In-Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Using L929 Cell Lines.

Tooth movement in orthodontic therapy is connected to the frictional force that is created as the wire passes over the bracket. It is possible for teeth to move quickly when friction is at a minimum. Wires coated with nanoparticles have been found to reduce friction as a result of current developments in the orthodontics sector. Having an antimicrobial property is an added benefit. To reduce the friction generated by brackets, wires, and bands by lessening their cytotoxicity, this study examines the potential use of TiO2 nanoparticles in orthodontics. A monolayer of L929 was utilized in an indirect cytotoxicity test to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the coated orthodontic wire. The absence of reactive zones in our sample data demonstrates that TiO2 is not cytotoxic. Considering the results of our study, we conclude that TiO2 is secure for use as a coating for orthodontic devices.

Effects of titanium oxide coating on the antimicrobial properties, surface characteristics, and cytotoxicity of orthodontic brackets - A systematic review and meta analysis of in-vitro studies.

Objective: The objective of this review is to systematically analyze the available literature on the effects of titanium oxide (TiO2) coating on the antimicrobial properties, surface characteristics, and cytotoxicity of orthodontic brackets. Methods: In-vitro studies reporting on the effects of Titanium oxide (TiO2) coatings on antimicrobial properties, surface roughness, cytotoxic activity and bacterial adhesion of orthodontic brackets were included in the review. Electronic databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar, were searched till September 2022. Risk of Bias was analyzed by using RoBDEMAT tool. Meta-analysis using Random Effects Model was performed for assessing the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, C. albicans and L. Acidophilus. Results: A total of 11 studies were included the RoB analysis revealed sufficient reporting across all the domains and inconsistent reporting in only two of the domains. On qualitative analysis, a significant antimicrobial effect of TiO2 coating on orthodontic brackets against Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was reported. The meta analysis revealed a significant overall antimicrobial effect with a high heterogeneity. (SMD: 3.5; p < 0.00001; i2 - 99.2%). Conclusion: An overall significant antimicrobial effect of TiO2 coated brackets against S. mutans, L. Acidophilus, C. Albicans was noted but with a high heterogeneity. The subgroup analysis revealed a significant antimicrobial effect on C albicans with a low heterogeneity but it was limited by a publication bias. The included studies reported reduced surface roughness, minimal bacterial adhesion and less cytotoxic activity with TiO2 coated brackets than uncoated brackets.

Evaluation of Orthodontic Mini-Implant Placement in the Maxillary Anterior Alveolar Region in 15 Patients by Cone Beam Computed Tomography at a Single Center in South India.

BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to evaluate orthodontic mini-implant placement in the maxillary anterior alveolar region by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 15 patients at a single center in South India. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 15 CBCT scans of orthodontic patients after completion of leveling and aligning stage were included. The thickness of labial alveolar bone, labio-palatal bone, and inter-radicular distance between the maxillary central incisors (U1-U1), maxillary central and lateral incisor (U1-U2), and maxillary lateral incisor and canine (U2-U3) at vertical levels 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm above the interdental cementoenamel junction were measured. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests were done to assess the differences among the groups. An independent t test was done to analyze differences by sex. RESULTS The thickness of cortical bone in the labial region was higher in the U2-U3 site than in the U1-U1 site, at a height of 4 mm. Also, there was a significant difference between 4 mm and 8 mm heights in the U2-U3 region. No significant difference was noted in bone dimensions among men and women and in the labio-palatal bone thickness among the different sites. The inter-radicular distance was the highest between the U2-U3 site, while it was the lowest in the U1-U2 site. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this center showed that when CBCT was used to evaluate orthodontic mini-implant placement in the maxillary anterior alveolar region, the U2-U3 and U1-U1 locations at heights between 6 mm to 8 mm apical to the interdental cementoenamel junction were optimal for placement of the mini-implants.

Identifying cortical plate inclination as a parameter to re-assess transverse discrepancies in untreated adults with different vertical facial heights-A retrospective CBCT study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the inclination angles of buccal, palatal cortical plates and assess its harmony with existing molar buccolingual inclination in adults with different vertical facial heights. The aim of this study was to identify the role of cortical plate inclination as a diagnostic tool for determining alveolar support in adults with transverse discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred and fifty seven CBCTs (50-Hypo-divergent, 51-Normo-divergent and 56-Hyper-divergent growth patterns) of untreated adults were utilized. Cross-sectional slices with respect to the maxillary first molar were taken as orientation landmarks in defined reference planes. Inclination angles for the first molar, buccal and palatal cortical plate were determined with respect to the palatal plane. ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey's HSD test were carried out to determine significant differences between groups. RESULTS: Molar inclination was significantly greater in hyper-divergent groups compared to normo-divergent and hypo-divergent groups (P < .05). Greater variation between molar inclination and cortical plate inclination (buccal and palatal) was seen in hyper-divergent groups (P < .05). Hypo-divergent and normo-divergent groups showed almost similar molar and cortical plate inclinations; however, there was a significant difference between the buccal and palatal cortical plates (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cortical plate inclination is in agreement with molar inclination in hypo- and normo-divergent groups when compared to hyper-divergent groups. In adults with decreased/normal facial heights, greater balance and harmony is observed between the dental and alveolar substructures in the posterior region. In adults with increased facial heights, a greater amount of dentoalveolar compensation is seen with respect to the molar and its surrounding bone support.

A Retrospective Study on Implant Prosthesis in Missing Maxillary Anteriors among Middle Aged Adults.

The ultimate goal of modern dentistry is to restore the normal comfort, contour, function, aesthetics, health, and speech of a patient's dentition while restoring or replacing teeth. When it comes to the anterior region, particularly the maxillary anteriors, aesthetics is of prime importance as it shapes the smile of the patient and builds confidence. The most ideal treatment option for replacement of a single missing tooth in the anterior region is the placement of implants. This study aims to analyze the age and gender prevalence of patients undergoing implant placement in the anterior region of the maxilla among middle aged adults. A retrospective study was performed among patients visiting the Department of Implantology opting for implant prosthesis placement in the maxillary anterior region within the age group 30 to 60 years. Data was collected from case sheets of patients visiting a private dental hospital in Chennai, India; tabulated and descriptive statistics was performed. A total of 2563 patients were identified with missing maxillary anterior teeth and were advised implant prosthesis out of which only 55 patients opted for implant prosthesis. Prevalence of males (51%) willing for implant prosthesis in the maxillary anteriors was greater than females (49%), p > 0.05. Patients within the age group of 41-50 years were more willing for implant placement in the maxillary anterior region (49.1%). Overall, tooth number 22 was the most replaced tooth by implant prosthesis (21.8%) followed by tooth number 23 (20.0%). In females, canines were the most replaced and incisors in males.

A Retrospective Study on Implant Prosthesis in Missing Maxillary Anteriors among Middle-Aged Adults.

The ultimate goal of modern dentistry is to restore the normal comfort, contour, function, aesthetics, health, and speech of a patient's dentition while restoring or replacing teeth. When it comes to the anterior region, particularly the maxillary anteriors, aesthetics is of prime importance as it shapes the smile and builds confidence. The most ideal treatment option for replacement of a single missing tooth in the anterior region is placement of an implant. This study aims to analyze the age and gender prevalence of middle-aged adult patients undergoing implant placement in the anterior region of the maxilla. A retrospective study was performed among patients visiting the Department of Implantology opting for implant prosthesis placement in the maxillary anterior region within the age group of 30 to 60 years. Data were collected from case sheets of patients visiting a private dental hospital in Chennai, India, and tabulated; descriptive statistics were extracted. A total of 2,563 patients were identified with missing maxillary anterior teeth and had been advised to undergo implant prosthesis. Out of these, only 55 patients opted for implant prosthesis. The prevalence of males (51%) opting in was greater than that of females (49%), p > 0.05. Patients within the age group of 41-50 years were more willing to have implant placement in the maxillary anterior region (49.1%). Overall, number 22 was the most replaced tooth by implant prosthesis (21.8%) followed by number 23 (20.0%). In females, canines were the most replaced tooth; incisors, in males.

An indigenously designed apparatus for measuring orthodontic force.

AIM: An indigenous apparatus is designed to measure the orthodontic force delivered from elastomeric chains and compare this force with values obtained from the Instron universal testing machine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An indigenously designed apparatus is developed to evaluate forces delivered by various orthodontic auxiliaries. The apparatus consists of a flat steel platform, movable arm, and a mounted screw gauge arm. Orthodontic brackets can be attached to these arms. An electric circuit is connected, to the movable arm, which will estimate the forces exerted between brackets with elastomeric chain. The circuit is connected to the signal conditioner which will display the reading. Elastomeric chain with four links is attached to the arms. The movable arm is adjusted to create orthodontic forces and calibrated on the digital displayer. Twenty Elastomeric chains are used and forces are calibrated with the indigenously designed apparatus. The values of the force is compared with the forces calibrated with Instron universal testing machine to compare the efficacy of the indigenous apparatus. RESULTS: The force values obtained from activation of elastomeric chain segments, in the Instron universal testing machine and the indigenous apparatus were in the range of 100 to 150 grams, initially at 1mm activation then, took a steep rise to 300 to 350 grams at 5mm activation and then, had a gradual increase for the remaining 5mm activation, reaching 400 to 450 grams. CONCLUSION: The Indigenous apparatus can be considered efficient in measuring tensile force generated by orthodontic auxiliaries.