Towards a neurodevelopmental cognitive perspective of temporal processing.

The ability to organize and memorize the unfolding of events over time is a fundamental feature of cognition, which develops concurrently with the maturation of the brain. Nonetheless, how temporal processing evolves across the lifetime as well as the links with the underlying neural substrates remains unclear. Here, we intend to retrace the main developmental stages of brain structure, function, and cognition linked to the emergence of timing abilities. This neurodevelopmental perspective aims to untangle the puzzling trajectory of temporal processing aspects across the lifetime, paving the way to novel neuropsychological assessments and cognitive rehabilitation strategies.

Antidepressants and fetal death: A systematic review and disproportionality analysis in the WHO safety database (VigiBaseⓇ).

Recent research suggests that fetal exposure to antidepressants (ADs) is significantly associated with fetal death, including stillbirth. However, there has been limited investigation into the timing of AD exposure during pregnancy, the specific effect of each drug, and the possibility of indication bias. To address these gaps in knowledge, we conducted a systematic review of literature and disproportionality analyses using the WHO Safety Database (VigiBaseⓇ). The systematic review provided evidence for increased risks of fetal death with exposure to any selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) at any time of pregnancy, stillbirth with exposure to any AD during the first trimester, and stillbirth with exposure to any SSRI during the first trimester. Disproportionality analyses revealed significant associations with citalopram, clomipramine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Combining both sets of results, we conclude that exposure to ADs, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy, seems to be associated with fetal mortality, and that ADs with highest placental transfer may be particularly involved. Further research should investigate the links between ADs during early pregnancy and fetal mortality.

Time processing in neurological and psychiatric conditions.

A central question in understanding cognition and pathology-related cognitive changes is how we process time. However, time processing difficulties across several neurological and psychiatric conditions remain seldom investigated. The aim of this review is to develop a unifying taxonomy of time processing, and a neuropsychological perspective on temporal difficulties. Four main temporal judgments are discussed: duration processing, simultaneity and synchrony, passage of time, and mental time travel. We present an integrated theoretical framework of timing difficulties across psychiatric and neurological conditions based on selected patient populations. This framework provides new mechanistic insights on both (a) the processes involved in each temporal judgement, and (b) temporal difficulties across pathologies. By identifying underlying transdiagnostic time-processing mechanisms, this framework opens fruitful avenues for future research.

Benefits and Risks of Antidepressant Drugs During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: The prescription of antidepressant drugs during pregnancy has been steadily increasing for several decades. Meta-analyses (MAs), which increase the statistical power and precision of results, have gained interest for assessing the safety of antidepressant drugs during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to provide a meta-review of MAs assessing the benefits and risks of antidepressant drug use during pregnancy. METHODS: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search on PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted on 25 October, 2021, on MAs assessing the association between antidepressant drug use during pregnancy and health outcomes for the pregnant women, embryo, fetus, newborn, and developing child. Study selection and data extraction were carried out independently and in duplicate by two authors. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated with the AMSTAR-2 tool. Overlap among MAs was assessed by calculating the corrected covered area. Data were presented in a narrative synthesis, using four levels of evidence. RESULTS: Fifty-one MAs were included, all but one assessing risks. These provided evidence for a significant increase in the risks for major congenital malformations (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, paroxetine, fluoxetine, no evidence for sertraline; eight MAs), congenital heart defects (paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline; 11 MAs), preterm birth (eight MAs), neonatal adaptation symptoms (eight MAs), and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (three MAs). There was limited evidence (only one MA for each outcome) for a significant increase in the risks for postpartum hemorrhage, and with a high risk of bias, for stillbirth, impaired motor development, and intellectual disability. There was inconclusive evidence, i.e., discrepant results, for an increase in the risks for spontaneous abortion, small for gestational age and low birthweight, respiratory distress, convulsions, feeding problems, and for a subsequent risk for autism with an early antidepressant drug exposure. Finally, MAs provided no evidence for an increase in the risks for gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and for a subsequent risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Only one MA assessed benefits, providing limited evidence for preventing relapse in severe or recurrent depression. Effect sizes were small, except for neonatal symptoms (small to large). Results were based on MAs in which overall methodological quality was low (AMSTAR-2 score = 54.8% ± 12.9%, [19-81%]), with a high risk of bias, notably indication bias. The corrected covered area was 3.27%, which corresponds to a slight overlap. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-review has implications for clinical practice and future research. First, these results suggest that antidepressant drugs should be used as a second-line treatment during pregnancy (after first-line psychotherapy, according to the guidelines). The risk of major congenital malformations could be prevented by observing guidelines that discourage the use of paroxetine and fluoxetine. Second, to decrease heterogeneity and bias, future MAs should adjust for maternal psychiatric disorders and antidepressant drug dosage, and perform analyses by timing of exposure.

Brain correlates of declarative memory atypicalities in autism: a systematic review of functional neuroimaging findings.

The long-described atypicalities of memory functioning experienced by people with autism have major implications for daily living, academic learning, as well as cognitive remediation. Though behavioral studies have identified a robust profile of memory strengths and weaknesses in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), few works have attempted to establish a synthesis concerning their neural bases. In this systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies, we highlight functional brain asymmetries in three anatomical planes during memory processing between individuals with ASD and typical development. These asymmetries consist of greater activity of the left hemisphere than the right in ASD participants, of posterior brain regions-including hippocampus-rather than anterior ones, and presumably of the ventral (occipito-temporal) streams rather than the dorsal (occipito-parietal) ones. These functional alterations may be linked to atypical memory processes in ASD, including the pre-eminence of verbal over spatial information, impaired active maintenance in working memory, and preserved relational memory despite poor context processing in episodic memory.

Intact memory storage but impaired retrieval in visual memory in autism: New insights from an electrophysiological study.

In a recent study on visual episodic memory (Desaunay, Clochon, et al., 2020), we have shown event-related potentials (ERPs) differences associated with priming (150-300 msec), familiarity (350-470 msec), and recollection (600-700 msec), in young people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) compared with typical development (TD). To go further into the study of the processes of storage and retrieval of the memory trace, we re-analyzed Desaunay, Clochon, et al's data using time-frequency analysis, that is, event-related synchronization and desynchronization (ERS/ERD). This allows a decomposition of the spectral power within frequency bands associated with these ERPs. We focused both on the same time windows and the same regions of interest as previously published. We mainly identified, in ASD compared with TD, reduced ERS in low-frequencies (delta, theta) in early time-windows, and non-significant differences in ERD in higher frequencies (alpha, beta1) in all time-windows. Reduced ERS during recognition confirmed previously reported diminution of priming effects and difficulties in manipulation and retrieval of both semantic and episodic information. Conversely, preserved ERD corroborates a preservation of memory storage processes. These observations are consistent with a cognitive model of memory in ASD, that suggests difficulties in cognitive operations or executive demand at retrieval, subsequent to successful long-term storage of information. LAY SUMMARY: We assessed the EEG synchronization and desynchronization, during visual episodic recognition. We observed, in youth with Autism, reduced synchronization in low-frequencies (delta, theta), suggesting reduced access to and manipulation of long-term stored information. By contrast, non-significant differences in desynchronization at higher frequencies (alpha, beta frequency bands), that support long-term stored semantic and episodic information, suggested preserved memory traces.

EEG resting-state functional connectivity: evidence for an imbalance of external/internal information integration in autism.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with atypical neural activity in resting state. Most of the studies have focused on abnormalities in alpha frequency as a marker of ASD dysfunctions. However, few have explored alpha synchronization within a specific interest in resting-state networks, namely the default mode network (DMN), the sensorimotor network (SMN), and the dorsal attention network (DAN). These functional connectivity analyses provide relevant insight into the neurophysiological correlates of multimodal integration in ASD. METHODS: Using high temporal resolution EEG, the present study investigates the functional connectivity in the alpha band within and between the DMN, SMN, and the DAN. We examined eyes-closed EEG alpha lagged phase synchronization, using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) in 29 participants with ASD and 38 developing (TD) controls (age, sex, and IQ matched). RESULTS: We observed reduced functional connectivity in the ASD group relative to TD controls, within and between the DMN, the SMN, and the DAN. We identified three hubs of dysconnectivity in ASD: the posterior cingulate cortex, the precuneus, and the medial frontal gyrus. These three regions also presented decreased current source density in the alpha band. CONCLUSION: These results shed light on possible multimodal integration impairments affecting the communication between bottom-up and top-down information. The observed hypoconnectivity between the DMN, SMN, and DAN could also be related to difficulties in switching between externally oriented attention and internally oriented thoughts.

Neonatal Hypotonia Following in Utero Exposure to Antidepressant Drugs.

Associations between fetal exposure to antidepressants and neonatal hypotonia were studied using VigiBase and the French PharmacoVigilance Database. We identified significant associations between neonatal hypotonia and clomipramine, venlafaxine, and imipramine. Reports from the French database implicated prolonged fetal exposure. Neonatal hypotonia may be associated with in utero exposure to antidepressants.

Exploring the Event-Related Potentials' Time Course of Associative Recognition in Autism.

Behavioral data on episodic recollection in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) point limited relational memory functioning. However, the involvement of successive memory processes in the profile of episodic memory in ASD needs more study. Here, we used event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate the time course of episodic recollection with an associative recognition paradigm with picture pairs. Twenty-two participants with ASD and 32 with typical development (TD), all right-handed, were included. Behavioral results confirmed difficulties in correctly recognizing identical pairs in the ASD relative to TD group. We found an unexpected amplitude decrement on the P2 (220-270 msec) and FN400 (350-470 msec) potentials, suggesting diminished priming and familiarity effects in the ASD relative to TD group. However, ERP data revealed that the recognition of associative information relies on the same electrophysiological process (old/new effect in the 600-700-msec late positive component) in ASD participants as in TD ones, with a parietal extension in the ASD group. These results suggest that the electrophysiological processes of associative recognition are qualitatively similar in individuals with and without ASD but may differ quantitatively. This difference may be driven by the reduced early processing of picture pairs that may in turn lead to their diminished integration into the semantic memory system, being partially compensated by a greater involvement of associative memory during the recollection process. Other studies would be useful to go further in identifying these cognitive processes involved in atypical recognition in ASD and their neural substrates. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1998-2016. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC LAY SUMMARY: We identified diminished performance on the associative recognition of picture pairs in adolescents and young adults with autism when compared to typical development. Electrophysiological data revealed qualitative similarities but quantitative differences between-group, with diminished priming and familiarity processes partially compensated by an enhanced parietal recollection process.

Memory in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis of experimental studies.

To address inconsistencies in the literature on memory in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we report the first ever meta-analysis of short-term memory (STM) and episodic long-term memory (LTM) in ASD, evaluating the effects of type of material, type of retrieval and the role of interitem relations. Analysis of 64 studies comparing individuals with ASD and typical development (TD) showed greater difficulties in ASD compared with TD individuals in STM (Hedges' g = -0.53, 95% CI [-0.90, -0.16], p = .005, I² = 96%) compared with LTM (g = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.17], p < .00001, I² = 24%), a small difficulty in verbal LTM (g = -0.21, p = .01), contrasting with a medium difficulty for visual LTM (g = -0.41, p = .0002) in ASD compared with TD individuals. We also found a general diminution in free recall compared with cued recall and recognition (LTM, free recall: g = -0.38, p < .00001, cued recall: g = -0.08, p = .58, recognition: g = -0.15, p = .16; STM, free recall: g = -0.59, p = .004, recognition: g = -0.33, p = .07). We discuss these results in terms of their relation to semantic memory. The limited diminution in verbal LTM and preserved overall recognition and cued recall (supported retrieval) may result from a greater overlap of these tasks with semantic long-term representations which are overall preserved in ASD. By contrast, difficulties in STM or free recall may result from less overlap with the semantic system or may involve additional cognitive operations and executive demands. These findings highlight the need to support STM functioning in ASD and acknowledge the potential benefit of using verbal materials at encoding and broader forms of memory support at retrieval to enhance performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Prospective Memory in Adolescents with Autism: A Preliminary Study of the Impact of Memory Load.

We evaluated event-based prospective memory (EBPM) in adolescents with Autism, varying the load of the to-be-performed intentions. We included measures of inhibition, working memory and binding. Results showed that increasing the retrospective memory load reduced performance in controls. In Autism, adolescents were impaired in the low load condition with normal performance for the ongoing task, with the reverse pattern in the high load condition. EBPM may be impacted in Autism due to difficulty to process ongoing and EBPM tasks simultaneously possibly because of restricted inhibitory control.

Impact of Semantic Relatedness on Associative Memory: An ERP Study.

Encoding and retrieval processes in memory for pairs of pictures are thought to be influenced by inter-item similarity and by features of individual items. Using Event-Related Potentials (ERP), we aimed to identify how these processes impact on both the early mid-frontal FN400 and the Late Positive Component (LPC) potentials during associative retrieval of pictures. Twenty young adults undertook a sham task, using an incidental encoding of semantically related and unrelated pairs of drawings. At test, we conducted a recognition task in which participants were asked to identify target identical pairs of pictures, which could be semantically related or unrelated, among new and rearranged pairs. We observed semantic (related and unrelated pairs) and condition effects (old, rearranged and new pairs) on the early mid-frontal potential. First, a lower amplitude was shown for identical and rearranged semantically related pairs, which might reflect a retrieval process driven by semantic cues. Second, among semantically unrelated pairs, we found a larger negativity for identical pairs, compared to rearranged and new ones, suggesting additional retrieval processing that focuses on associative information. We also observed an LPC old/new effect with a mid-parietal and a right occipito-parietal topography for semantically related and unrelated old pairs, demonstrating a recollection phenomenon irrespective of the degree of association. These findings suggest that associative recognition using visual stimuli begins at early stages of retrieval, and differs according to the degree of semantic relatedness among items. However, either strategy may ultimately lead to recollection processes.

[Pregnancy and motherhood in adolescence]. / Grossesse et maternité à l'adolescence.

Adolescence and pregnancy are two periods which involve major psychological and identity changes. Teenage pregnancies are often considered to be a result of a confusion between these periods. The circumstances of teenage pregnancies and early motherhood are diverse and sit within the wider context of the psychopathology of adolescence, the heterogeneity of family configurations and evolutions in society.