Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities of the Leaf Essential Oils of Goniothalamus yunnanensis W.T.Wang and G. touranensis Ast: Experimental and In Silico Approaches.

The current research describes a phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from the leaves of two Vietnamese Annonaceae species Goniothalamus yunnanensis W.T.Wang and G. touranensis Ast. By the GC-FID/MS (gas chromatography-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry) analyses, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons accounted for the highest percentage of 68.22% in G. yunnanensis leaf essential oil with bicyclogermacrene (31.03%) and (E)-caryophyllene (21.12%) being the main compounds. G. touranensis leaf essential oil was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (57.08%) with p-cymene (19.95%) and α-pinene (16.82%) being the major compounds. Two oil samples showed strong antibacterial effects on the Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis ATCC51299, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, and Bacillus cereus ATCC11778 with the MIC values of 16-64 µg/mL. They also inhibited the growth of the yeast Candida albicans ATCC 60193 with the same MIC value of 128 µg/mL. Both two oil samples showed strong mosquito larvicidal activity against four-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus with the 24-h LC50 values of 16.75-27.60 µg/mL and 24-h LC90 values of 24.31-46.18 µg/mL. Docking results indicated that bicyclogermacrene and p-cymene exhibited the highest ΔG (binding affinity) values of -8.208 and -6.799 kcal/mol with the olfactory binding proteins (OBPs) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively.

Effective Management of Severe Amlodipine/Atenolol Overdose with Intravenous Calcium, Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemia Therapy, and Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodialysis: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, and atenolol, a beta blocker, are commonly used as a fixed drug combination (FDC) to treat hypertension. Intentional or non-intentional overdose of amlodipine-atenolol results in hypotension and myocardial depression with a high risk of mortality. This report describes a 64-year-old man with an overdose of amlodipine-atenolol, presenting as an emergency with hypotension, bradycardia, and severe metabolic acidosis. He was successfully treated with intravenous calcium chloride infusion, hyperinsulinemia euglycemia therapy (HIE), and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD). CASE REPORT A 64-year-old man was diagnosed with essential hypertension 1 week prior to the admission. He had been prescribed 1 FDC tablet of amlodipine and atenolol (5+50 mg) per day; however, he took 1 table of the FDC per day for 3 days and then took 3-4 tablets each day during the next 4 days. He was brought to the hospital with hypotension, bradycardia, and severe metabolic acidosis and was diagnosed with amlodipine-atenolol overdose. He was treated with intravenous calcium chloride infusion, HIE, and CVVHD. His hemodynamics started to improve after administering these therapies for 6 h. Inotropes were gradually tapered off and stopped. He was extubated on day 5 and recovered completely. CONCLUSIONS This report shows the serious effects amlodipine-atenolol overdose and the challenges of emergency patient management. An overdose of FDC of amlodipine and atenolol can cause cardiovascular collapse and severe metabolic acidosis. Timely and aggressive management with intravenous calcium infusion, HIE, and CVVHD is essential.

Unravelling the effects of functional groups on the adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole on a copper surface: a DFT study.

The adsorption of organic compounds onto metal surfaces holds significant importance across various applications, where understanding the intricate interactions between the compounds and the metal surfaces is indispensable. By using density functional theory calculations, this study investigated the impact of functional groups on the interaction between the thione form of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and the Cu(111) surface. The results indicated that substituting functional groups at the C6 position exerts a dual influence on the covalent and non-covalent interactions (NCI). Electron-donating groups enhanced both covalent and non-covalent interactions, whereas electron-withdrawing groups decreased covalent while increasing non-covalent interactions. The covalent interaction between MBTs and Cu(111) is mainly governed by the electron donation from the occupied orbitals of the molecules to the conduction band of copper, with the absolute interaction energies (eV) increasing in the order of MBT-NO2 (0.629) < MBT-COOH (0.660) < MBT-Cl (0.699) < MBT (0.715) < MBT-SH (0.727) < MBT-OH (0.733) < MBT-CH3 (0.735) < MBT-OCH3 (0.749) < MBT-NH2 (0.781) < MBT-NHCH3 (0.792). The influence of functional groups on covalent interactions is clarified by examining changes in the molecule's electronic structure, revealing a linear relationship between covalent interaction energy and HOMO energy, or the Hammett substituent constant. However, the impact of functional groups on non-covalent interactions is more complex and cannot be described by changes in the electronic structure. A novel parameter, the substitution interaction energy, was proposed to capture the effect of functional groups on the NCI-included adsorption energy of MBT derivatives on the Cu(111) surface. The stronger the substitution interaction, the stronger the NCI-included interaction of MBTs on Cu(111). The absolute NCI-included interaction energies follow the order of MBT (2.141) < MBT-Cl (2.213) < MBT-COOH (2.266) < MBT-CH3 (2.294) < MBT-OH (2.331) < MBT-OCH3 (2.379) < MBT-NO2 (2.461) = MBT-NH2 (2.461) < MBT-SH (2.530) < MBT-NHCH3 (2.565). These insights offer valuable guidance for manipulating the adsorption of organic substances on metal surfaces through functional groups in diverse applications.

Hydrogen storage in M(BDC)(TED)0.5 metal-organic framework: physical insights and capacities.

Finding renewable energy sources to replace fossil energy has been an essential demand in recent years. Hydrogen gas has been becoming a research hotspot for its clean and free-carbon energy. However, hydrogen storage technology is challenging for mobile and automotive applications. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as one of the most advanced materials for hydrogen storage due to their exceptionally high surface area, ultra-large and tuneable pore size. Recently, computer simulations allowed the designing of new MOF structures with significant hydrogen storage capacity. However, no studies are available to elucidate the hydrogen storage in M(BDC)(TED)0.5, where M = metal, BDC = 1,4-benzene dicarboxylate, and TED = triethylenediamine. In this report, we used van der Waals-dispersion corrected density functional theory and grand canonical Monte Carlo methods to explore the electronic structure properties, adsorption energies, and gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen loadings in M(BDC)(TED)0.5 (M = Mg, V, Co, Ni, and Cu). Our results showed that the most favourable adsorption site of H2 in M(BDC)(TED)0.5 is the metal cluster-TED intersection region, in which Ni offers the strongest binding strength with the adsorption energy of -16.9 kJ mol-1. Besides, the H2@M(BDC)(TED)0.5 interaction is physisorption, which mainly stems from the contribution of the d orbitals of the metal atoms for M = Ni, V, Cu, and Co and the p orbitals of the O, C, N atoms for M = Mg interacting with the σ* state of the adsorbed hydrogen molecule. Noticeably, the alkaline-earth metal Mg strongly enhanced the specific surface area and pore size of the M(BDC)(TED)0.5 MOF, leading to an enormous increase in hydrogen storage with the highest absolute (excess) gravimetric and volumetric uptakes of 1.05 (0.36) wt% and 7.47 (2.59) g L-1 at 298 K and 7.42 (5.80) wt% and 52.77 (41.26) g L-1 at 77 K, respectively. The results are comparable to the other MOFs found in the literature.

Comparing the accuracy of two machine learning models in detection and classification of periapical lesions using periapical radiographs.

BACKGROUND: Previous deep learning-based studies were mainly conducted on detecting periapical lesions; limited information in classification, such as the periapical index (PAI) scoring system, is available. The study aimed to apply two deep learning models, Faster R-CNN and YOLOv4, in detecting and classifying periapical lesions using the PAI score from periapical radiographs (PR) in three different regions of the dental arch: anterior teeth, premolars, and molars. METHODS: Out of 2658 PR selected for the study, 2122 PR were used for training, 268 PR were used for validation and 268 PR were used for testing. The diagnosis made by experienced dentists was used as the reference diagnosis. RESULTS: The Faster R-CNN and YOLOv4 models obtained great sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision for detecting periapical lesions. No clear difference in the performance of both models among these three regions was found. The true prediction of Faster R-CNN was 89%, 83.01% and 91.84% for PAI 3, PAI 4 and PAI 5 lesions, respectively. The corresponding values of YOLOv4 were 68.06%, 50.94%, and 65.31%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated the potential of YOLOv4 and Faster R-CNN models for detecting and classifying periapical lesions based on the PAI scoring system using periapical radiographs.

A data-driven QSPR model for screening organic corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel using machine learning techniques.

Machine learning (ML) techniques have shown great potential for screening corrosion inhibitors. In this study, a data-driven quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model using the gradient boosting decision tree (GB) algorithm combined with the permutation feature importance (PFI) technique was developed to predict the corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) of organic compounds on carbon steel. The results showed that the PFI method effectively selected the molecular descriptors most relevant to the IE. Using these important molecular descriptors, an IE predictive model was trained on a dataset encompassing various categories of organic corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel, achieving RMSE, MAE, and R2 of 6.40%, 4.80%, and 0.72, respectively. The integration of GB with PFI within the ML workflow demonstrated significantly enhanced IE predictive capability compared to previously reported ML models. Subsequent assessments involved the application of the trained model to drug-based corrosion inhibitors. The model demonstrates robust predictive capability when validated on available and our own experimental results. Furthermore, the model has been employed to predict IE for more than 1500 drug compounds, suggesting five novel drug compounds with the highest predicted IE on carbon steel. The developed ML workflow and associated model will be useful in accelerating the development of next-generation corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel.

A Vulvovaginal Yeast Infection Caused by Cryptococcus victoriae in Vietnam: A Rare Case Report.

Cases of vulvovaginitis caused by Cryptococcus genus are exceedingly uncommon, with only a handful of instances having been described for this causative species. This report describes a rare case of vulvovaginitis suspected to be caused by Cryptococcus victoriae in a 58-year-old woman residing in an urban area of Hanoi city, Vietnam. The patient with a 10-year history of depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital due to vulvar itching and vaginal discharge. Vaginal swabs confirmed the presence of a yeast infection by direct microscopic examination with 10% KOH and culture on CHROMagar Candida. The yeast was identified as C victoriae using genetic sequencing tools. The patient's treatment plan involved topical clotrimazole and a daily oral dose of 200 mg of itraconazole for 7 days. This comprehensive treatment approach resulted in the patient's full recovery. This is the first reported case of vulvovaginitis attributed to C victoriae in humans worldwide.

Prevalence, risk factors and genotyping of chlamydia trachomatis from endocervical specimens of infertile women at a tertiary care hospital, Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, the prevalence, risk factors and distribution of C. trachomatis genotypes are rarely mentioned in Vietnam. This study aimed to find the prevalence, risk factors and distribution of C. trachomatis genotypes in infertile Vietnamese women. METHODS: Endocervical swabs were collected from infertile women at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vietnam, between January 2020 and December 2021. All samples were analyzed for C. trachomatis presence by Cobas 4800 CT/NG Test. Sequencing methods of ompA gene were used to determine the C. trachomatis genotypes. An approximately 1200 bp ompA fragment was aligned with reference sequences from GenBank to identify the corresponding genotype. RESULTS: The prevalence of endocervical C. trachomatis infection was 15.6% of 761 participants. Factors independently associated with CT infection among infertile women, obtained by multivariate analysis, included abnormal vaginal discharge, cervicitis, lower abdominal pain, a history of ectopic pregnancy, having more than one sex partner, and age at first intercourse. Among the samples, genotype E (25.93%) was most frequently found, followed by genotypes D/Da (22.23%), F (13.58%), G/Ga (12.35%), J (12.35%), H (6.17%), K (3.70%), B/Ba (2.47%), and I/Ia (1.23%), respectively. Genotype F was related to types of infertility, and genotype H was associated with a history of miscarriage. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated a high prevalence of C. trachomatis in infertile Vietnamese women. The most common genotypes found in this population were E, D, and F. Our findings suggest that routine screening is necessary for early detection and performance of infection control methods.

Prognostic evaluation of quick sequential organ failure assessment score in ICU patients with sepsis across different income settings.

BACKGROUND: There is conflicting evidence on association between quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) and sepsis mortality in ICU patients. The primary aim of this study was to determine the association between qSOFA and 28-day mortality in ICU patients admitted for sepsis. Association of qSOFA with early (3-day), medium (28-day), late (90-day) mortality was assessed in low and lower middle income (LLMIC), upper middle income (UMIC) and high income (HIC) countries/regions. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the MOSAICS II study, an international prospective observational study on sepsis epidemiology in Asian ICUs. Associations between qSOFA at ICU admission and mortality were separately assessed in LLMIC, UMIC and HIC countries/regions. Modified Poisson regression was used to determine the adjusted relative risk (RR) of qSOFA score on mortality at 28 days with adjustments for confounders identified in the MOSAICS II study. RESULTS: Among the MOSAICS II study cohort of 4980 patients, 4826 patients from 343 ICUs and 22 countries were included in this secondary analysis. Higher qSOFA was associated with increasing 28-day mortality, but this was only observed in LLMIC (p < 0.001) and UMIC (p < 0.001) and not HIC (p = 0.220) countries/regions. Similarly, higher 90-day mortality was associated with increased qSOFA in LLMIC (p < 0.001) and UMIC (p < 0.001) only. In contrast, higher 3-day mortality with increasing qSOFA score was observed across all income countries/regions (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that qSOFA remained associated with 28-day mortality (adjusted RR 1.09 (1.00-1.18), p = 0.038) even after adjustments for covariates including APACHE II, SOFA, income country/region and administration of antibiotics within 3 h. CONCLUSIONS: qSOFA was independently associated with 28-day mortality in ICU patients admitted for sepsis. In LLMIC and UMIC countries/regions, qSOFA was associated with early to late mortality but only early mortality in HIC countries/regions.

Carbon dioxide conversion to methanol on a PdCo bimetallic catalyst.

The CO2 conversion to methanol (CO2-to-CH3OH conversion) is a promising way to resolve greenhouse gas emissions and global energy shortage. Many catalysts are of interest in improving the efficiency of the conversion reaction. The PdCo alloy is a potential catalyst, but no research is available to clarify the CO2-to-CH3OH reaction mechanism of this alloy. Here, using density functional theory combined with the thermodynamic model, we elucidated the reaction mechanism of the CO2-to-CH3OH conversion on the Pd-skin/PdCo alloy catalyst via thermo- and electro-catalytic processes. The adsorption of CO2-to-CH3OH intermediates with key stable intermediates such as HCOO, COOH, and CO was explored. Free-energy diagrams for the CO2-to-CH3OH conversion were constructed. We found that the formate pathway is the most favorable one. The charge transfer plays a crucial role in the substrate-adsorbate interaction via electronic structure analysis. This work provides valuable guidance for designing Pd-based catalysts for the CO2-to-CH3OH conversion.

Camellia annamensis (Theaceae): phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activities.

Cytotoxic, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activities of Camellia annamensis, and its chemical compositions were first provided in the current study. Phenolic contents in the methanol extracts of its leaves and flowers were 222.73 ± 0.09 and 64.44 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g extract, whereas flavonoid contents in these parts were 108.80 ± 0.28 and 131.26 ± 0.39 mg rutin/g extract, respectively. By using HPLC-DAD analysis, gallic acid (43.72 ± 0.09 - 81.89 ± 1.83 mg/g) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (67.31 ± 1.26 - 70.68 ± 7.82 mg/g) were identified as the major compounds. C. annamensis leaf and flower extracts were moderately cytotoxic against A549, HT-29, SK-Mel-2, MCF-7, HepG2, HeLa, and MKN-7. Particularly, they are better than the standards trolox (IC50 7.57 ± 0.23 µg/mL) in lipid peroxidation inhibitory evaluation, and streptomycin (IC50/MIC = 45.34-50.34/128-256 µg/mL) in antimicrobial assay against the Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis ATCC299212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, and the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica ATCC13076.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Alpinia menghaiensis S Q Tong & Y M Xia in S Q Tong from Vietnam / Composición química y actividad antimicrobiana de aceite escencial de Alpinia menghaiensis S Q Tong y Y M Xia en S Q Tong de Vietnam

The chemical constituents and antimic robial activity of the essential oil isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q. Tong & Y.M. Xia in S.Q. Tong from Vietnam was studied and reported. The techniques of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to characterize the chemical constituents of the essential oil while the microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. The main compounds identified in the rhizome essential oil consist of ß - pinene (46.5%), ß - phellandrene (25.7%) and α - pinene (8.5%). The studied essential oil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value of 15.32 µg/mL ± 0. 01, and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 32.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. The essential oil also displayed activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 31.57 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC, 34.21 µg/mL ± 0.01 µg/mL), and IC 50 va lue of 64.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. This is the first report on the rhizome oil composition, as well as the antimicrobial of essential oils from A. menghaiensis . The paper discusses further the comparative analysis of essential oils from A. menghaiensis .

Se investigaron los componentes químicos y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite escencial aislado de los rizomas de Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q. Ton g & Y. M. Xia en S.Q. Tong de Vietnam. Se usaron las técnicas de cromatografía de gases (GC) y cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas (GC/MS) para caracterizar los componentes químicos del aceite escencial, mientras que se utilizó un ensayo de microdilución para evaluar la actividad antimicrobial. Se identificaron los componentes principales en el aceite escencial del rizoma, compuesto de ß - pineno (46.5%), ß - fellandreno (25.7%) y α - pineno (8.5%). El aceite escencial estudiado inhibió el crecimie nto de Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 con concentraciones de actividad mínima inhibitoria (MIC) de 15.32 µg/mL ± 0.01, y una m ediana de concentración inhibitoria (IC 50 ) de 32.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. El aceite escencial también mostró actividad contra Staphylococ cus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 31.57 ± 0.01 µg/mL) y Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC, 34.21 µg/mL ± 0.01 µg/mL), y valor IC 50 de 64.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. Este es el primer reporte sobre la composición del aceite de rizoma, así como de las propiedades antimicrobianas d e los aceites escenciales de A. menghaiensis . El artículo discute el análisis comparativo de los aceites escenciales de A. menghaiensis .

Characteristic of school injuries in Asia: a cross-national, multi-center observational study.

BACKGROUND: To prevent school injuries, thorough epidemiological data is an essential foundation. We aimed to investigate the characteristics of school injuries in Asia and explore risk factors for major trauma. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in the participating centers of the Pan-Asian Trauma Outcome Study from October 2015 to December 2020. Subjects who reported "school" as the site of injury were included. Major trauma was defined as an Injury Severity Score (ISS) value of ≥16. RESULTS: In total, 1305 injury cases (1.0% of 127,715 events) occurred at schools. Among these, 68.2% were children. Unintentional injuries were the leading cause and intentional injuries comprised 7.5% of the cohort. Major trauma accounted for 7.1% of those with documented ISS values. Multivariable regression revealed associations between major trauma and factors, including age, intention of injury (self-harm), type of injury (traffic injuries, falls), and body part injured (head, thorax, and abdomen). Twenty-two (1.7%) died, with six deaths related to self-harm. Females represented 28.4% of injuries but accounted for 40.9% of all deaths. CONCLUSIONS: In Asia, injuries at schools affect a significant number of children. Although the incidence of injuries was higher in males, self-inflicted injuries and mortality cases were relatively higher in females. IMPACT: Epidemiological data and risk factors for major trauma resulting from school injuries in Asia are lacking. This study identified significant risk factors for major trauma occurring at schools, including age, intention of injury (self-harm), injury type (traffic injuries, falls), and body part injured (head, thoracic, and abdominal injuries). Although the incidence of injuries was higher in males, the incidence of self-harm injuries and mortality rates were higher in females. The results of this would make a significant contribution to the development of prevention strategies and relative policies concerning school injuries.

Development of a prediction model for emergency medical service witnessed traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To develop a prediction model for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to identify trauma patients at high risk of deterioration to emergency medical service (EMS)-witnessed traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) on the scene or en route. METHODS: We developed a prediction model using the classical cross-validation method from the Pan-Asia Trauma Outcomes Study (PATOS) database from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2020. Eligible patients aged ≥18 years were transported to the hospital by the EMS. The primary outcome (EMS-witnessed TCA) was defined based on changes in vital signs measured on the scene or en route. We included variables that were immediately measurable as potential predictors when EMTs arrived. An integer point value system was built using multivariable logistic regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test were used to examine discrimination and calibration in the derivation and validation cohorts. RESULTS: In total, 74,844 patients were eligible for database review. The model comprised five prehospital predictors: age <40 years, systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg, respiration rate >20/minute, pulse oximetry <94%, and levels of consciousness to pain or unresponsiveness. The AUROC in the derivation and validation cohorts was 0.767 and 0.782, respectively. The HL test revealed good calibration of the model (p = 0.906). CONCLUSION: We established a prediction model using variables from the PATOS database and measured them immediately after EMS personnel arrived to predict EMS-witnessed TCA. The model allows prehospital medical personnel to focus on high-risk patients and promptly administer optimal treatment.

Clinical utility of procalcitonin in implementation of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic stewardship in the South-East Asia and India: evidence and consensus-based recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: The South-East Asian (SEA) region and India are highly susceptible to antibiotic resistance, which is caused due to lack of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) knowledge, uncontrolled use of antibiotics, and poor infection control. Nonadherence to national/local guidelines, developed to combat antimicrobial resistance, is a major concern. A virtual advisory board was conducted to understand the current AMS standards and challenges in its implementation in these regions. AREAS COVERED: Procalcitonin (PCT)-guided antibiotic use was discussed in various clinical conditions across initiation, management, and discontinuation stages. Most experts strongly recommended using PCT-driven antibiotic therapy among patients with lower respiratory tract infections, sepsis, and COVID-19. However, additional research is required to understand the optimal use of PCT in patients with organ transplantation and cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. Implementation of the solutions discussed in this review can help improve PCT utilization in guiding AMS in these regions and reducing challenges. EXPERT OPINION: Experts strongly support the inclusion of PCT in AMS. They believe that PCT in combination with other clinical data to guide antibiotic therapy may result in more personalized and precise targeted antibiotic treatment. The future of PCT in antibiotic treatment is promising and may result in effective utilization of this biomarker.

Mechanical ventilation practices in Asian intensive care units: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: This study investigated current practices of mechanical ventilation in Asian intensive care units, focusing on tidal volume, plateau pressure, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, data on mechanical ventilation and clinical outcomes were collected. Predictors of mortality were analyzed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression. A scoring system was generated to predict 28-day mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1408 patients were enrolled. In 138 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 65.9% were on a tidal volume ≤ 8 ml/kg predicted body weight (PBW), and 71.3% were on sufficient PEEP. In 1270 patients without ARDS, 88.8% were on a tidal volume ≤ 10 ml/kg PBW. A plateau pressure < 30 cmH2O was measured in 92.2% of patients. Mortality rates increased from 13% to 74% as the generated predictive score increased from 5 to ≥8.5. Income classification, age, SOFA score, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, plateau pressure, number of vasopressors, and steroid use were associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In Asia, low tidal volume ventilation and sufficient PEEP were underused in patients with ARDS. The majority of patients without ARDS were on intermediate tidal volumes. Country income, age, and severity of illness were associated with mortality.

Bandgap engineering of germanene for gas sensing applications.

Gas sensors are used to detect gas components in human breath to diagnose diseases, such as cancers. However, choosing suitable two-dimensional materials for gas sensors is a challenge. Germanene can be a good candidate because of its outstanding electronic and structural properties. Based on the density functional theory calculations with various schemes, such as PBE + vdW-DF2, HSE06 + PBE, and HSE06 + vdW-DF2, we elucidated the structural and electronic properties of germanene substrates (perfect, vacancy-1, and vacancy-2) while adsorbing hepatocellular carcinoma-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., acetone, 1,4-pentadiene, methylene chloride, phenol, and allyl methyl sulfide. These gases have been selected for investigation because of their most frequent occurence in diagnosing the disease. We found that vacancy substrates enhanced the adsorption strength of the VOCs compared to the perfect one, where the phenol adsorbed most strongly and exhibited the most profound influence on the structural deformation of the substrates over the other VOCs. Besides, the adsorbed VOCs significantly modified the energy bandgap of the considered germanene substrates. In particular, the gases, except allyl methyl sulfide, vanished the bandgap of the vacancy-1 germanene and converted this substrate from a semiconductor to a metal, while they widened the bandgap of the vacancy-2 structure compared to the isolated case. Therefore, the perfect and vacancy-2 germanene sheets could maintain their semiconducting state upon gas adsorption, implying that these substrates may be suitable candidates for gas sensing applications. The nature of the interaction between the VOCs and the germanene substrates is a physical adsorption with a weak charge exchange, which mainly comes from the contribution of the pz orbital of the VOCs and the pz orbital of Ge.

Essential Oils of Five Syzygium Species Growing Wild in Vietnam: Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial and Mosquito Larvicidal Potentials.

The essential oils of five Vietnamese Syzygium species (Syzygium levinei, S. acuminatissimum, S. vestitum, S. cumini, and S. buxifolium) were first hydro-distilled and analyzed using GC-FID/MS (gas chromatography-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry). Monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids were the main chemical classes in these oils. All these essential oils showed good-excellent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, and the yeast Candida albicans. S. levinei leaf essential oil, rich in bicyclogermacrene (25.3%), (E)-ß-elemene (12.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.2%), and ß-selinene (7.4%), as well as S. acuminatissimum fruit essential oil containing (E)-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-pinene (12.1%), caryophyllene oxide (10.9%), ß-selinene (10.8%), α-selinene (8.0%), and α-humulene (5.7%), established the same MIC value of 8 µg/mL against E. faecalis and B. cereus, which were much better than the positive control streptomycin (MIC 128-256 µg/mL). The studied essential oils showed the potential to defend against mosquitoes since they caused the 24 and 48 h LC50 values of less than 50 µg/mL against the growth of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae. Especially, S. buxifolium leaf essential oil strongly inhibited Ae. aegypti larvae with 24 and 48 h LC50 values of 6.73 and 6.73 µg/mL, respectively, and 24 and 48 h LC90 values of 13.37 and 10.83 µg/mL, respectively. These findings imply that Vietnamese Syzygium essential oils might have potential for use as supplemental antibacterial agents or as "green" alternatives for the control of mosquitoes.

The Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Aspergillus Section Flavi from Three French Hospitals.

(1) Background: Aspergillus flavus is a cosmopolitan mold with medical, veterinary, and agronomic concerns. Its morphological similarity to other cryptic species of the Flavi section requires molecular identification techniques that are not routinely performed. For clinical isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi, we present the molecular identification, susceptibility to six antifungal agents, and clinical context of source patients. (2) Methods: One hundred forty fungal clinical isolates were included in the study. These isolates, recovered over a 15-year period (2001-2015), were identified based on their morphological characteristics as belonging to section Flavi. After the subculture, sequencing of a part of the ß-tubulin and calmodulin genes was performed, and resistance to azole antifungals was screened on agar plates containing itraconazole and voriconazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 120 isolates by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) broth microdilution method. (3) Results: Partial ß-tubulin and calmodulin sequences analysis showed that 138/140 isolates were A. flavus sensu stricto, 1 isolate was A. parasiticus/sojae, and 1 was A. nomiae. Many of the isolates came from samples collected in the context of respiratory tract colonization. Among probable or proven aspergillosis, respiratory infections were the most frequent, followed by ENT infections. Antifungal susceptibility testing was available for isolates (n = 120, all A. flavus ss) from one hospital. The MIC range (geometric mean MIC) in mg/L was 0.5-8 (0.77), 0.5-8 (1.03), 0.125-2 (0.25), 0.03-2 (0.22), 0.25-8 (1.91), and 0.03-0.125 (0.061) for voriconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin, respectively. Two (1.67%) isolates showed resistance to isavuconazole according to current EUCAST breakpoints with MICs at 8 mg/L for isavuconazole and voriconazole. One of these two isolates was also resistant to itraconazole with MIC at 2 mg/L. (4) Conclusions: The present characterization of a large collection of Aspergillus belonging to the Flavi section confirmed that A. flavus ss is the predominant species. It is mainly implicated in respiratory and ENT infections. The emergence of resistance highlights the need to perform susceptibility tests on section Flavi isolates.

Extracellular Vesicle Refractive Index Derivation Utilizing Orthogonal Characterization.

The analysis of small particles, including extracellular vesicles and viruses, is contingent on their ability to scatter sufficient light to be detected. These detection methods include flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and single particle reflective image sensing. To standardize measurements and enable orthogonal comparisons between platforms, a quantifiable limit of detection is required. The main parameters that dictate the amount of light scattered by particles include size, morphology, and refractive index. To date, there has been a lack of accessible techniques for measuring the refractive index of nanoparticles at a single-particle level. Here, we demonstrate two methods of deriving a small particle refractive index using orthogonal measurements with commercially available platforms. These methods can be applied at either a single-particle or population level, enabling the integration of diameter and scattering cross section values to derive the refractive index using Mie theory.