Noninvasive Technique for the Screening and Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of malignancy. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most prevalent type of cutaneous malignancy after basal cell carcinoma. Biopsy followed by histopathological assessment is the primary basis for assessing squamous cell carcinoma, but nowadays optical non-invasive screening modalities are gaining more importance. There has been an emphasis on implementing relatively quick, affordable, and non-invasive screening methodologies because of various limitations associated with conventional screening techniques, including the encroaching characteristic of the biopsy technique, and the increased price value for treatment. Liquid biopsy, optical detection systems, oral brush cytology, and microfluidic detection, are a few examples of these, each of which has advantages and disadvantages of their own. Dermoscopy is one of the fundamental non-invasive screening techniques used for the examination of cutaneous lesions in clinical practice. Optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound are considered to be beneficial, particularly for assessing the dimensions of tumors before surgery. The primary site of the lesions, tumor diameter, and the state of the operative borders are some factors that can influence prognosis.

Odontogenic Keratocyst Presenting in an Elderly Male.

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign intraosseous cyst of the jaw. The diagnosis may be confirmed by the clinical finding, or histopathological report. Finally, treatment consists of surgical excision, and follow-up is characterized by a minor recurrence. The authors report a case of KCOT of the right mandibular region and review the various diagnoses, therapeutics, and follow-up aspects of this type of tumor. The following case report describes a case of a 55-year-old male patient with odontogenic keratocyst. It can show variable clinical-radiographic features and hence should be in differential diagnosis of intra-osseous oral lesions in old age. In elderly patients, because of physical disability, selection of treatment procedures and long-term follow-up after surgery is vital.

Radicular Cyst Presenting in a Female Child: A Case Report.

A radicular cyst, also known as a periapical cyst or root end cyst, is usually associated with permanent dentition and its association with deciduous teeth is an infrequent phenomenon. Radicular cyst typically arises from inflammation of the pulp and periapical tissues of a non-vital tooth. This article presents a case report of a six-year-old female with an apical periodontal cyst associated with deciduous and permanent teeth in the maxillary posterior region of the jaw. Early diagnosis of the lesion might have resulted in a conservative treatment plan. This text's purpose is to emphasize the pedodontist's role in the early analysis of such lesions.

Assessment of Cancer Patients' Relatives' Knowledge, Perception, and Attitude Toward Cancer.

Background Assessment of cancer patients' relatives' knowledge, perception, and attitude regarding cancer. To spread awareness about oral cancer in areas with a high prevalence of cancer, aid in its prevention, and accelerate the treatment to facilitate early-stage disease elimination and improve prognosis.  Material and methods A cross-sectional study conducted at a hospital was done, where 23 questions were posed to the relatives of the patients admitted to the hospital. The questions were formulated to assess the knowledge of relatives regarding cancer, their perception, and their attitude toward the decision-making and treatment protocols. The questions also included information about the patient's habits and associated problems with it. A total of 400 relatives participated in the study, where all participants were adequately informed beforehand, and their written consent was taken before proceeding with the questions. All the questions were formulated in the native language that they could easily understand.  Result The study found that participants had limited knowledge about the causes, treatment, prevention, and recurrence of oral cancer. Additionally, the family members were unsupportive of therapy and delayed seeking medical care. Conclusion It is crucial to raise awareness about oral cancer and inform individuals about available treatments, government programs, and counseling services to aid them in decision-making.

Electromyography: Processing, Muscles' Electric Signal Analysis, and Use in Myofunctional Orthodontics.

Electromyography, commonly known as EMG, utilizes superficial or needle electrodes to record and analyze the fundamental electrical characteristics of skeletal muscles, determining whether the muscles are contracting. The motor unit, which consists of a collection of group muscle fibers and the motor neurons that govern them, is the structural basis of EMG. Three types of electrode are used in EMG which are needle electrode, fine wire electrode, and surface electrode. A significant amount of literature indicates that the correction of muscle function affects the relationships between teeth within the same jaw and between the jaws on opposing sides. The mechanism of action in myofunctional appliance therapy is linked to neuromuscular and skeletal adaptations resulting from altered function in the orofacial region. Both myofunctional therapy and orthodontics aim to address abnormal muscular behavior, restore abnormal muscle activity, and maintain proper alignment in various areas, including the lips, lower jaw, and tongue. This knowledge is essential for functions such as swallowing, speaking, chewing, and respiration as well as for minimizing incorrect movements and positioning. This article aims to describe the application of surface EMG as a diagnosis tool for assessing muscle activities in various orthodontic disorders, such as class II malocclusion open bite, crossbite, maxillary constriction, cleft lip and palate (CLP), and temporomandibular dysfunction, in patients. The electrodes used in EMG can be utilized to detect bioelectric activity in the muscles of the jaws and abnormalities in jaw movement. Analyzing EMG data is vital for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the masticatory muscle system.