Unveiling Realities: Exploring and Uncovering Young Adults' Views on Navigating Confidentiality and Disclosure in Healthcare Settings in Bangalore, Southern India.

Introduction Research on the healthcare available to young adults in India is negligible. There is little to no data available to describe the Indian young adults' knowledge and attitude toward a doctor-patient interaction and their perceptions on what might be a barrier to confidentiality. Young adults in India, often face the unique dilemma of being old enough to make their own medical decisions and yet often finding themselves without the freedom or knowledge to do so. Understanding factors that young adults perceive to be affecting confidentiality and a barrier in their healthcare checkups can greatly improve the quality of healthcare provided to them. Objective The objective of the study was to assess knowledge and attitudes among young adults in Bangalore City regarding the maintenance of confidentiality by a doctor while seeking healthcare and to identify perceived factors the young adults believed to be affecting confidentiality and information disclosure when seeking healthcare.  Method A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out using multi-stage random sampling. Four colleges were randomly selected from four geographic zones in Bangalore City (North, East, South, and West). The investigators developed a 30-question questionnaire, comprising sections on patient details, perceptions regarding confidentiality, factors influencing history disclosure, etc., which was validated by a panel of four faculty members from one para-clinical and two clinical departments each, belonging to the investigators' medical college. Subsequently, a pilot study with 33 participants was conducted and a sample size of 60 was arrived at assuming an 83.87% favorable knowledge regarding the right to refuse to disclose information to a doctor, with a 95% confidence interval and a 10% absolute allowable error. Further validation was done following the pilot study. Student lists from the chosen colleges were obtained, and the required sample size was distributed based on probability proportional to size (PPS): 19, 19, 12, and 10 participants from the respective colleges. Random number tables were utilized to select the required number of participants from the student population. The participants of the pilot study were not included in the study. The questionnaire was administered digitally by the investigators, and in cases where a student declined to participate, an alternative participant was chosen using random number tables.  Results Results demonstrate that 21.7% (13) of respondents were unaware that a doctor is legally bound to keep details of the visit confidential. A total of 93.3% (56) of the respondents report that a parent/guardian plays an active role in their doctor's visit. Only 16.7% (10) of respondents strongly agreed that they felt comfortable enough to have an honest conversation with their doctor. Respondents report that they were most likely to withhold history regarding sexual practices (55%), alcohol use (35%), and smoking (31.7%). Conclusion  Healthcare providers should take all possible measures to ensure confidential and quality care to the vulnerable young adult population. Breach of confidentiality, often in the form of a parent or guardian being present during the history-taking process. can be a barrier to building good rapport and negatively impact the doctor-patient relationship.

The prognostic value of delta-lactate in critically ill children.

AIM: This study aimed to test delta-lactate (ΔL) as a short-term risk stratification method in critically ill children. METHODS: An exploratory study of patients admitted to paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) was conducted. ΔL was calculated as the difference between the maximum lactate concentrations on Days 1 and 2. According to the ΔL cutoff, two groups were considered: low mortality risk (LMR) - ΔL ≥ 0.05 mmol/L - and high mortality risk (HMR) - ΔL < 0.05 mmol/L. RESULTS: Mortality, both during PICU stay and at 28 days, was statistically associated with elevated serum lactate on D1 and D2, per se. For the 93 cases with elevated lactate on Day 1, and a ΔL cutoff of 0.05 mmol/L, the area under the ROC curve was 0.698 (95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.93). HMR patients scored higher PIM3, were not discharged home until 28 days, counted fewer ventilation-free days and needed renal replacement therapy more often. CONCLUSION: Elevated lactate levels at admission, as well as applying the optimal cutoff for ΔL, allowed to predict short-term mortality: if an increase or minimal decrease in lactate maximum levels occurred from D1 to D2, death was almost eight times more probable. In critically ill children, delta-lactate predicts short-term outcome.

Immunoparalysis in critically ill children.

Immunoparalysis is associated with poorer outcomes in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting. We aimed to determine the group of patients with higher chances of immunoparalysis and correlate this status with increased risks of nosocomial infection and adverse clinical parameters. We conducted an exploratory study with prospective data collection in a university-affiliated tertiary medical, surgical, and cardiac PICU. Fifteen patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were included over a period of 6 months. Monocyte's human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production were measured by flow-cytometry at three time points (T1 = 1-2 days; T2 = 3-5 days; T3 = 6-8 days). Using the paediatric logistic organ dysfunction-2 score to assess initial disease severity, we established the optimal cut-off values of the evaluated parameters to identify the subset of patients with a higher probability of immunoparalysis. A comparative analysis was performed between them. Sixty per cent were males; the median age was 4.1 years. Considering the presence of two criteria in T1 (classical monocytes mean fluorescence intensity [MFI] for HLA-DR ≤ 1758.5, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.775; and frequency of monocytes producing IL-6 ≤ 68.5%, AUC = 0.905) or in T3 (classical monocytes MFI of HLA-DR ≤ 2587.5, AUC = 0.675; and frequency of monocytes producing TNF-α ≤ 93.5%, AUC = 0.833), a variable to define immunoparalysis was obtained (100% sensitivity, 81.5% specificity). Forty per cent of patients were assigned to the immunoparalysis group. In this: a higher frequency of nosocomial infection (p = 0.011), vasoactive inotropic score (p = 0.014) and length of hospital stay (p = 0.036) was observed. In the subgroup with the diagnosis of sepsis/septic shock (n = 5), patients showed higher percentages of non-classical monocytes (p = 0.004). No mortality was recorded. A reduction in classical monocytes HLA-DR expression with lower frequencies of monocytes producing TNF-α and IL-6 during the first week of critical illness, appears to be a good marker of immunoparalysis; these findings relate to an increased risk of nosocomial infection and deleterious outcomes. The increased frequency of non-classical monocytes in patients with sepsis/septic shock is suggestive of a better prognosis.

Perfil epidemiológico dos casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola notificados no SINAN, Brasil, 2007 a 2016 / Epidemiological profile of suspected cases of measles and rubella notified on SINAN, Brazil, 2007 to 2016

Descrever os casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), Brasil, 2007 a 2016. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos do Sinan, referentes aos anos de 2007 a 2016. As variáveis utilizadas foram os números de notificações de casos de sarampo e rubéola por regiões e ano, idade, sexo, hospitalização, estado gestacional, histórico vacinal, realização de bloqueio vacinal, coletas sorológicas (S1 e S2), sinais e sintomas, investigação adequada, critério de confirmação ou descarte e classificação final do caso. Resultados: Entre 2007 e 2016 houve 127.802 casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola notificados. Aproximadamente 92% dos casos foram investigados, a maioria em menores de cinco anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram tosse (40%) e coriza (38%). Como instrumento de vigilância foi coletado sangue para confirmação laboratorial em 87% das notificações. A maioria dos casos de sarampo ocorreu entre os anos de 2011 e 2015, relacionados a casos importados, totalizando 1.443 casos; para rubéola, 10.125 casos foram confirmados. Foram descartados 1,3% (1.698/127.802) e 5,1% (6.555/127.802) das notificações de sarampo e rubéola, respectivamente. Foram ignorados 9% (11.523/127.802) para sarampo e 49% (62.978/127.802) para rubéola. Conclusão: A vigilância dos casos de doenças exantemáticas permitiu demonstrar a situação dos casos de doenças exantemáticas circulantes no país como importante ferramenta de saúde pública. O grande número de casos descartados classificados como ignorados merece atenção, no sentido de melhorar o encerramento dos casos suspeitos notificados

To describe the suspected cases of measles and rubella notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan), Brazil, from 2007 to 2016. Methods: Data were extracted from Sinan referring to the years 2007 to 2016. The variables used were the number of notifications of measles and rubella cases by region and year, age, gender, hospitalization, gestational status, vaccination history, vaccination blockade, serological collections (S1 and S2), signs and symptoms, adequate investigation, confirmation criteria or disposal and final case classification. Results: Between 2007 and 2016, there were 127,802 suspected cases of measles and rubella reported. Approximately 92% of cases were investigated, mostly in children under five years of age. The most frequent symptoms were cough (40%) and runny nose (38%). As a surveillance tool, blood was collected for laboratory confirmation in 87% of notifications. Most Measles cases occurred between 2011 and 2015, related to imported cases, totaling 1,443 cases; for Rubella 10,125 cases were confirmed. 1.3% (1,698/127,802) and 5.1% (6,555/127,802) of measles and rubella notifications, respectively, were discarded. 9% (11,523/127,802) for measles and 49% (62,978/127,802) for rubella were ignored. Conclusion: Surveillance of cases of exanthematous diseases allowed demonstrating the situation of cases of exanthematous diseases circulating in the country as an important public health tool. The large number of discarded cases classified as ignored deserves attention, in order to improve the closing of notified suspected cases

Post-fire dynamics of tree vegetation in forests with and without a history of selective logging in the Eastern Amazon.

Worldwide, forests are susceptible to fire. Forests with fire and selective logging interactions require monitoring and evaluation. This study evaluated the phytosociology and dynamics of tree vegetation in a disturbed forest (DF) and an undisturbed forest (UF) in selective logging areas affected by fire, in the Brazilian East Amazon. All trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm were measured and identified botanically in 93 plots (5 X 50 m) in the DF area and 58 plots (5 X 50 m) in the UF area, in 2010 (before logging), 2011, 2015 and 2017 (two years after the fire). Analysis of species and tree composition, diversity, similarity, mortality and recruitment were carried out. The fire affected the DF and UF areas in a similar proportion in terms of trees loss and basal area, intensifying the mortality rate. In the short term (2 years), the fire did not cause a significant reduction in species diversity, but there was a tendency towards a similarity loss in species composition in the area disturbed by logging. Subsequent assessments are necessary to understand the forest's recovery mechanisms.

Conception of workers in a municipal health network about the service-management relationship / Concepção dos Trabalhadores de uma Rede Municipal de Saúde sobre a Relação Serviço-Gestão / Concepción de los trabajadores de una red de salud municipal sobre la relación servicio-gestión

The objective of this work was to understand the conceptions of health professionals about the relationship between management and the different services that constitute the public health network of a municipality in the southeastern region of Brazil. It used the Focus Group (FG) technique for data collection. Three FG were held with an average of 12 participants per meeting, totaling 38 participants. The Lexical Descending Hierarchical Classification analysis was applied with the support of the Iramuteq software. The results outlined four classes: Management-Service Relationship; Daily challenges of services; Sustainability of work in the territory and Prioritization of the user. The relationship between health services and management was marked by hierarchical practices. However, it was possible to verify that there are expectations regarding the establishment of a transversal relationship. Collective spaces and user participation in care management are considered as important elements for co-management. (AU)

Objetivou-se compreender as concepções de profissionais de saúde sobre a relação de uma gerência com os diversos serviços que compõem a rede de saúde pública de um município da região sudeste do Brasil. Utilizou-se da técnica do Grupo Focal (GF) para a coleta de dados. Foram realizados três GF com a composição média de 12 participantes por encontro, totalizando 38 participantes. Seguiu-se com a análise lexical do tipo Classificação Hierárquica Descendente com o auxílio do software Iramuteq. Os resultados delinearam quatro classes: "Relação Gestão-Serviço"; "Desafios cotidianos dos serviços"; "Sustentação do trabalho no território" e "Priorização do usuário". O estudo indica que a relação serviços-gestão é marcada por práticas hierarquizadas. Contudo, foi possível verificar que existem expectativas em torno da instauração de uma relação transversalizada. Pondera-se os espaços coletivos e a participação dos usuários na gestão do cuidado como elementos importantes para a cogestão. (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender las concepciones de los profesionales de la salud sobre la relación entre la gestión y los diferentes servicios que componen la red pública de salud de un municipio de la región sudeste de Brasil. Se utilizó la técnica de Grupo Focal (GF) para la recolección de datos. Se realizaron tres GF con un promedio de 12 participantes por reunión, totalizando 38 participantes. Un análisis léxico de Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente fue aplicado con el apoyo del software Iramuteq. Los resultados distinguieron cuatro clases: "Relación Gestión-Servicio"; "Retos cotidianos del servicio"; "Sostenibilidad del trabajo en el territorio" y "Priorización de usuario". El estudio indicó que la relación entre los servicios de salud y la gestión está marcada por prácticas jerárquicas. Sin embargo, se pudo constatar que existen expectativas en cuanto al establecimiento de una relación transversal. Los espacios colectivos y la participación de los usuarios en la gestión de la atención se consideran elementos importantes para la cogestión. (AU)

Predicted genetic gains for growth traits and Genotype x Environment interaction in Pinus greggii: new perspectives for genetic improvement in Brazil.

Pinus greggii has potential for inclusion in temperate zone breeding programs around the world as it is frost resistant and produces high yields for pulp production. This study estimates the genetic parameters for two P. greggii progeny tests established in Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brazil. We evaluated diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height (H) at seven and nine years of age. The narrow-sense heritability ( h i 2 ) ranged from 0.225 (H, 7 years) to 0.515 (H, 9 years). The genetic correlation was high for all traits, reaching up to 0.91 between traits and 0.94 between ages. In addition, the results show the presence of Genotype x Environment interaction, and as such, the most productive and stable progeny were identified based on the Harmonic Mean of the Relative Performance of Genetic Values (MHPRVG) values. These population has genetic materials that are superior in terms of both DBH and H compared to the control and to P. greggii materials analyzed internationally. Our results contribute to the literature by providing further genetic information on this species, while also demonstrating the implications of thinning for genetic gains and effective population size.

[Prognostic value of near-infrared spectroscopy in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy]. / Valor pronóstico de la espectroscopia cercana al infrarrojo en la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica.

INTRODUCTION: Despite treatment with hypothermia, 40% of newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy die or suffer moderate to severe disability. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be a useful, non-invasive tool to establish the prognosis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic value of NIRS in predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 36 months in newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, and to establish the time points and cut-off values of regional cerebral oxygen saturation that exhibit the strongest correlation to these outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included all term newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy managed with hypothermia and NIRS between 2013 and 2016. We established 3 outcome categories: normal neurodevelopment, moderate disability and severe disability. RESULTS: The sample comprised 28 newborns (median gestational age, 39 weeks; median birth weight, 3195g). The median regional cerebral oxygen saturation increased from 65% to 85% at 48hours post birth. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were normal in 28.6%, while 35.7% developed moderate disability and 35.7% severe disability; 3 patients died. We found a statistically significant difference between groups at 48hours (P=.005) and after hypothermia (P=.03), with higher values in patients with disability. When we compared patients in the severe disability group with the other groups, we found a statistically significant area under the ROC curve at 48hours of 0.872 (P=.001) applying a regional cerebral oxygen saturation cutoff of 83.5%. After hypothermia, regional cerebral oxygen saturation values below 66.0% (AUC, 0.794; P=.017) predicted normal development, while values above 82% (AUC, 0.881; P=.001) predicted severe disability. CONCLUSIONS: NIRS seems to be a valuable tool to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in patients with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, even after hypothermia, with higher cerebral oxygen saturation values in patients with disability.

Evaluation of the Criteria Adopted to Identify Suspected Cases of COVID-19 in the Emergency Department Service of a Referral Palliative Oncology Care Unit.

CONTEXT: Due to the need for isolation of inpatients with suspected COVID-19, accuracy in identifying these cases in Emergency Department (ED) has great relevance, especially in Palliative Oncology Care Unit (PCU). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of clinical criteria adopted to identify suspected cases of COVID-19 by the ED in PCU. METHODS: All patients admitted to PCU between April and June 2020 from ED were included. The clinical criteria adopted to identify suspected COVID-19 cases were: being in contact with a suspected or confirmed case less than 14 days ago and / or presenting fever with no defined focus and / or respiratory symptoms not explained by oncological disease and / or suggestive image in radiological examination (if necessary). All suspected cases were submitted to deep nasal and throat swab for SARS COV-2 investigation by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Test, adopted as gold standard. Inpatients hospitalized by ED, without suspicion, and then diagnosed with COVID-19 within 10 days of hospitalization were considered as false-negative cases. RESULTS: During the period, 327 patients were admitted from ED. Of these, 69 (21%) were considered suspects, of whom 34 (49%) tested positive for COVID-19. The sensitivity of the clinical criterion to identify suspected cases was 87%, specificity was 88%, positive predictive value was 49%, negative was 98% and accuracy was 88%. CONCLUSION: The clinical criteria adopted to identify suspected cases of COVID-19 at ED proved to be efficient, with low risk of spreading in-hospital infection, avoiding unnecessary isolation of patients.

Primórdios da ioga no Brasil, c. 1910-1920 / Early times of ioga in Brazil, c. 1910-1920 / Primordios del yoga en Brasil, c. 1910-1920

Resumo Apesar da relativa relevância social da ioga no Brasil, há poucos trabalhos acadêmicos sobre a sua história. A maior parte do material disponível sobre o assunto foi produzido por praticantes, com caráter memorialístico, em fontes frequentemente dispersas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a história da ioga no Brasil por meio de jornais e revistas disponíveis no acervo digital da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Essas fontes indicam que a difusão e a prática da ioga no país se iniciaram antes de 1950, período geralmente apontado como marco para esse processo. Além disso, as ambiguidades que marcam os significados dessa prática no Brasil, tal como acontece em vários outros países, são produtos da própria maneira como evoluiu historicamente seu processo de difusão e recepção.

Abstract Despite the relative social relevance of yoga in Brazil, there are few academic works on its history. Most of the material available was produced by practitioners, often dispersed and from a memorialistic approach. In this context, this work analyzes the history of yoga in Brazil through newspapers and magazines available in the collection of Rio de Janeiro's National Library. These sources indicate that the spread and practice of yoga in the country began before 1950, a period often seen as a milestone in that process. In addition, the ambiguities that mark the meanings of this practice in Brazil, as happens in several other countries, are products of the way in which the process of spread and reception evolved historically.

Resumen A pesar de la relativa relevancia social del yoga en Brasil, existen pocos trabajos académicos sobre su historia. La mayor parte del material disponible sobre el tema fue elaborado por personas que lo practican, con un carácter memorialístico, en fuentes frecuentemente dispersas. En ese contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la historia del yoga en Brasil a través de periódicos y revistas disponibles en el acervo digital de la Biblioteca Nacional de Río de Janeiro. Esas fuentes indican que la difusión y la práctica del yoga en el país se iniciaron antes de 1950, periodo generalmente identificado como marco de este proceso. Además, las ambigüedades que marcan los significados de esta práctica en Brasil, tal como ocurre en varios otros países, son producto de la forma misma en que históricamente ha evolucionado su proceso de difusión y recepción.

The onset of piscivory in a freshwater fish species: analysis of behavioural and physiological traits.

The onset of piscivory in fish, resulting in a shift from zooplankton or invertebrate to fish prey, was studied on pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae displaying and not displaying piscivorous behaviour at different ages (23, 30, 37, 44 and 52 days post-hatching) using behavioural (attack, capture and swimming activity), morphological (allometry) and digestive enzymatic (trypsin, α-amylase and pepsin) analyses. The shift from zooplanktonic food items (Artemia nauplii) to a piscivorous diet did not occur at the same time for all individuals within the same cohort. Predation tests, conducted under controlled conditions (20°C; ad libitum feeding), showed that some larvae attacked fish prey as early as the age of 3 weeks [11.0 ± 1.3 mm total length (TL)], whereas others did not start until the age of 6 weeks (16.6 ± 1.9 mm TL). Piscivorous individuals were bigger, with larger heads, longer tails, higher acid protease and lower alkaline protease activities, than non-piscivorous conspecifics. In conclusion, high interindividual variability in morphological and digestive system developments linked to the development of predatory abilities could induce cannibalism in fish.

Dez anos de um CAPSi: comparação da caracterização de usuários atendidos / 10 years of CAPSi: comparing the characterization of users served / 10 ans dune CAPSi: comparaison de la caractérisation des utilisateurs du service / 10 años de un CAPSi: comparación de la caracterización de los usuarios atendidos

Resumo Estudo retrospectivo de caráter descritivo. Por meio de coleta em prontuários, objetivou-se caracterizar crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil (CAPSi) durante seu décimo ano de funcionamento e comparar com estudo análogo realizado no primeiro ano de funcionamento. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio dos softwares SPSS e Iramuteq. Identificou-se aumento de 51,85% ( n = 84 ) da demanda em relação ao primeiro ano. Observou-se aumento de usuários de sexo feminino, cuja marca foram queixas de automutilação. Manteve-se prevalência de usuários do sexo masculino, cuja marca foram problemas de comportamento, como agressividade e hiperatividade. Discute-se, neste estudo, as articulações entre CAPSi e demais serviços da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), especialmente acerca dos encaminhamentos. Também se discute sobre a medicalização sem registro de hipótese diagnóstica e os desafios de se exercer a clínica ampliada e a lógica do trabalho psicossocial, a qual se opõe ao paradigma exclusivamente biomédico, simplificador dos fenômenos do desenvolvimento infantil.

Abstract This descriptive retrospective study used medical records to characterize children and adolescents cared in a CAPSi during their tenth year of operation and to compare with an analogous study carried out in the first year of operation. Data were analyzed using SPSS and IRaMuTeQ. There was an increase of 51.85% ( n = 84 ) in demand compared to the first year. There was an increase in female users, whose complaints concerned self-mutilation. However, the prevalence of male users remained, whose complaints concerned behavioral issues such as aggression and hyperactivity. In this study, we discuss the articulations between CAPSi and other services of the Psychosocial Care Network, especially regarding referrals. It also discusses medicalization without record of prognosis and the challenges of exercising the "expanded clinical" practice and the logic of psychosocial work, which opposes the exclusively biomedical paradigm, simplifying the phenomena of child development.

Résumé Une étude rétrospective descriptive. L'objectif c'était de caractériser les enfants et adolescents traités dans une CAPSi au cours de leur dixième année d'activité et faire la comparaison avec l'étude analogue réalisée au long de la première année. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide des logiciels SPSS et IRaMuTeQ. Il a été identifié une augmentation de 51,85% ( n = 84 ) de la demande par rapport à la première année. Il y a eu une augmentation du nombre d'utilisateurs du sexe féminin, dont la marque était des plaintes d'automutilation. Cependant, la prévalence des utilisateurs du sexe masculin est restée, dont la marque était des problèmes de comportement, comme l'agressivité et l'hyperactivité. Dans cette étude, nous discutons des questions relatives aux articulations entre le CAPSi et les autres services du réseau de soins psychosociaux, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les renvois. Il aborde également la médicalisation sans enregistrement d'hypothèses diagnostiques et les défis de l'exercice de la "clinique élargie" et à la logique psychosocial, qui s'oppose au paradigme exclusivement biomédical simplifiant les phénomènes de développement de l'enfant.

Resumen Estudio retrospectivo, de carácter descriptivo. Por medio de recolección de datos en historiales, se objetivó caracterizar a niños y adolescentes atendidos en un CAPSi durante su décimo año de funcionamiento, y comparar los datos con un estudio análogo realizado en su primer año de funcionamiento. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó los softwares SPSS e Iramuteq. Se identificó un aumento del 51,85% ( n = 84 ) de la demanda en relación al primer año. Se observó un aumento de usuarios del sexo femenino, cuya marca fueron quejas de automutilación. Sin embargo, se mantuvo la prevalencia de usuarios del sexo masculino, cuya marca fueron problemas de comportamiento, como agresividad e hiperactividad. En este estudio, se discuten las articulaciones entre CAPSi y otros servicios de la Red de Atención Psicosocial, especialmente sobre las remisiones. También se discute la medicalización sin registro de hipótesis diagnósticas y los desafíos de ejercer la clínica extendida y la lógica del trabajo psicosocial, que se opone al paradigma exclusivamente biomédico simplificador de los fenómenos del desarrollo infantil.

Memory and linguistic/executive functions of children with borderline intellectual functioning.

Children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF) have received a minimal amount of research attention and have been studied in conjunction with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. The present study intends to broaden the knowledge of BIF, by analyzing domains such as verbal memory and visual memory, as well as tasks that rely simultaneously on memory, executive functions, and language. A cross-sectional, comparison study was carried out between a group of 40 children with BIF (mean age = 10.03; 24 male and 16 female), and a control group of 40 normal children of the same age, gender, and socioeconomic level as the BIF group. The WISC-III Full Scale IQs of the BIF group ranged from 71 to 84. The following instruments were used: Word List, Narrative Memory, Rey Complex Figure, Face Memory, Rapid Naming (both RAN and RAS tests), and Verbal Fluency. The results showed deficits in children with BIF in verbal short-term memory, rapid naming, phonemic verbal fluency, and visual short-term memory, specifically in a visual recognition task, when compared with the control group. Long-term verbal memory was impaired only in older children with BIF and long-term visual memory showed no deficit. Verbal short-term memory stands out as a limitation and visual long-term memory as a strength. Correlations between the WISC-III and neuropsychological tests scores were predominantly low. The study expands the neuropsychological characterization of children with BIF and the implications of the deficits and strengths are stressed.

Complement factor B mutation-associated aHUS and myocardial infarction.

A 6-month-old female infant was referred with a 3-day history of low-grade fever, slight nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea. On admission, the clinical findings were unremarkable and she was discharged home. However, she became progressively more listless with a decreased urine output and was once again seen in the emergency department. Analytically she was found to have metabolic acidosis, hyperkalaemia, thrombocytopaenia, anaemia and schistocytes in the peripheral blood smear. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of haemolyticâ-uremic syndrome was made. A few hours postadmission, there was an abrupt clinical deterioration. She went into cardiorespiratory arrest and she was successfully resuscitated. An ST-segment elevation was noted on the ECG monitor and the troponin I levels were raised, suggesting myocardial infarction. Despite intensive supportive therapy, she went into refractory shock and died within 30 hours.

Galactose Epimerase Deficiency: Expanding the Phenotype.

Galactose epimerase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism due to uridine diphosphate-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency. We report the clinical presentation, genetic and biochemical studies in two siblings with generalized GALE deficiency.Patient 1: The first child was born with a dysmorphic syndrome. Failure to thrive was noticed during the first year. Episodes of heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy, followed by liver failure, occurred between 12 and 42 months. The finding of a serum transferrin isoelectrofocusing (IEF) type 1 pattern led to the suspicion of a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). Follow-up disclosed psychomotor disability, deafness, and nuclear cataracts.Patient 2: The sibling of patient 1 was born with short limbs and hip dysplasia. She is deceased in the neonatal period due to intraventricular hemorrhage in the context of liver failure. Investigation disclosed galactosuria and normal transferrin glycosylation.Next-generation sequence panel analysis for CDG syndrome revealed the previously reported c.280G>A (p.[V94M]) homozygous mutation in the GALE gene. Enzymatic studies in erythrocytes (patient 1) and fibroblasts (patients 1 and 2) revealed markedly reduced GALE activity confirming generalized GALE deficiency. This report describes the fourth family with generalized GALE deficiency, expanding the clinical spectrum of this disorder, since major cardiac involvement has not been reported before.

[Multidimensional Strategy Regarding the Reduction of Central-Line Associated Infection in Pediatric Intensive Care]. / Estratégia Multidimensional na Redução de Infeção Associada a Cateter Venoso Central em Pediatria.

INTRODUCTION: To determine the central-line associated bloodstream infection rate after implementation of central venous catheter-care practice bundles and guidelines and to compare it with the previous central-line associated bloodstream infection rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, observational descriptive study with an exploratory component was performed in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit during five months. The universe was composed of every child admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit who inserted a central venous catheter. A comparative study with historical controls was performed to evaluate the result of the intervention (group 1 versus group 2). RESULTS: Seventy five children were included, with a median age of 23 months: 22 (29.3%) newborns; 28 (37.3%) with recent surgery and 32 (43.8%) with underlying illness. A total of 105 central venous catheter were inserted, the majority a single central venous catheter (69.3%), with a mean duration of 6.8 ± 6.7 days. The most common type of central venous catheter was the short-term, non-tunneled central venous catheter (45.7%), while the subclavian and brachial flexure veins were the most frequent insertion sites (both 25.7%). There were no cases of central-line associated bloodstream infection reported during this study. Comparing with historical controls (group 1), both groups were similar regarding age, gender, department of origin and place of central venous catheter insertion. In the current study (group 2), the median length of stay was higher, while the mean duration of central venous catheter (excluding peripherally inserted central line) was similar in both groups. There were no statistical differences regarding central venous catheter caliber and number of lumens. Fewer children admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit had central venous catheter inserted in group 2, with no significant difference between single or multiple central venous catheter. DISCUSSION: After multidimensional strategy implementation there was no reported central-line associated bloodstream infection Conclusions: Efforts must be made to preserve the same degree of multidimensional prevention, in order to confirm the effective reduction of the central-line associated bloodstream infection rate and to allow its maintenance.

Introdução: Determinar a incidência de infeções da corrente sanguínea associadas ao uso de cateter venoso central, após reforço de medidas multidisciplinares de boa prática e a sua comparação com a taxa de incidência de infeções da corrente sanguínea associadas ao uso de cateter venoso central prévia. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo, com colheita prospetiva de dados, durante cinco meses, após implementação de medidas multidisciplinares. Foram incluídas todas as crianças admitidas na unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, submetidas à colocação de cateter venoso central e foi efetuada comparação com controlos históricos.Resultados: Incluíram-se 75 doentes com idade mediana de 23 meses: 22 (29,3%) recém-nascidos, 28 (37,3%) submetidos a cirurgia e 32 (43,8%) com patologia subjacente. Foram colocados 105 cateteres venosos centrais, com tempo médio de permanência de 6,8 ± 6,7 dias. O tipo de cateter venoso central mais comum foi de curta duração (45,7%), sendo os locais de inserção mais frequentes a veia subclávia e da flexura braquial (ambos 25,7%). Não ocorreu nenhuma infeção da corrente sanguínea associada ao uso de cateter venoso central durante o período do estudo. Comparando com os controlos históricos, ambos os grupos eram semelhantes relativamente à idade, género, proveniência dos doentes e local de colocação de cateter venoso central. No estudo atual, a duração mediana de internamento foi superior, com tempo de permanência de cateter venoso central (excluindo epicutâneo-cava) semelhante. Não se verificou diferença em relação ao calibre e número de lumens do cateter venoso central utilizado. A percentagem de crianças que colocou cateter venoso central em relação ao total de crianças admitidas no serviço no mesmo período foi menor no estudo atual, não existindo diferença significativa entre colocação de cateter venoso central único ou múltiplo. Discussão: Após implementação da estratégia multidimensional não se registou nos Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos ocorrência de infeções da corrente sanguínea associadas ao uso de cateter venoso central. Conclusões: Devem ser encetados esforços para preservar o mesmo grau de prevenção multidimensional, para que se confirme a redução efetiva da taxa de incidência de infeções da corrente sanguínea associadas ao uso de cateter venoso central.

Invasive Meningococcal Disease: Application of Base Excess and Platelets Score in a Portuguese Paediatric Intensive Care Unit.

INTRODUCTION: Meningococcal infection has a high mortality and morbidity. Recently a new prognostic scoring system was developed for paediatric invasive meningococcal disease, based on platelet count and base excess â base excess and platelets score. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of base excess and platelets score to predict mortality in children admitted to intensive care due to invasive meningococcal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study, with retrospective data collection, during a 13.5 years period (01/2000 to 06/2013). Mortality by invasive meningococcal disease and related factors (organ dysfunction and multi-organ failure) were analysed. The base excess and platelets score was calculated retrospectively, to evaluate its accuracy in predicting mortality and compared with Paediatric Risk of Mortality and Paediatric Index of Mortality2. RESULTS: Were admitted 76 children with invasive meningococcal disease. The most frequent type of dysfunction was cardiovascular (92%), followed by hematologic (55%). Of the total, 47 patients (62%) had criteria for multi-organ failure. The global mortality was 16%. Neurologic and renal dysfunction showed the strongest association with mortality, adjusted odds ratio 315 (26 - 3 804) and 155 (20 - 1 299). After application of receiver operating characteristic curves, Base Excess and Platelets score had an area under curve of 0.81, Paediatric Index of Mortality2 of 0.91 and Paediatric Risk of Mortality of 0.96. DISCUSSION: The Base Excess and Platelets score showed good accuracy, although not as high as Paediatric Risk of Mortality or Paediatric Index of Mortality2. CONCLUSIONS: The Base Excess and Platelets score may be useful tool in invasive meningococcal disease because is highly sensitive and specific and is objectively measurable and readily available at presentation.

Introdução: A infeção meningocócica tem uma elevada mortalidade e morbilidade. Recentemente foi desenvolvido um score de prognóstico para a doença meningocócica invasiva em idade pediátrica, baseado na contagem plaquetar e no excesso de base - o Base Excess and Platelets Score. O objetivo principal desde estudo foi avaliar a precisão prognóstica do Base Excess and Platelets Score em doentes admitidos em cuidados intensivos pediátricos por doença meningocócica invasiva.Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional, com colheita de dados retrospetiva, que incluiu um período de 13,5 anos (01/2000 a 06/2013). Foram analisados: mortalidade por doença meningocócica invasiva e fatores associados (disfunção de órgão e falência multi-órgão). Foi calculado o Base Excess and Platelets Score de forma retrospetiva, para avaliar a sua precisão na predição da mortalidade e foi comparado com o Paediatric Risk of Mortality e Paediatric Index of Mortality2.Resultados: Foram admitidas 76 crianças com doença meningocócica invasiva. O tipo de disfunção mais frequente foi a cardiovascular (92%), seguida da hematológica (55%). Cumpriram critérios de falência multi-órgão 47 doentes (62%). A mortalidade global foi de 16%. A disfunção neurológica e a renal foram as que apresentaram uma maior associação com a mortalidade, odds ratio ajustado 315 (26 - 3 804) e 155 (20 - 1 299). Após aplicação das curvas receiver operating characteristic, o Base Excess and Platelets Score tinha umaarea under curve de 0,81, o Paediatric Index of Mortality2 de 0,91 e o Paediatric Risk of Mortality de 0,96.Discussão: O Base Excess and Platelets Score apresentou uma boa precisão apesar de não tão elevada como o Paediatric Index of Mortality2 ou o Paediatric Risk of Mortality.Conclusões: O Base Excess and Platelets Score pode ser útil como indicador prognóstico na doença meningocócica invasiva, por apresentar uma elevada sensibilidade e especificidade e ser objetivo e rapidamente disponível na admissão.