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OBJECTIVES: Down syndrome (DS) is associated with airway abnormalities including a narrowed trachea. It is uncertain whether this narrowed trachea in DS is a consequence of deviant fetal development or an acquired disorder following endotracheal intubation after birth. This study aimed to compare the tracheal morphology in DS and non-DS fetuses using microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT). METHODS: Twenty fetal samples were obtained from the Dutch Fetal Biobank and divided into groups based on gestational age. Micro-CT images were processed to analyze tracheal length, volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA). RESULTS: Mean tracheal length and tracheal volume were similar in DS and non-DS fetuses for all gestational age groups. Mean, minimum, and maximal tracheal CSA were statistically significantly increased in the single DS fetus in the group of 21-24 weeks of gestation, but not in other gestational age groups. In 90% of all studied fetuses, the minimum tracheal CSA was located in the middle third of the trachea. CONCLUSION: Tracheal development in DS fetuses was similar to non-DS fetuses between 13 and 21 weeks of gestation. This suggests that the narrowed tracheal diameter in DS children may occur later in fetal development or results from postnatal intubation trauma. The narrowest part of the trachea is in majority of DS and non-DS fetuses the middle third. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3 Laryngoscope, 2024.
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There are ample data to suggest that early-life dysbiosis of both the gut and/or airway microbiome can predispose a child to develop along a trajectory toward asthma. Although individual studies show clear associations between dysbiosis and asthma development, it is less clear what (collection of) bacterial species is mechanistically responsible for the observed effects. This is partly due to issues related to the asthma diagnosis and the broad spectrum of anatomical sites, sample techniques, and analysis protocols that are used in different studies. Moreover, there is limited attention for potential differences in the genetics of individuals that would affect the outcome of the interaction between the environment and that individual. Despite these challenges, the first bacterial components were identified that are able to affect the transcriptional state of human cells, ergo the immune system. Such molecules could in the future be the basis for intervention studies that are now (necessarily) restricted to a limited number of bacterial species. For this transition, it might be prudent to develop an ex vivo human model of a local mucosal immune system to better and safer explore the impact of such molecules. With this approach, we might move beyond association toward understanding of causality.
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Asma , Microbiota , Criança , Humanos , DisbioseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: To update the European guidelines for the assessment of voice quality (VQ) in clinical practice. METHODS: Nineteen laryngologists-phoniatricians of the European Laryngological Society (ELS) and the Union of the European Phoniatricians (UEP) participated to a modified Delphi process to propose statements about subjective and objective VQ assessments. Two anonymized voting rounds determined a consensus statement to be acceptable when 80% of experts agreed with a rating of at least 3/4. The statements with ≥ 3/4 score by 60-80% of experts were improved and resubmitted to voting until they were validated or rejected. RESULTS: Of the 90 initial statements, 51 were validated after two voting rounds. A multidimensional set of minimal VQ evaluations was proposed and included: baseline VQ anamnesis (e.g., allergy, medical and surgical history, medication, addiction, singing practice, job, and posture), videolaryngostroboscopy (mucosal wave symmetry, amplitude, morphology, and movements), patient-reported VQ assessment (30- or 10-voice handicap index), perception (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain), aerodynamics (maximum phonation time), acoustics (Mean F0, Jitter, Shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratio), and clinical instruments associated with voice comorbidities (reflux symptom score, reflux sign assessment, eating-assessment tool-10, and dysphagia handicap index). For perception, aerodynamics and acoustics, experts provided guidelines for the methods of measurement. Some additional VQ evaluations are proposed for voice professionals or patients with some laryngeal diseases. CONCLUSION: The ELS-UEP consensus for VQ assessment provides clinical statements for the baseline and pre- to post-treatment evaluations of VQ and to improve collaborative research by adopting common and validated VQ evaluation approach.
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Doenças da Laringe , Otolaringologia , Voz , Humanos , Qualidade da Voz , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination as an adjuvant therapy in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science databases were queried for articles published before April 2021. REVIEW METHODS: All retrieved studies (n = 870) were independently analyzed by two reviewers according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. 13 studies met inclusion criteria. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to study intersurgical interval (ISI) and number of surgical procedures per year before and after vaccination. RESULTS: The systematic review included 13 studies, comprising 243 patients. All studies utilized the Gardasil® quadrivalent vaccine, and one study (Yiu et al. 2019) utilized both the quadrivalent and Gardasil® 9-valent vaccines. Our meta-analysis included 62 patients with ISI data across 4 studies, and 111 patients with data on the number of surgical procedures per month across 7 studies. The mean number of surgical procedures decreased by 4.43 per year after vaccination (95% CI, -7.48 to -1.37). Mean ISI increased after vaccination, with a mean difference of 15.73 months (95% CI, 1.46-29.99). Two studies reported on HPV sero-conversion, with HPV seropositivity of 100% prior to vaccination and 25.93% after vaccination. CONCLUSION: The addition of HPV vaccination was associated with an increase in time between surgeries and reduction in the number of surgical procedures required. HPV vaccination may be a beneficial adjuvant treatment for RRP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 133:2046-2054, 2023.
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Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus , Infecções Respiratórias , Humanos , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Papillomavirus/cirurgia , Vacina Quadrivalente Recombinante contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18 , Papillomavirus Humano , Vacinação , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Infecções Respiratórias/cirurgiaRESUMO
The majority of sexually active individuals becomes infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) at least once in their lifetime. Pathways for HPV transmission vary across different mucosal sites per individual. They include autoinoculation within one host, direct transmission between individuals (including perinatal transmission and transmission during sexual activity), and indirect transmission through contact with hands. The authors aim to clarify the prevalence and route of transmission per anatomic site, inter- and intra-individually, using a narrative review of the literature. In conclusion, transmission of HPV to the oral cavity and oropharynx is hypothesised to occur mainly through sexual contact. Transmission of particles through saliva has not been proven and daily living activities are not a documented source of HPV infection. Oropharyngeal HPV related cancer survivors and their partners do not show increased risk of infection during sexual intercourse. Transmission of HPV to the oral cavity (autoinoculation with fingers or transmission through saliva in deep kissing) is probably of limited importance.
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Carcinoma , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Papillomavirus Humano , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Boca , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , PapillomaviridaeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare short-term and long-term outcomes after transcanal endoscope-assisted with microscope-assisted ossiculoplasty using the Fisch titanium total prosthesis (FTTP). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Pediatric (<18 yr of age) and adult patients undergoing ossiculoplasty with the FTTP between January 2016 and December 2019. INTERVENTION: Transcanal endoscope-assisted (n = 30) or microscope-assisted (n = 76) ossiculoplasty with the FTTP. In the microscopic group, 48 were performed through the ear canal and 28 by retroauricular approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Short-term (3 mo) and long-term (average 20.2 mo) PTA 0.5-2kHz air and bone conduction thresholds were evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 106 patients were included. Nine of 30 (30.0%) of endoscopic and 15 of 76 (19.7%) of microscopic patients were pediatric. Endoscopic preoperative air conduction PTA 0.5-2kHz was 52.1 ± 15.8 dB and 52.2 ± 17.9 dB for the microscopic group ( p > 0.05). Three months postoperative endoscopic air conduction PTA 0.5-2kHz was 37.6 ± 17.4 dB (14.5 dB improvement) and 44.6 ± 19.9 dB (7.6 dB improvement) in the microscopic group ( p > 0.05). Three months postoperative endoscopic PTA 0.5-2kHz ABG was 26.8 ± 16.6 dB and 28.4 ± 14.7 dB in the microscopic group ( p > 0.05). Latest follow-up endoscopic air conduction PTA 0.5-2kHz audiogram (mean follow-up, 20.6 ± 10.4 mo) was 36.1 ± 18.2 dB (16.0 dB improvement) and 40.1 ± 16.8 dB (12.1 dB improvement) in the microscopic group (mean follow-up, 19.9 ± 10.3 mo)( p > 0.05). For endoscopic air conduction PTA 0.5-2kHz , between the 3 months and latest follow-up audiogram, 25.0% showed improvement, 50.0% remained stable, and 25.0% deteriorated. In the microscopic group, 26.7% improved, 46.6% remained stable, and 26.7% deteriorated ( p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that hearing results with the Fisch titanium total prosthesis are in line with literature. Endoscope-assisted total ossiculoplasty proves to be a suitable technique with comparable results to the microscopic approach.
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Prótese Ossicular , Substituição Ossicular , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Substituição Ossicular/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Titânio , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Informed consent for any surgical intervention is necessary, as only well-informed patients can actively participate in the decision-making process about their care, and better understand the likely or potential outcomes of their treatment. No consensus exists on informed consent for suspension microlaryngoscopy (SML). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Informed consent procedures in nine countries on five continents were studied. RESULTS: Several risks can be discerned: risks of SML as procedure, anesthesiologic risks of SML, specific risks of phonosurgery, risks of inadequate glottic exposure or unexpected findings, risks of not treating. SML has recognized potential complications, that can be divided in temporary (minor) complications, and lasting (major) complications. CONCLUSION: SML is a safe procedure with low morbidity, and virtually no mortality. Eleven recommendations are provided.
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Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Laringoscopia , Consenso , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Laringoscopia/efeitos adversos , Laringoscopia/métodos , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
PURPOSE: To this day, there is no cure for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Multiple surgical procedures are performed to achieve symptom relief and prevention of airway obstruction. A promising drug for RRP is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding antibody bevacizumab. This chemotherapeutic agent has an angiogenesis-inhibiting effect which inhibits tumor growth. The objective of this review was to investigate the efficacy of bevacizumab as treatment option for RRP, and to explore the difference of its effects between intralesional and systemic treatment. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase. Articles were included if bevacizumab treatment was given intralesionally and/or systemically. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the CAse REport (CARE) guidelines. RESULTS: Of 585 unique articles screened by title and abstract, 15 studies were included, yielding a total of 64 patients. In 95% of the patients treated with systemic bevacizumab, the post-bevacizumab surgical interval was considerably prolonged. More than half of them did not need any surgical intervention during mean follow-up of 21.6 months. Treatment with intralesional bevacizumab showed a lower efficacy: in 62% of the patients, the post-bevacizumab surgical interval (mean, 1.8 months follow-up) was extended when compared to the interval before the treatment. CONCLUSION: Systemically and intralesionally administered bevacizumab are effective treatment options for severe RRP. A systemic administration might be the treatment of first choice. Further prospective research with long term follow-up is advocated to elucidate this important topic.
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Infecções por Papillomavirus , Infecções Respiratórias , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Bevacizumab/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/cirurgia , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Respiratórias/cirurgia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of the ChOLE classification in predicting the severity of acquired cholesteatoma. METHOD: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing primary cholesteatoma surgery in our tertiary referral center. The primary outcome measures were analyzed in three groups of follow up (FU): residual cholesteatoma in group A, FUâ>â52âweeks after last-look surgery or MRI-DWI; recurrent cholesteatoma in group B, FUâ>â52âweeks after last outpatient visit; and adverse events (AE) in group C, FUâ>â12âweeks after surgery. Cholesteatomata were staged according to the ChOLE classification. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to determine the prognostic value of the classification in predicting cholesteatoma severity, while correcting for FU. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the various stages of the ChOLE classification and residual or recurrent cholesteatoma rate, nor the occurrence of AE. Cholesteatoma extension to the sinus tympani or widespread in the mastoid, as well as absence of the stapes superstructure were predictive of residual disease. Sclerotic mastoids had a lower risk of residual disease than mastoids with good or poor pneumatization and ventilation. Poorly ventilated and poorly pneumatized mastoids were associated with increased risk of recurrence. Widespread cholesteatoma in the mastoid as well as presence of preoperative extracranial complications were correlated with an increased risk of AE. CONCLUSION: The ChOLE classification does not predict residual nor recurrent disease, nor the occurrence of AE, in our study population. Risk factors for severe cholesteatoma were identified, potentially useful for the development of future classifications.
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Colesteatoma da Orelha Média , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/cirurgia , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Processo Mastoide , Neoplasia Residual , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To quantify changes in the perceived epithelial border with narrow band imaging (NBI) and white light imaging (WLI) during cholesteatoma surgery and to objectify possible benefits of NBI in otology. METHODS: Perioperative digital endoscopic images were captured during combined approach tympanoplasty at our tertiary referral center using WLI and NBI (415 nm and 540 nm wavelengths). Sixteen otologic surgeon defined the epithelial borders within 16 identical WLI and NBI photos. Pixels of these selections were calculated to analyze the quantitative difference between WLI and NBI. A questionnaire also analyzed the qualitative differences. RESULTS: Sixteen otologic surgeons participated in the study. Stratified per photo, only two photos yielded a significant difference: less pixels were selected with NBI than WLI. A Bland-Altman plot showed no systemic error. Stratified per otologist, four participants selected significantly more pixels with WLI than with NBI. Overall, no significant difference between selected pixels was found. Sub-analyses of surgeons with more than 5 years of experience yielded no additional findings. Despite these results, 60% believed NBI could be advantageous in defining epithelial borders, of which 83% believed NBI could reduce the risk of residual disease. CONCLUSION: There was no objective difference in the identification of epithelial borders with NBI compared to WLI in cholesteatoma surgery. Therefore, we do not expect the use of NBI to evidently decrease the risk of residual cholesteatoma. However, subjective assessment does suggest a possible benefit of lighting techniques in otology.
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Colesteatoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Colesteatoma/cirurgia , Luz , Imagem de Banda Estreita , Endoscopia , Humanos , Imagem de Banda Estreita/métodos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of the Japanese Otological Society (JOS), EAONO-JOS, and STAMCO classifications in predicting the severity of acquired cholesteatoma and to identify other factors that could influence residual and recurrent cholesteatoma, as well as adverse events (AE). METHOD: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing primary cholesteatoma surgery in our tertiary referral center. Primary outcome measures were based on three groups of follow-up (FU): Group A, studying residual cholesteatoma, FUâ>â52âweeks of last-look surgery or magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging; group B, studying recurrent disease, FUâ>â52âweeks of last outpatient clinic visit; and group C, studying AE, FUâ>â12âweeks after surgery. Cholesteatomata were staged according to the JOS, EAONO-JOS, and STAMCO classifications. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to determine the prognostic value of the various classifications and to identify other determining factors, while correcting for FU. RESULTS: FU was found to be a significant confounder. No correlation was found between staging and the occurrence of residual or recurrent disease, nor the occurrence of AE. Type of surgery was a significant determinant of all three primary outcome measures. A higher age was associated with a lower risk of residual disease. CONCLUSION: In our population the JOS, EAONO-JOS, and STAMCO classifications have limited prognostic value. Three main confounders were identified that pose a challenge in developing a universal classification: FU, surgery type, and age. Cholesteatoma staging should be postponed until a system is developed which significantly correlates cholesteatoma stage to cholesteatoma severity, to have implications for management strategies.
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Colesteatoma da Orelha Média , Reincidência , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/cirurgia , Humanos , Nigéria , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
This review focuses on the importance of oral and laryngeal HPV infection which is present in majority of sexually active individuals at least once in their lifetime. Despite testing, still little is known about prevalence rates, determinants and, especially, the concurrent HPV infection in head and neck, and genitals. The purpose of this review is to clarify some issues of oral HPV incidence, prevalence, and to demonstrate the difficulties in identification of asymptomatic oral HPV carriers. The main premise to take up this topic is the high and still increasing risk for development of oropharyngeal cancer, and potential benefit from screening strategies, education programs and HPV vaccination. Transmission of HPV to the oral cavity and oropharynx is hypothesized to occur mainly through sexual contact. The exposure of oropharyngeal mucosa to HPV infection with consequence of increased risk for oropharyngeal carcinoma depends on specific sexual behavior. Male gender, older age, race or ethnicity, oral hygiene and current cigarette smoking are independently associated with any prevalent oral HPV infection.
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Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Idoso , Genitália , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aims to analyse differences in fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FOL) versus high definition laryngoscopy (HDL) by examining videolaryngoscopy images by a large group of observers with different levels of clinical expertise in ear, nose and throat (ENT) medicine. METHODS: This study is a 111 observer paired analysis of laryngoscopy videos during an interactive presentation. During a National Meeting of the Dutch Society of ENT/Head and Neck Surgery, observers assessed both FOL and HDL videos of nine cases with additional clinical information. Observers included 41 ENT consultants (36.9%), 34 ENT residents (30.6%), 22 researchers with Head and Neck interest (19.8%) and 14 with unspecified clinical expertise (12.6%). For both laryngoscopic techniques, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were determined for identifying a normal glottis, hyperkeratosis, radiotherapy adverse effects and squamous cell carcinoma. The sensitivities for FOL and HDL were analysed with regard to the different levels of clinical expertise. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity for correctly identifying the specific histological entity was higher in HDL (FOL 61% vs HDL 66.3%, p < 0.05). HDL was superior to FOL in identifying a normal glottis (FOL 68.1% vs HDL 91.6%, p < 0.01) and squamous cell carcinoma (FOL 70.86% vs HDL 79.41%, p = 0.02). Residents and researchers with Head and Neck interest diagnosed laryngeal lesions more correctly with HDL (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of observers with different levels of clinical expertise, HDL is superior to FOL in identifying laryngeal lesions.
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Laringoscópios , Laringe , Laringoscopia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Gravação de VideoteipeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study is to develop consensus on key points that would support the use of systemic bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), and to provide preliminary guidance surrounding the use of this treatment modality. STUDY DESIGN: Delphi method-based survey series. METHODS: A multidisciplinary, multi-institutional panel of physicians with experience using systemic bevacizumab for the treatment of RRP was established. The Delphi method was used to identify and obtain consensus on characteristics associated with systemic bevacizumab use across five domains: 1) patient characteristics; 2) disease characteristics; 3) treating center characteristics; 4) prior treatment characteristics; and 5) prior work-up. RESULTS: The international panel was composed of 70 experts from 12 countries, representing pediatric and adult otolaryngology, hematology/oncology, infectious diseases, pediatric surgery, family medicine, and epidemiology. A total of 189 items were identified, of which consensus was achieved on Patient Characteristics (9), Disease Characteristics (10), Treatment Center Characteristics (22), and Prior Workup Characteristics (18). CONCLUSION: This consensus statement provides a useful starting point for clinicians and centers hoping to offer systemic bevacizumab for RRP and may serve as a framework to assess the components of practices and centers currently using this therapy. We hope to provide a strategy to offer the treatment and also to provide a springboard for bevacizumab's use in combination with other RRP treatment protocols. Standardized delivery systems may facilitate research efforts and provide dosing regimens to help shape best-practice applications of systemic bevacizumab for patients with early-onset or less-severe disease phenotypes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 Laryngoscope, 131:E1941-E1949, 2021.
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Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Bevacizumab/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Consenso , Técnica Delphi , Humanos , InternacionalidadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Airway anomalies are accountable for a substantial part of morbidity and mortality in children with Down syndrome (DS). Although tracheal anomalies occur more often in DS children, a structured overview on the topic is lacking. We systematically reviewed the characteristics of tracheal anomalies in DS children. METHODS: A MEDLINE and EMBASE search for DS and tracheal anomalies was performed. Tracheal anomalies included tracheal stenosis, complete tracheal ring deformity (CTRD), tracheal bronchus, tracheomalacia, tracheal web, tracheal agenesis or atresia, laryngotracheoesophageal cleft type 3 or 4, trachea sleeve, and absent tracheal rings. RESULTS: Fifty-nine articles were included. The trachea of DS children is significantly smaller than non-DS children. Tracheomalacia and tracheal bronchus are seen significantly more often in DS children. Furthermore, tracheal stenosis, CTRD, and tracheal compression by vascular structures are seen regularly in children with DS. These findings are reflected by the significantly higher frequency of tracheostomy and tracheoplasty performed in DS children. CONCLUSION: In children with DS, tracheal anomalies occur more frequently and tracheal surgery is performed more frequently than in non-DS children. When complaints indicative of tracheal airway obstruction like biphasic stridor, dyspnea, or wheezing are present in children with DS, diagnostic rigid laryngotracheobronchoscopy with special attention to the trachea is indicated. Furthermore, imaging studies (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound) play an important role in the workup of DS children with airway symptoms. Management depends on the type, number, and extent of tracheal anomalies. Surgical treatment seems to be the mainstay in severe cases.
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Síndrome de Down , Doenças da Traqueia , Criança , Síndrome de Down/complicações , Síndrome de Down/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Laringe , Traqueia/diagnóstico por imagem , Traqueia/cirurgia , Doenças da Traqueia/complicações , Estenose Traqueal/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose Traqueal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, may need intensive care unit (ICU) admission in up to 12% of all positive cases for massive interstitial pneumonia, with possible long-term endotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and subsequent tracheostomy. The most common airway-related complications of such ICU maneuvers are laryngotracheal granulomas, webs, stenosis, malacia and, less commonly, tracheal necrosis with tracheo-esophageal or tracheo-arterial fistulae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This paper gathers the opinions of experts of the Laryngotracheal Stenosis Committee of the European Laryngological Society, with the aim of alerting the medical community about the possible rise in number of COVID-19-related laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS), and the aspiration of paving the way to a more rationale concentration of these cases within referral specialist airway centers. RESULTS: A range of prevention strategies, diagnostic work-up, and therapeutic approaches are reported and framed within the COVID-19 pandemic context. CONCLUSIONS: One of the most important roles of otolaryngologists when encountering airway-related signs and symptoms in patients with previous ICU hospitalization for COVID-19 is to maintain a high level of suspicion for LTS development, and share it with colleagues and other health care professionals. Such a condition requires specific expertise and should be comprehensively managed in tertiary referral centers.