Exploring the Genetic Diversity and Molecular Evolution of Seoul and Hantaan Orthohantaviruses.

Seoul (SEOV) and Hantaan (HTNV) orthohantaviruses are significant zoonotic pathogens responsible for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of SEOV and HTNV through phylogenetic and bioinformatic analyses using complete genome sequences of their large (L), medium (M), and small (S) gene segments. Despite similar epizootic cycles and clinical symptoms, SEOV and HTNV exhibited distinct genetic and evolutionary dynamics. The phylogenetic trees of each segment consistently showed major genetic clades associated with the geographical distribution of both viruses. Remarkably, SEOV M and S segments exhibit higher evolutionary rates, rapidly increasing genetic diversity, and a more recent origin in contrast to HTNV. Reassortment events were infrequent, but both viruses appear to utilize the M gene segment in genetic exchanges. SEOV favors the L or M segment reassortment, while HTNV prefers the M or S segment exchange. Purifying selection dominates in all three gene segments of both viruses, yet SEOV experiences an elevated positive selection in its glycoprotein Gc ectodomain. Key amino acid differences, including a positive 'lysine fence' (through residues K77, K82, K231, K307, and K310) located at the tip of the Gn, alongside the physical stability around an RGD-like motif through M108-F334 interaction, may contribute to the unique antigenic properties of SEOV. With the increasing global dispersion and potential implications of SEOV for the global public health landscape, this study highlights the unique evolutionary dynamics and antigenic properties of SEOV and HTNV in informing vaccine design and public health preparedness.

Molecular evolution and targeted recombination of SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea.

SARS-CoV-2 variants have continuously emerged globally, including in South Korea. To characterize the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea, we performed phylogenetic and genomic recombination analyses using more than 12,000 complete genome sequences collected until October 2022. The variants in South Korea originated from globally identified variants of concern and harbored genetic clade-common and clade-specific amino acid mutations mainly around the N-terminal domain (NTD) or receptor binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein. Several point mutation residues in key antigenic sites were under positive selection persistently with changing genetic clades of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we detected 17 potential genomic recombinants and 76.4% (13/17) retained the mosaic NTD or RBD genome. Our results suggest that point mutations and genomic recombination in the spike contributed to the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea, which will form an integral part of global prevention and control measures against SARS-CoV-2.

Biochemical characteristization of propionyl-coenzyme a carboxylase complex of Streptomyces toxytricini.

Acyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC) are involved in important primary or secondary metabolic pathways such as fatty acid and/or polyketides synthesis. In the 62 kb fragment of pccB gene locus of Streptomyces toxytricini producing a pancreatic inhibitor lipstatin, 3 distinct subunit genes of presumable propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCCase) complex, assumed to be one of ACC responsible for the secondary metabolism, were identified along with gene for a biotin protein ligase (Bpl). The subunits of PCCase complex were a subunit (AccA3), P subunit (PccB), and auxiliary ɛ subunit (PccE). In order to disclose the involvement of the PCCase complex in secondary metabolism, some biochemical characteristics of each subunit as well as their complex were examined. In the test of substrate specificity of the PCCase complex, it was confirmed that this complex showed much higher conversion of propionyl-CoA rather than acetyl-CoA. It implies the enzyme complex could play a main role in the production of methylmalonyl-CoA from propionyl-CoA, which is a precursor of secondary polyketide biosynthesis.

The role of acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase complex in lipstatin biosynthesis of Streptomyces toxytricini.

Streptomyces toxytricini produces lipstatin, a specific inhibitor of pancreatic lipase, which is derived from two fatty acid moieties with eight and 14 carbon atoms. The pccB gene locus in 10.6 kb fragment of S. toxytricini chromosomal DNA contains three genes for acyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) complex accA3, pccB, and pccE that are presumed to be involved in secondary metabolism. The pccB gene encoding a beta subunit of ACCase [carboxyltransferase (CT)] was identified upstream of pccE gene for a small protein of epsilon subunit. The accA3 encoding the alpha subunit of ACCase [biotin carboxylase (BC)] was also identified downstream of pccB gene. When the pccB and pccE genes were inactivated by homologous recombination, the lipstatin production was reduced as much as 80%. In contrast, the accumulation of another compound, tetradeca-5.8-dienoic acid (the major lipstatin precursor), was 4.5-fold increased in disruptant compared with wild-type. It implies that PccB of S. toxytricini is involved in the activation of octanoic acid to hexylmalonic acid for lipstatin biosynthesis.

Identification and characterization of acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene cluster in Streptomyces toxytricini.

The gene locus for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) involved in the primary metabolism was identified from the genomic library of Streptomyces toxytricini which produces a lipase inhibitor lipstatin. The 7.4 kb cloned gene was comprised of 5 ORFs including accD1, accA1, hmgL, fadST1, and stsF. In order to confirm the biochemical characteristics of AccA1, the gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells, and the recombinant protein was purified through Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Because most of the expressed AccAl was biotinylated by host E. coli BirA in the presence of D-biotin, the non-biotinylated apo-AccA1 was purified after gene induction without D-biotin, followed by exclusion of holo-AccA1 using streptavidin beads. The separated apo-AccA1 was post-translationally biotinylated by S. toxytricini biotin apo-protein ligase (BPL) in a time- and enzyme-dependent manner. This result supports that this gene cluster of S. toxytricini encodes the functional ACC enzyme subunits to be biotinylated.

Molecular cloning of the phospholipase D gene from Streptomyces sp. YU100 and its expression in Escherichia coli.

The gene for phospholipase D (PLD) of Streptomyces sp. YU100 was cloned from lambda phage library and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Using an amplified gene fragment based on the consensus sequences of streptomycetes PLDs, lambda phage library of Streptomyces sp. YU100 chromosomal DNA was screened. The sequencing result of BamHI-digested 3.8 kb fragment in a positive phage clone revealed the presence of an open reading frame of a full sequence of PLD gene encoding a 540-amino acid protein including 33-amino acid signal peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a high homology with other Streptomyces PLDs, having the highly conserved 'HKD' motifs. The PLD gene excluding signal peptide sequence was amplified and subcloned into a pET-32b(+) expression vector in E. coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant PLD was purified by nickel affinity chromatography and compared the enzyme activity with wild-type PLD. The results imply that the recombinant PLD produced by E. coli had the nearly same enzyme activity as PLD from Streptomyces sp. YU100.

Expression and characterization of polyketide synthase module involved in the late step of cephabacin biosynthesis from Lysobacter lactamgenus.

The cephabacins produced by Lysobacter lactamgenus are beta-lactam antibiotics composed of a cephem nucleus, an acetate residue, and an oligopeptide side chain. In order to understand the precise implication of the polyketide synthase (PKS) module in the biosynthesis of cephabacin, the genes for its core domains, beta-ketoacyl synthase (KS), acyltransferase (AT), and acyl carrier protein (ACP), were amplified and cloned into the pET-32b(+) expression vector. The sfp gene encoding a protein that can modify apo-ACP to its active holo-form was also amplified. The recombinant KS, AT, apo-ACP, and Sfp overproduced in the form of His6-tagged fusion proteins in E. coli BL21(DE3) were purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. Formation of stable peptidyl-S-KS was observed by in vitro acylation of the KS domain with the substrate [L-Ala-L-Ala-LAla- L-3H-Arg] tetrapeptide-S-N-acetylcysteamine, which is the evidence for the selective recognition of tetrapeptide produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) in the NRPS/ PKS hybrid. In order to confirm whether malonyl CoA is the extender unit for acetylation of the peptidyl moiety, the AT domain, ACP domain, and Sfp protein were treated with 14C-malonyl-CoA. The results clearly show that the AT domain is able to recognize the extender unit and decarboxylatively acetylated for the elongation of the tetrapeptide. However, the transfer of the activated acetyl group to the ACP domain was not observed, probably attributed to the improper capability of Sfp to activate apo-ACP to the holo-ACP form.

Cloning and analysis of a type II polyketide synthase gene cluster from Streptomyces toxytricini NRRL 15,443.

A standard type II polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster was isolated while attempting to clone the biosynthetic gene for lipstatin from Streptomyces toxytricini NRRL 15,443. This result was observed using a Southern blot of a PstI-digested S. toxytricini chromosomal DNA library with a 444 bp amplified probe of a ketosynthase (KS) gene fragment. Four open reading frames [thioesterase (TE), beta-ketoacyl systhase (KAS), chain length factor (CLF), and acyl carrier protein (ACP)], were identified through the nucleotide sequence determination and analysis of a 4.5 kb cloned DNA fragment. In order to confirm the involvement of a cloned gene in lipstatin biosynthesis, a gene disruption experiment for the KS gene was performed. However, the resulting gene disruptant did not show any significant difference in lipstatin production when compared to wild-type S. toxytricini. This result suggests that lipstatin may not be synthesized by a type II PKS.