Estimate the prevalence of daily caffeine consumption, caffeine use disorder, caffeine withdrawal and perceived harm in Iran: a cross-sectional study.

One of the informal diagnoses in DSM-5 is Caffeine Use Disorder (CUD). CUD and high levels of caffeine consumption could impact mental health conditions. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CUD, caffeine consumption, caffeine-related harms, and related psychiatric symptoms in Iran. A cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample of 1228 adults were conducted in Iran. Caffeine consumption was assessed across 20 products in Iran. Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ), Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms Questionnaire (CWSQ), 14-item Caffeine-related Harm Screening (CHS), and Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) were used in the present study. We used SPSS (desktop version 26.0) to analyze the data using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. The daily average caffeine consumption was 146.67 mg. The prevalence of CUD and caffeine withdrawal (C.W.) were estimated at 19.5% and 46.62%, respectively. Also, 12.9% of responders received CUD and C.W.s simultaneously. The prevalence of CUD was higher in men than females (25.08% vs. 13.93%). 95% of participants (n = 1166) reported using at least one caffeine product yesterday. Moreover, the most reported caffeine-related harms were the desire for sugar (42.9%), insomnia (39.3%), and caffeine dependence (38.3%). Age significantly correlates with CUD (- 0.07) and daily caffeine intake (0.08). Moreover, all SCL-90 subscales had a significant correlation with daily caffeine intake. Finally, responders at younger ages reported higher levels of CUD and caffeine consumption than older adults(P < 0.05). High rates of C.W. and CUD in the Iranian population suggest that it is necessary to develop evidence-based treatments.

Adherence to Mediterranean dietary quality index and risk of breast cancer in adult women: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the fifth most prevalent cause of cancer-related deaths in Iran. Given that the role of whole-diet on cancer risk is important, this study aimed to assess the association of MedDQI and breast cancer risk. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study was performed on 150 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer within the period of less than 3 months. Controls were 150 apparently healthy that were matched by age. Dietary data was collected using a validated questionnaire. To examine participants' adherence to MedDQI, the MedDQI was created according to foods and nutrients highlighted or minimized in the MedDQI construction. RESULTS: After adjusting for possible confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the MedDQI score had 55% lower odds of breast cancer than women in the bottom quartile (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.94, P trend: 0.02). Stratified analysis by menopausal status showed such association in postmenopausal women (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.8, P trend: 0.055) after controlling for age and energy intake. CONCLUSION: The results showed an inverse association between adherence to the MedDQI and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women. More prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.

Effects of chromium supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers.

Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of chromium supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and protein carbonyl. Methods: Relevant studies, published from inception until July 2019, were searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. All randomized clinical trials investigating the effect of chromium supplementation on oxidative stress were included. Results: Out of 252 citations, 10 trials that enrolled 595 subjects were included. Chromium supplementation resulted in a significant increase in GSH (WMD: 64.79 mg/dl, 95% CI: 22.43 to 107.15; P=0.003) but no significant change in MDA, TAS, TBARS levels, SOD, CAT levels and GPX. Chromium picolinate supplementation resulted in a significant increase in TAC while failing to have a significant effect on NO. Moreover, both chromium picolinate and chromium dinicocysteinate supplementation reduced protein carbonyl levels. Conclusion: Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrated that chromium supplementation increased GSH without any significant changes in the mean of GPX, MDA, TAS, TBARS, CAT and SOD.

The association between meal-based diet quality index-international (DQI-I) with obesity in adults.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Due to the growing global trend of obesity, it is necessary to study the diet quality as a modifiable factor to reduce the dangerous consequences of obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between meal-based diet quality index-international (DQI-I) with obesity in adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 850 men and women in Tehran (aged 20-59 y). Dietary intakes were assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls. Meal-based Diet quality was assessed based on the construction of DQI-I. The total DQI-I score ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores denoting better diet quality. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association of DQI-I and BMI in each meal and Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of DQI-I and obesity in each meal. RESULTS: The mean (± SD) of age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were 42.35(± 10.90) years, 27.32(± 5.61) kg/m2, 89.09 (± 12.04) cm and 0.86 (± 0.11), respectively. In none of the meals, after adjusting for confounders, no significant difference in BMI was observed in the both women and men groups. After controlling of confounders, there was not any relationship between meal-based DQI-I and BMI resulted from multiple linear regression analysis also there was not any significant association between meal-based DQI-I and obesity resulted from Logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: In this study, we did not find any significant association between meal-specified DQI with obesity. To reach the better evaluation, more prospective studies with large sample size are needed.

Effects of Artichoke Supplementation on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Studies examining the effect of artichoke on liver enzymes have reported inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of artichoke administration on the liver enzymes. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published up to January 2022. Standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) were analyzed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were assessed for the liver enzymes. Pooled analysis of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that the artichoke administration has an effect on both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (Hedges' g, -1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.76 to -0.40; p = 0.002), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Hedges' g, -1.02; 95% CI, -1.76 to -0.28; p = 0.007). Greater effects on ALT were detected in trials that lasted ≤8 weeks. Also, greater effects on AST were detected in trials using > 500 mg artichoke. Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrated artichoke supplementation decreased ALT and AST.

The association between major dietary patterns with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, oxidative stress and metabolic parameters: A case-control study.

Purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by the increase of fat in the liver. The present study aimed to study the association between different dietary patterns and NAFLD in adults. Methods: This study included 121 adult patients with NAFLD and 119 non-NAFLD. Dietary intake was calculated by a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical markers were measured. Dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis. The association between dietary patterns and NAFLD was evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Two dietary patterns (healthy, western) were recognized in participants. Western dietary pattern was related with 72 percent increase in the odds of NAFLD (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.32,2.14), after adjustment for covariates. Healthy dietary pattern was associated with 38 percent lower odds of NAFLD (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.65). Adherence to the western diet was related to 0.486 greater amounts of ALT, 3.248 mg/dl higher levels of FBS, and 3.989 mg/dl greater amounts of TG and 2.354 mg/dl greater amounts of MDA after adjusting for confounding factors (p > 0.001, p = 0.042, p > 0.001, p = 0.036 respectively). The healthy dietary pattern score was negatively associated with FBS and Cholesterol and TG levels (p = 0.035, p = 0.048, and p = 0.025), respectively. Moreover, it was associated with 3.211 mg/dl higher levels of TAC (p = 0.049). Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between dietary patterns and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Adherence to a western dietary pattern is related to an increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with both healthy and western dietary pattern in Iranian middle-aged.

Background: The association between dietary patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not well established. Objective: We sought to investigate association between a posteriori dietary pattern and CRF in middle-aged adults. Design: Adults (n = 276), aged 20-74 years, who were residents of Tehran, Iran were recruited. Diet was assessed by using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. Socio-economic status, anthropometric measures, body composition, and blood pressure were recorded. CRF was assessed by using a graded exercise treadmill test. Analysis of variance and linear regression models were used to discern the association between dietary patterns and CRF. Results: Higher scores of the healthy dietary pattern had no association with VO2max (p = 0.13). After controlling for potential confounders, VO2max was positively associated across tertiles of healthy dietary patterns (p < 0.001). Higher adherence to the "mixed" dietary pattern was inversely related to VO2max (p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, the significant association disappeared (p = 0.14). Higher scores of the "Western" dietary pattern was not associated with VO2max (p = 0.06). However, after controlling for potential confounders, VO2max was positively associated with the "Western" dietary pattern (p = 0.01). A positive linear association between the "healthy" dietary pattern and CRF for the total sample (R2 = 0.02; p < 0.01) were presented. Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that higher adherence to a "healthy" and "Western" dietary pattern was positively associated with CRF. However, further studies are required to examine and clarify the causal relationship between dietary patterns and CRF.

Administration of dietary antioxidants for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence has been reported regarding the effect of dietary antioxidants on clinical variables in IBD patients, however, findings are controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate effect of dietary antioxidants on clinical variables in patients with IBD or its subtypes. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science from inception to January 2021 using relevant keywords. Data were pooled by using the random-effect model. All statistical analyses were done using STATA version 14. RESULTS: Our meta-analysis was exclusively done on studies about the effect of curcumin on IBD patients, because limited studies were done on other antioxidants. Curcumin administration resulted in significant increment of clinical remission in patients with IBD (SMD: 0.86%, 95% CI: 0.16, 1.56, p = 0.016), significant remission in clinical symptoms (SMD: -0.96 score, 95% CI: -1.34, -0.57, p < 0.001), and significant increment in endoscopic remission in IBD patients (SMD: 0.51%, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.85, p = 0.004), comparing to control group. Curcumin supplementation also made better clinical response than control group (SMD: 0.74%, 95% CI: 0.22, 1.26, p = 0.005) and also resulted in significant improvement in quality of life of patients with IBD, as compared to control group (SMD: 1.23 score, 95% CI: 0.72, 1.74, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis showed that curcumin significantly improved clinical and endoscopic remissions in IBD patients. This supplementation also caused significant reduction in clinical symptoms of IBD patients along with better clinical response and the increased quality of life. Further researches with larger sample size and longer period of intervention are required to evaluate efficacy of dietary antioxidants on clinical variables in patients with IBD.

The inverse association of body adiposity index and bone health in the older adults: A report from a developing country.

The ageing process influences body composition and could be related to bone health. The current study was set out to evaluate the association between body adiposity index (BAI) and bone health in older adults. This is a cross-sectional study performed on 178 elderly persons (51 men and 127 women) with a mean age of 67.04 (range: 60-83) who was referred to the determined 25 health centres in Tehran. The anthropometric measurements were done. Further, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), parathormone (PTH), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), osteocalcin and urine C-terminal telopeptide I (CTX-I) were collected. The mean of body mass index (P < .001), body weight (P = .002), body fat (P < .001), waist circumference (P < .001), hip circumference (P < .001), urine CTX-I concentration (P = .011), 25(OH)D (P = .030), was higher in the highest BAI category in comparison with the lowest one. BAI was negatively correlated with urine CTX-I concentration (r=-0.165, P = .028). Moreover, linear regression showed an inverse association between BAI with urine CTX-I (ß = -0.165, P = .025) and 25(OH)D (ß = -0.039, P = .029). Moreover, the percentage of body fat was positively associated with serum hs-CRP (ß = 0.026, P = .002). Our study showed a significant inverse association between BAI with urinary CTX-I which shows the effect of obesity on bone health. This study suggests that more clinical and prospective studies for monitoring body fat may have some favourable impacts on bone health.

The effects of hesperidin supplementation or orange juice consumption on anthropometric measures in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The current evidence-base regarding the effect of hesperidin (a flavanone found in citrus fruits) on body composition is equivocal. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a meta-analysis on the effect of orange juice and/or hesperidin supplementation on anthropometric measures in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus was performed up to February 2020. The overall estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Eleven eligible RCTs, with 512 individuals, were included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that orange juice and/or hesperidin had no significant effect on body weight [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.31 kg; 95% CI, -1.44 to 0.82, P = 0.592], body mass index [WMD = 0.11 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.33 to 0.56, P = 0.617], fat mass [WMD = 0.14 kg; 95% CI, -0.95 to 1.22, P = 0.807], percentage body fat [WMD = -0.70%; 95% CI, -2.58 to 1.18, P = 0.463] and waist circumference [WMD = 0.07 cm; 95% CI, -1.16 to 1.30, P = 0.588]. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that there is no significant beneficial effect of orange juice and/or hesperidin supplementation on anthropometric measures. The authors advocate that more high-quality clinical trials are needed to better discern the potential efficacy of orange juice and/or hesperidin.

Higher health literacy score is associated with better healthy eating index in Iranian adults.

OBJECTIVE: Although there is some evidence for the importance of health literacy (HL), many health complications and nutrition knowledges such as portion size assessment, knowing the food labels, and choosing the nutrition sources affecting diet quality, data about HL and healthy eating index (HEI) are limited and controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between HL and HEI in adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 261 adults 18 to 65 y of age from five districts of Tehran, Iran. HL was estimated using the Health Literacy for Iranian Adult (HELIA) questionnaire. Dietary intake, sociodemographic data, physical activity, and anthropometric measurements were collected using validated questionnaires. Diet quality was assessed based on HEI-2015 scores using data from a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Despite components of HEI-2015, the association between HEI-2015 and HL tertiles was significant (P of crude model = 0.007) even after adjustment for possible confounders. Multivariate regression showed a positive relationship between HL and HEI-2015 that was significant before (ß = 0.12, P = 0.04) and after controlling for the confounding effect in model 1 (ß = 0.14, P = 0.03). Additionally, a positive association between physical activity and HL was shown (ß = 0.12, P = 0.03) and finally among the HEI components, only saturated fats were significantly related to HL (ß = -0.11, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Findings from the present study confirmed a considerable association between HL and HEI and shows HL levels have an important role in adherence to the Iranian Dietary Guidelines.

Association of Nutrient Patterns and Their Relation with Obesity in Iranian Adults: a Population Based Study.

In the present research, we have evaluated the association between patterns of nutrient intake and obesity. The present cross-sectional study recruited 850 adults aged between 20-59 years old. Dietary intakes were assessed with three 24-hour recalls. As well, data on anthropometric measures were collected. General obesity was specified as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. Factor analysis was conducted, and followed by a varimax rotation, was performed to extract major nutrient patterns. Our analysis identified three major nutrient patterns: The first nutrient pattern was characterized by the high consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), protein, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B5, B3, B12, Zinc, and iron. The second nutrient pattern was rich in total fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, SFAs, oleic acid, linolenic acid, zinc, vitamin E, α-tocopherol, and ß-carotene. The third one was greatly loaded with protein, carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, vitamin C, and folate. Women in the third quintile of the first pattern were less likely to be generally obese in the fully adjusted model (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.75). None of the other nutrient patterns had a significant association with obesity, even after adjusting for confounders. Adherence to a nutrient pattern rich in water-soluble vitamins was significantly associated with a greater chance of general obesity among women. Further studies in other populations, along with future prospective studies, are required to confirm these findings.

The association between plant-based diet indices and metabolic syndrome in Iranian older adults.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between plant-based diets indices - an overall plant-based diet index; a healthful plant-based diet index; and an unhealthful plant-based diet index - and metabolic syndrome among Iranian older adults. AIM: We aimed to examine the relationship between plant-based diet indices and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 178 older adults (51 men and 127 women), with a mean age of 67.04 (60-83) who were referred to health centers in Tehran, Iran. Blood and urine samples were collected to measure serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. We created an overall plant-based diet index, healthful plant-based diet index, and unhealthful plant-based diet index from semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire data. Anthropometric measures were done. RESULTS: Our crude model results showed that triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and waist circumference did not significantly differ between tertiles of plant-based diet index and healthful plant-based diet index; also triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and waist circumference did not significantly differ between tertiles of unhealthful plant-based diet index, but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly differed between tertiles of unhealthful plant-based diet index. After adjusting for confounders the results remained non-significant for plant-based diet index but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significant for healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet indices. There was also no significant association between plant-based diet index (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.53-2.33), healthful plant-based diet index (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.39-1.68), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.38-1.72) with metabolic syndrome, even after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that plant-based diets are not significantly associated with risk of metabolic syndrome in older adults. To confirm the veracity of these findings, more studies should be conducted.

The lack of association between dietary antioxidant quality score with handgrip strength and handgrip endurance amongst Tehranian adults: A cross-sectional study from a Middle East country.

OBJECTIVE: The association between dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) and handgrip strength (HS) and handgrip endurance (HE) is still unclear. We aimed to investigate whether adherence to dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) is associated with handgrip strength (HS) and handgrip endurance (HE) amongst adults in Tehran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 (43.7% males, mean age 37 years and 56.3% females, mean age 35 years) apparently healthy adult subjects (53.2% were married) selected from different parts of Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed using a 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire. DAQS was calculated using antioxidant-nutrient intake. Body composition was measured using a body composition analyser. Handgrip strength and endurance were measured by a digital handgrip dynamometer. Relative muscle strength was expressed as the ratio of handgrip strength by body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: The results showed that DAQs had no significant association with HS (P = .67, adjusted R2  = .60) and HE (P = .19, adjusted R2  = .08) after adjusting for potential confounders. However, a significant positive association was found between selenium intake and HE even after adjusting for potential confounders (P = .01, adjusted R2  = .10). After controlling for potential confounders no differences in the mean of HS (P = .29) and also HE (P = .61) amongst tertiles of DAQS was found. Positive linear association was found between vitamin C (P = .02, adjusted R2  = .53) and vitamin E (P = .03, adjusted R2  = .55) intake with relative muscle strength. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that no significant association between DAQS and HE and HS. It was found that more intake of selenium was positively linked to HE. Dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E are associated with higher relative muscle strength. It is evident that more prospective studies are needed to confirm the veracity of our results.

Parathyroid Hormone and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Do Not Mediate the Association between Dietary Calcium, Protein and Vitamin D Intake and Adiposity and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

This study aimed to utilize structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to determine the effects of dietary calcium, protein and vitamin D on adiposity and lipidemia and to assess mediatory effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 diabetic patients (93 females and 57 males) were randomly selected. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses, and fat mass percent were recorded. Nutritional data were collected. SEM was performed. Based on the primary hypothesis, adiposity and lipidemia were fitted in a model. The direct effects of dietary calcium (λ = -0.165, p value = 0.002) and PTH (λ = -0.143, p value = 0.011) were significantly associated with lipidemia. There were no significant effects for dietary protein on PTH (λ = -0.270, p value = 0.057), 25(OH)D (λ = -0.071, p value = 0.613), lipidemia (λ = -0.044; p value = 0.638) or adiposity (λ = -0.009, p value = 0.949) as well as for dietary vitamin D on PTH (λ = -0.119, p value = 0.194), 25(OH)D (λ = 0.023, p value = 0.806), lipidemia (λ = 0.034, p value = 0.587) or adiposity (λ = -0.221, p value = 0.118). The correlation between calcium intake and lipidemia, and adiposity are not mediated by 25(OH)D and PTH. There were the direct effects of dietary calcium on adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The model can be tested in future longitudinal and intervention studies to identify the predictors of obesity.

Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Its Association with Renal Function and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults: a Report from a Developing Country.

While evidence exists for an association between the dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), mortality, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases, data about DTAC and renal function, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are scarce. This study aimed to determine the associations between DTAC, renal function, and progression of CKD in older adults. The present cross-sectional study consisted of 226 older adults aged ≥ 60 years old from five districts of Tehran, Iran. DTAC was estimated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. Dietary intake, socio-demographic data, medical history, and anthropometric measurements were collected using a validated questionnaire. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was assessed from serum creatinine. Albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated by dividing albumin concentration by creatinine concentration and reported as mg/g. The DTAC ranged from 112.8 to 2,553.9. Analyses indicated that DTAC was not associated with eGFR (p = 0.35) and ACR (p = 0.91) even after controlling for confounding variables. Additionally, in logistic regression, no association between eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.32) and ACR ≥ 30 mg/g (p = 0.32) with DTAC was observed, which was independent of confounding variables. We observed that more compliance with DTAC is not associated with renal function and CKD progression. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings of the present study in larger samples on different populations.

Association of Nutrient Patterns with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Iranian Adults.

We aimed to examine the association between nutrient patterns and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Iranian adults. In a cross-sectional study of 850 self-certified healthy women and men aged 20-59 years old, dietary data were assessed using three 24-hour recall. Anthropometric measures were done and blood samples were collected to measure serum fasting serum glucose and lipid profile. The MetS was defined using the International Diabetes Federation. Major nutrient patterns were identified using principle competent analysis. In the first nutrient pattern, the individuals in the fifth quintile had a higher intake of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, zinc, iron, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and protein. In the second nutrient pattern, individuals in the first quintile had lower consumption of zinc, SFAs, vitamin E, α-tocopherol, oleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ß-carotene, linolenic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids, compared to the fifth quintile. Furthermore, in the third nutrient pattern, the individuals in the fifth quintile had a higher intake of potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, calcium, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin C, and folate compared to other quintiles. We identified the second pattern had an indirect association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar (p < 0.001 for all), and total cholesterol (p = 0.04) when it was controlled for body weight. Our findings showed that nutrient patterns may have an association with MetS components with mediating body weight.

Effects of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies showed that melatonin supplementation may suppress oxidative stress, however, the results have not been consistent. So, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess the precise relationship between melatonin supplementation and oxidative stress. METHODS: PubMed and Scopus were searched for randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress up to March 2020. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I-square (I 2) statistic. Data were pooled using the random effect model and standardized mean difference (SMD) was considered as the summary effect size. Also, standard methods were used for assessment of sensitivity analysis and publication bias. RESULTS: We included 15 related articles and our findings indicated that melatonin supplementation significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level (SMD: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.81, p=0.011) and reduced protein carbonyl (PCO) (SMD: -1.78, 95% CI: -2.97, -0.58, p=0.004) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (SMD: -0.94, 95% CI: -1.48, -0.40, p=0.001). Additionally, there was considerable effect on TAC level by using ≥20 mg/d melatonin and in people under 35 years old. MDA level also decreased using dosage of below 20 mg/d and in people ≥35 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed a promising effect of melatonin administration for reducing MDA, PCO, and increasing TAC levels. However, further studies especially with more attention to PCO level assessment are needed to confirm the findings of the present study in larger samples on different populations.

The effect of chromium supplementation on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Apos play a role in lipoprotein metabolism. Several studies have been carried out on the effect of chromium supplement in improving CVD risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis that aimed to investigate the effect of chromium supplementation on Apos levels of human studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus up to May 2020 up to September 2019. We retrieved studies from identified articles. The studies' quality was evaluated using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. We estimated the effect of chromium supplementation on Apo A, Apo A1, and Apo B by pooling mean and standard deviation (SD) values. RESULTS: We obtained six trials involving 231 participants. Chromium consumption resulted significantly decreased Apo B while the subjects were ingesting chromium picolinate. Chromium supplementation did not significantly decrease Apo A (WMD: -3.89 mg/dl; 95% CI, -11.96 to 4.18) with no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.37). The serum level of Apo A1 did not statistically change following chromium intervention (WMD: 6.11 mg/dl; 95% CI, -7.01 to 19.23) with no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.68). Chromium supplementation did not significantly decrease Apo B (WMD: 3.81 mg/dl; 95% CI, -5.32 to 12.94). With no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 42.3%, p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: The chromium supplement did not have a significant effect on the Apolipoproteins (Apo A, ApoA1 and Apo B).

The association between dietary acid load and muscle strength among Iranian adults.

OBJECTIVE: There is limited evidence regarding the association between dietary acid load and muscle strength. Thus, in this study, we investigated the association between dietary acid-base load indices and muscle strength among Iranian adults. RESULTS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 Iranian adults, aged 18-70 year. Dietary acid load indexes, were calculated by using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Muscle strength was measured by a digital handgrip dynamometer. There was a significant increase in mean muscle strength of left-hand (MSL), muscle strength of right-hand (MSR) and the mean of the MSL and MSR (MMS) across tertiles of Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL), Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP), and Dietary Acid Load (DAL). Significant linear relationships between PRAL and; MSL (ß = 0.24, p < 0.001), MSR (ß = 0.23, p < 0.001) and MMS (ß = 0.24, p < 0.001), between NEAP and MSL (ß = 0.21, p < 0.001), MSR (ß = 0.19, p = 0.002), and MMS (ß = 0.20, p = 0.001) and between DAL and MSL (ß = 0.25, p < 0.001), MSR (ß = 0.23, p < 0.001) and MMS (ß = 0.24, p < 0.001), were attenuated after controlling for potential confounders. However, the nonlinear relationship between dietary acid load indicators and muscle strength were significant (p < 0.001 for all).