[Research progress of macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis].

Silicosis is a common occupational disease, and its main characteristic pathological features are the formation of silicon nodules and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. In the process of silicosis fibrosis, macrophages can be polarized into M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages play a pro-inflammatory role in the early stage of silicosis and release a variety of inflammatory factors, which is the core of inflammatory response. M2 macrophages promote inflammation resolution and tissue repair in silicosis fibrosis stage by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic mediators. M1/M2 polarization balance plays an important role in the occurrence and development of silicosis, and the regulation of macrophage polarization direction may play a positive role in the prevention and treatment of silicosis fibrosis. In this review, the role of macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis, the related signaling pathways regulating macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis, and the potential therapeutic targets based on macrophage polarization in silicosis fibrosis are reviewed, with a view to further strengthening the understanding of the mechanism of macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis and treatment of silicosis fibrosis.

[Determination of Perchloroethylene in blood by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

Objective: To establish a method for determination of Perchloroethylene (PCE) in blood by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS/GC-MS) . Methods: From Dctober to December 2021, A total of 3 mL blood samples were taken into a 10 mL headspace bottle, after heated at 60 ℃ for 30 mins, PCE in the top air was separated by VF-WAXms capillary column and detected by GC-MS. The retention time and external standard method were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of PCE in samples, respectively. Results: There was good linear relationship in the range of 5.09-200.17 µg/L. The linear correlation coefficient was 0.9993.The detection limit was 0.21 µg/L and the lower limit of quantitation was 0.70 µg/L. The recovery rates of samples with different concentrations were 95.3%-103.8%. The intra-batch relative standard deviations (RSD) were 3.2%-4.6%, and inter-batch RSD was 4.0%-6.1%. The samples can be stored at 4 ℃ for three days and at -20 ℃ for seven days. Conclusion: This method is proved to be simple, practical and highly sensitive, which is suitable for the determination of PCE in blood.

[Evaluation of the determination of hydrogen sulfide in the air of workplace by the detection tube method].

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and applicability of detection tube method for quantitative detection of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air. Methods: In September 2021, the lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, environmental factors, interfering gases and other performance indicators of the method for determining hydrogen sulfide in the air of workplace were verified by the detection tube, and the results were compared with those of GB 11742-89 "Standard method for hygienic examination of hydrogen sulfide in air of residential areas-methylene blue spectrophotometric method" to evaluate the application effect of the detection tube method for quantitative detection of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air. Results: There was no significant difference in the results of 2.83 mg/m(3), 4.25 mg/m(3) and 17.00 mg/m(3) hydrogen sulfide concentration between the two methods (P>0.05) , but there was significant difference in the results of 8.50 mg/m(3) concentration (P<0.05) . The lower limit of quantification of hydrogen sulfide in workplace air was 2.83 mg/m(3), the accuracy was 96.0%-111.0%, and the precision was 0.70%-6.64%. Under the condition of 4 ℃, the measured results decreased by 3.39%-13.10%. When the humidity was 50%-80%, the relative error of the average measured value was -1.67%-4.44%. Interference gases that may exist in the workplace (including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, mercaptans, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, etc.) did not interfere with the results of the test tube. Conclusion: The accuracy and precision of the detection tube method meet the detection requirements. The method is simple, rapid and easy to be popularized, and can be used for the rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide gas concentration in the workplace.

[Determination of 22 phospholipids in serum by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Objective: To establish ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 22 phospholipids in serum. Methods: In September 2022, Using synthetic non endogenous phospholipids as internal standard, phospholipids in serum were extracted by methanol-dichloromethane (2∶1, V/V) protein precipitation method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH shield RP18 column, and the mobile phase was methanol/water (5∶95, V/V) containing 10 mM ammonium formate and methanol. Detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode with ion mode switching. And the method was applied by analyzing phospholipids in the serum of coal workers' pneumoconiosis patients. Results: The 22 phospholipids showed good linear relationships in their respective concentration ranges and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.990. The spiked recoveries of the 22 phospholipids were 81.03%-121.63% at the three spiked levels. The intra-assay were less than 14.52%, and the inter-assay were less than 15.00%. Conclusion: The method with the advantages of simplicity, stability and high sensitivity, and it can be used for the analysis of phospholipids in serum.

[Serum metabolomics in latent pneumoconiosis tuberculosis patients based on ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry].

Objective: To explore the non-target metabonomics of serum in worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) patients with latent tuberculosis and the biomarkers of latent tuberculosis infection of pneumoconiosis. Methods: In December 2018, 39 CWP inpatients from a hospital in Beijing were taken as subjects. The subjects were screened for latent tuberculosis using the in vitro release test of mycobacterium tuberculosis-interferon (IGRAs) test. According to the screening results, 21 positive patients with latent tuberculosis infection were selected as the latent tuberculosis group of pneumoconiosis. While 18 negative patients with CWP alone were selected as the pneumoconiosis group. Polarity components of metabolites were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF/MS. The data was processed with Progenesis QI software for multidimensional statistical analysis. Identification of structure of differential metabolites were matched through accurate mass and secondary mass spectrum. Searching the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) , differential metabolites were imported into MetaboAnalyst 4.0 to analyze the metabolic pathways. Results: All 42 differential metabolites were screened out. Excepted for exogenous metabolites, 14 endogenous differential metabolites were identified. Compared with the pneumoconiosis group, 6 metabolites including PC [18∶4 (6Z, 9Z, 12Z, 15Z) /P-18∶1 (11Z) ], 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA in the latent tuberculosis group were up-regulated, while 8 metabolites including the Stearoyl-CoA, (2S) -Pristanoyl-CoA were down-regulated. These results might be related to lipid, fatty acid and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. Conclusion: There are significant differences in serum metabonomics between the patients with latent tuberculosis of pneumoconiosis and the patients with ordinary pneumoconiosis, which provide a reference for the study of biomarkers for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection of pneumoconiosis.

[Rapid determination of 21 elements in urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry].

Objective: To develop a rapid detection method for 21 elements in urine with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) . Methods: The urine samples were directly diluted 20 times by 1% HNO(3), and detected by ICP-MS, Indium, Yttrium, and Lutecium were used as on-line internal standard. Fe was analyzed by Dynamic Reaction Cell (DRC) mode, As, Cr, V and Zn were analyzed by collision cell technology (CCT) mode, and Be, Mn, Ni, Cd, Sn, Bi, Pb, Re, Sb, W, Li, Cu, Se, Sr, Mo were analyzed by standard mode. Dynamic band-pass tuning (DBT) was used to eliminate interference for Fe. Results: All the elements have good linearity in their determination range, with the correlation coefficient r>0.999 5. The limits of detection of the 21 elements were in the range of 0.017-11.14 µg/L. The inter-precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) was less than 9.96%, and the intra-precision was less than 13.90% (except As RSD<18.91%) . The spike recovery of all elements fell within 81.1%-116.4%. Conclusion: The method was proved to be simple, fast, and accurate, and met the needs of testing requirements of large amounts of specimens.

[Determination of tungsten and cobalt in the air of workplace by ICP-OES].

Objective: To establish the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method for determination of cobalt and tungsten in the air of workplace. Methods: The cobalt and tungsten were collected by filter membrane and then digested by nitric acid, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the detection of cobalt and tungsten. Results: The linearity of tungsten was good at the range of 0.01-1 000 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 9, the LOD and LOQ were 0.006 7 µg/ml and 0.022 µg/ml, respectively. The recovery was ranged from 98%-101%, the RSD of intra-and inter-batch precision were 1.1%-3.0% and 2.1%-3.8%, respectively. The linearity of cobalt was good at the range of 0.01-100 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 9, the LOD and LOQ were 0.001 2 µg/ml and 0.044 µg/ml, respectively. The recovery was ranged from 95%-97%, the RSD of intra-and inter-batch precision were 1.1%-2.4% and 1.1%-2.9%, respectively. The sampling efficiency of tungsten and cobalt were higher than 94%. Conclusion: The linear range, sensitivity and precision of the method was suitable for the detection of tungsten and cobalt in the air of workplace.

[Detection of metals and metalloids in the lavage fluid of whole-lung lavage of the cases of pneumoconiosis].

Objective: To detect of the components and concentration of the metals and metalloids in the lavage fluid of whole-lung lavage (WLL) of the cases of pneumoconiosis, and analyze the characteristics, and explore the method to sample and process the samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) . Methods: The samples of urine and serum of three cases of pneumoconiosis were collected before WLL, and the samples of BAL were collected during the WLL from the left and right lungs according to the sequence of four pressured gas flow and five negative pressure drainage. Each of 10ml original samples of WLL was collected firstly, and the left was centrifuged to acquire all the sediment samples and each of 10 ml samples from the centrifuge clear liquids, The components and concentration of the metals and metalloids in the samples were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) . Results: The average volume of BAL from unilat-eral lung for 3 patients was 10 758.3±1518 ml, and the average recovery rate was 89.7%. The average dry weight of sediment samples of BAL of three cases of pneumoconiosis was 0.292 gram with the right lung sam-ples slightly higher than the left lung samples. The detectable elements from the samples included Barium (Ba) , Strontium (Sr) , Calcium (Ca) , Magnesium (Mg) , Manganum (Mn) , Ferrum (Fe) , Cuprum (Cu) , Zinc (Zn) , Kalium (K) , Natrium (Na) , Selenium (Se) , Silicon (Si) and Uranium (U) . Each of concentration dis-tributions of these elements were not normal. Except for Cuprum, Selenium and Uranium, the concentrations of the other ten elements in the supernatant samples, mixture samples and sediments samples were statistical-ly different with the nonparametric test of Kruskal-Wallis. The concentrations of Natrium, Kalium and Barium in supernatant samples were higher, while the others in precipitation samples were higher. The concentration of elements in the sample from the right lung was slightly higher than that from the left lung, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) . There were statistical difference in term of element concentration of precipitates samples before and after pressured gas flow (P<0.05) . The concentration of K、Ca、Mg、Si and Se in se-rum, urine, supernatant and sediment samples had a good correlation. The correlation coefficient of Silicon between serum and precipitation was 0.676 and that between urine and precipitation was 0.524. Conclusion: The concentra-tions of the metals and metalloid in sediment samples were more stable than that of supernatant and mixture samples. The sampling of one-side lung lavage fluid was representative in the detection of metals and metalloid in the BAL. It was the best time for sampling sediment from the BAL after the first pressured gas flow among the WLL.

[Investigation of indium exposure in workers in indium smelting plant].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the internal and external exposure levels of indium (In)in workers in an In smelting plant, and to analyze its distribution characteristics. METHODS: A survey was performed in 63 employed workers with more than one year of experience working in an In smelting plant in 2014. The personal air samples for 31 workers were collected, and the whole blood, serum, and urine samples of all the 63 workers were collected to do the occupational health examination at the same time. In levels in all samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The smelter workers had a higher In exposure level in the air than the office workers (2.26 µg/m(3) vs 0.82 µg/m(3), P>0.05). There was a significant difference in In exposure level in the air between the workers doing different types of jobs (P<0.05). The In exposure levels in the air in the metathesis workers and electrolysis workers were 26.10 µg/m(3) and 20.99 µg/m(3), respectively, which were significantly higher than those in other workers (P<0.05). The smelter workers had significantly higher geometric means of In levels in the whole blood, serum, and urine than the office workers (0.44 µg/L vs 0.09 µg/L, P<0.05; 0.35 µg/L vs 0.09 µg/L, P<0.05; 0.26 µg/L vs 0.12 µg/L, P<0.05). There were significant differences in In levels in the whole blood, serum, and urine between the workers doing different types of jobs (P<0.05). The metathesis workers (13.0 µg/L, 4.02 µg/L, and 2.93 µg/L)and electrolysis workers (5.71 µg/L, 5.14 µg/L, and 4.26 µg/L)had higher In levels in the whole blood, serum, and urine than other workers. The In level in the whole blood was positively correlated with the In levels in the urine and serum (rs=0.601, P<0.05; rs=0.823, P<0.05). The In levels in the whole blood and urine were positively correlated with the In level in the air(rs=0.483, P<0.05; rs=0.428, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In the In smelting plant, the In concentrations in the air are lower than the standard value, but the workers have higher In levels in body. The In level in the whole blood is positively correlated with the In levels in the serum and urine. The In levels in the whole blood and urine are positively correlated with the In level in the air.

1,25(OH)2D3 prolongs islet graft survival by inflammatory inhibition.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the protective effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) against islet graft loss. METHODS: Proliferation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced macrophages was determined in vitro after treatment with different concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3. Intraportal islet transplantation (IPIT) was performed with islets harvested from the Sprague-Dawley rats and transplanted to the diabetic rats. The transplanted rats were assigned to receive 1,25-(OH)2D3 or propylene glycol (control). Islet graft survival; inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and interleukin [IL]-1); numbers and percentages of macrophages, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells in bloods; and expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and TNF-α were analyzed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. RESULTS: We found 100 mg/mL 1,25-(OH)2D3 per day to have the strongest inhibitory effect on macrophages. Survival time of islet grafts significantly increased in the rats receiving 1,25-(OH)2D3. There were fewer infiltrated inflammatory cells in both islet graft and adjacent tissue in the drug-treated rats with lower serum IL-1 and TNF-α. Furthermore, percentage of macrophages and expression of p-NF-κB p65 and TNF-α in graft sites were significantly lower in the treated rats. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3 prolongs islet graft survival by decreasing nonspecific inflammation in syngeneic IPIT through inhibiting TNF-α/NF-κB pathway and macrophage infiltration.

Comparative study of one-stitch versus Lich-Gregoir ureterovesical implantation for kidney transplants.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of standard Lich-Gregoir technique and a modified one-stitch technique of ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 645 transplant recipients by two different ureteroneocystostomy techniques were retrospectively reviewed at the first Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, between January 2002 and December 2007. RESULTS: There were 418 recipients in the Lich-Gregoir group and 227 in new one-stitch group. The overall ureteral complication rate for new one-stitch technique was 19.8 % (n = 45) as opposed to 15.79 % (n = 66) for the Lich-Gregoir technique. No significantly different rate of ureteral complications occurred in two groups (P > 0.05). In comparison, there was a higher proportion of hematuria at the limit of statistical significance in new one-stitch group (P < 0.05). Average operative time for the modified one-stitch and Lich-Gregoir techniques was 8.8 ± 1.4 and 21.9 ± 6.1 min, respectively (P < 0.05). Urinary tract infections, delayed graft function and rejection rates were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the modified one-stitch technique may predispose patients to higher rates of hematuria, it has no significant difference in ureteral complications compared with the Lich-Gregoir group. Based on this large series and data analyses, we believe that this new technique will become one of our multiple choices in our setting.

Decreasing loss of cryopreserved-thawed rat islets by coculture with Sertoli cells.

OBJECTIVE: Cryopreserved-thawed rat islets were cocultured with Sertoli cells to examine whether they could decrease the loss and improve islet function. METHODS: Islets and Sertoli cells were harvested from the pancreas and the testis of Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Cryopreserved, stored islets were thawed and divided into groups of coculture with Sertoli cells versus single cells. We measured islets recovery rate and function. Apoptotic-related proteins and gene expressions were detected by Western blot and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Soluble factors secreted by Sertoli cells in to the supernate were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared islet graft survival times in diabetic mice. RESULTS: In contrast to the single culture controls, thawed islets cocultured with Sertoli cells exhibited improved morphology. Recovery rates and insulin secretion were significantly higher among coculture cells. Four soluble factors were detected in supernates from Sertoli cell cultures including transforming growth factor-ß, insulin-like growth factor-1, epidermal growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Expression of proapoptotic Bax and caspase 3, 7 were down-regulated while that of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 was up-regulated. Cotransplantation with Sertoli cells significantly prolonged islet graft survival. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that coculture with Sertoli cells significantly improved islet yields and function after thawing and depressed islet apoptosis.