertake upon encountering such adolescents.

Embarazo en la adolesente.Analisis de 500 casos. / Pregnancy in adolescence.Analysis of 500 cases

Se revisaron 500 expedientes de pacientes obstetricas hasta de 17 anos, atendidas en el Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia del Centro Medico Nacional. Se analizaron su edad, antecedentes generales y obstetricos complicaciones del embarazo, culminacion del mismo, causas de distocia, complicaciones puerperales, pesos de los recien nacidos, promedio de consultas prenatales y estado civil. La mayor parte de las pacientes (90 por ciento) se encontraban en los 16 y 17 anos de edad. El (82.8 por ciento) fueron primigestas. Hubo 222 con complicaciones en el embarazo, aunque la unica significativamente mayor que su incidencia habitual fue la toxemia con un 27.6 por ciento. El indice de abortos y cesareas no difiere de otras poblaciones obstetricas. No hubo productos de bajo peso para su edad gestacional. Se enfatiza en el mal control prenatal que tienen estas pacientes, asi como su estado civil que puede promover la poca asistencia a las consultas. Se concluye que implementando el control prenatal es posible disminuir e igualar el pronostico con el de pacientes adultos