[Construct validity of the TECS questionnaire for the quality of teamwork in surgery]. / Validez de constructo del cuestionario TECS para la calidad del trabajo en equipo en cirugía.

Objective: To assess the construct validity and reliability of the Trabajo en Equipo en Cirugía (TECS) questionnaire. Method: The questionnaire was administered to 401 undergraduate students who were doing surgery practices at three universities. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the first 200 observations, and a confirmatory factor analysis on the remaining ones. The reliability of the instrument was established with Cronbach's alpha. Results: The average age of the study population was 22 years (± 1.4) and 65.5% were women. The factors "Student's disposition towards teamwork", "Structure of the work environment" and "Leadership and collaboration in the work team" showed excellent internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.94. The results in the exploratory factor analysis showed adequate goodness of fit with the empirical data. Conclusions: The TECS is a valid (content and construct) and reliable instrument to assess the quality of teamwork in surgery in medical students.

Objetivo: Realizar la validación de constructo y el análisis de confiabilidad del cuestionario Trabajo en Equipo en Cirugía (TECS). Método: El cuestionario se aplicó a 401 estudiantes de pregrado que cursaban prácticas en cirugía en tres universidades. Sobre las primeras 200 observaciones se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, y sobre las restantes un análisis factorial confirmatorio. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue establecida con el alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: La edad promedio de la población en estudio fue de 22 años (± 1.4) y el 65.5% eran mujeres. Los factores «Disposición del estudiante hacia el trabajo en equipo¼, «Estructura del ambiente de trabajo¼ y «Liderazgo y colaboración en el equipo de trabajo¼ mostraron una excelente consistencia interna, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.94. Los resultados en el análisis factorial exploratorio mostraron una adecuada bondad de ajuste con los datos empíricos. Conclusiones: El TECS es un instrumento válido (contenido y constructo) y confiable para evaluar la calidad del trabajo en equipo en cirugía en estudiantes de medicina.

The evolution of laparoscopy in abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of the effect on infectious outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery has been recommended as an effective strategy because of its advantages in decreasing abdominal surgical site infections (SSIs). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of laparoscopy on superficial and organ/space SSIs compared with open surgery in hollow-viscus procedures over time. STUDY DESIGN: Data on SSIs from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating open versus laparoscopic abdominal surgeries were extracted from the Cochrane Database Reviews. Re-analysis of these data was performed to assess infections. Heterogeneity was also explored. A subgroup analysis was performed according to elective/emergency surgery status. RESULTS: Data from 72 RCTs including 8218 patients were collected (4116 patients in the laparoscopic group and 4102 patients in the open group). For superficial SSI, the pooled RD was -4.4% (95% CI: -5.4% to -3.3%), which indicated a lower risk in the laparoscopic group. For organ/space SSI, the pooled RD was 0.5% (95% CI: -0.1% to 1%), which indicated similar rates between the groups. Changes in SSI frequency had occurred over time. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic surgery significantly decreases the risk of superficial SSI but does not affect the risk of organ/space SSI. Experience with technique improves outcomes.

Cost-effectiveness analysis regarding postoperative administration of vitamin-D and calcium after thyroidectomy to prevent hypocalcaemia / Análisis de costo-efectividad de la administración postoperatoria de Vitamina D y calcio después de tiroidectomía para la prevención de la hipo calcemia

Objective Hypocalcaemia is a frequently arising complication following total thyroidectomy. Routine postoperative prophylactic administration of vitamin D or metabolites and calcium reduce the incidence of symptomatic hypocalcaemia; this article reports evaluating its cost-effectiveness in Colombia. Methods Meta-analysis was used for comparing the administration of vitamin D or metabolites to oral calcium or no treatment at all in patients following total thyroidectomy and a cost-effectiveness analysis was designed based on a decision-tree model with local costs. Results The OR value for the comparison between calcitriol and calcium compared to no treatment and to exclusive calcium treatment groups was 0.32 (0.13-0.79 95 %CI) and 0.31 (0.14-0.70 95 %CI), respectively. The most cost-effective strategy was vitamin D or metabolites and calcium administration, having a US $0.05 incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Conclusion Prophylactic treatment of hypocalcaemia with vitamin D or metabolites + calcium or calcium alone is a cost-effective strategy.

Objetivos La hipo calcemia es la complicación más frecuente después de tiroidectomía. La administración profiláctica de vitamina D o metabolitos y calcio reduce la incidencia de hipocalcémia sintomática. Se evalúa su costo-efectividad en Colombia. Materiales y métodos Utilizamos la información de un meta-análisis que comparó la administración de vitamina D o metabolitos contra calcio no tratamiento en pacientes llevados a tiroidectomía total y diseñamos un análisis de costo-efectividad basados en un modelos de decisiones con costos locales. Resultados El valor del OR para la comparación entre calcitriol y calcio comparado con no tratamiento o calcio exclusivo fue de 0.32 (95 % IC, 0.13- 0.79) y 0.31 (95 % IC, 0.14-0.70), respectivamente. La estrategia más costo-efectiva fue la administración de vitamina D o metabolitos y calcio, con una relación de costo-efectividad incremental de US $0.05. Conclusiones El tratamiento profiláctico de la hipo calcemia con vitamina D o metabolitos y calcio o calcio exclusivo después de tiroidectomía total es una estrategia costo-efectiva.

Prognosis of patients with thyroid cancer who do not undergo surgical treatment: a SEER database analysis.

BACKGROUND: The treatment for thyroid cancer is surgical. However, some patients do not undergo operations because of comorbidities or other reasons. There is little information about the prognosis of these patients. The aim of the present study was to describe patients with well differentiated thyroid carcinoma who did not undergo surgical treatment and to identify differences in prognostic variables and survival compared with patients treated surgically. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of a prospective cohort collected by the National Cancer Institute obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. All patient files with a diagnosis of thyroid cancer were selected (38,493 cases). Finally, 12,416 cases were used for the analysis. Treatment was divided into surgical or nonsurgical groups. Five-year survival rates were estimated and classified by the SEER stage. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients did not receive surgical treatment. These patients were older, had more advanced tumours and their treatment was less associated with complementary radiotherapy. Five-year overall survival rates were 96.7% for surgical patients vs. 56.8% for nonsurgical patients (p<0.001). The overall survival in the nonsurgery group for localised tumours decreased 14.9%, for regional tumours decreased 49.9% and for distant tumours decreased 61.8%. DISCUSSION: The patients who did not undergo surgical treatment showed less than 5-year overall survival. The SEER database does not offer information about comorbidities that could explain these differences.

[Analysis of factors for conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy: a prospective study of 703 patients with acute cholecystitis]. / Análisis de los factores de conversión durante colecistectomía laparoscópica a abierta en una cohorte prospectiva de 703 pacientes con colecistitis aguda.

AIMS: Conversions to open surgery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy are performed in 20% of patients with acute cholecystitis, and are associated with increased morbidity and costs. The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors for conversion and to evaluate morbidity, mortality and hospital stay. METHODS: A prospective cohort of patients admitted to the emergency department with acute cholecystitis. We evaluated the statistical significance of the demographic, clinical, biochemical, imaging and surgical factors at admission, associated with conversion to open surgery using a univariate model. The associated factors evaluated during initial analysis were then included in a multivariate analysis. Finally a comparative analysis was made of the morbidity and mortality in both models. RESULTS: A total of 703 patients were included. Conversion rate was 13.8%. Univariate analysis identified as factors: male gender, previous ERCP, leucocytes>12,000 mm(3), age>70 years, hypertension, jaundice, cholangitis, total bilirubin>2mg/dl, ASA III-IV, gallbladder wall enlargement and choledocholithiasis. Logistic regression identified as predictive factors: previous ERCP, leucocytes, age>70 years and male gender. Converted patients had a higher morbidity rate, further operations and longer hospital stays (P<.001). No difference was seen in mortality. DISCUSSION: It is important to recognise patients with a higher risk of conversion in order to optimise planning and performing of the surgical procedure, and to decrease the morbidity associated with laparotomy, given that the independent factors identified are not modifiable.

Routine postoperative administration of vitamin D and calcium after total thyroidectomy: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Temporary hypocalcemia is a frequent complication after total thyroidectomy. Routine postoperative administration of vitamin D and calcium can reduce the incidence of symptomatic postoperative hypocalcemia. We undertook a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of this intervention. METHODS: We identified randomized controlled trials comparing the administration of vitamin D or metabolites to oral calcium or no treatment in patients after total thyroidectomy in MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. RESULTS: Four studies with 706 patients were included: 346 in the calcitriol group, 288 in the oral calcium group and 72 in the control group. The rates of hypocalcemia symptoms were 4%, 19% and 31%, respectively. The OR value for the comparison between calcitriol + calcium as compared to no treatment and to exclusive calcium treatment groups was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.13-0.79) and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.14-0.70), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prophylactic treatment with vitamin D or metabolites + calcium is effective to decrease the incidence of symptoms of temporary hypocalcemia.

Early laparoscopy for the evaluation of nonspecific abdominal pain: a critical appraisal of the evidence.

BACKGROUND: Patients with nonspecific abdominal pain (NSAP) are frequently seen in emergency departments. Different studies have suggested that early laparoscopy (EL) could be an adequate tool to accelerate diagnosis and therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of EL in terms of diagnosis, persistence of NSAP, mortality, morbidity, cost, hospital stay, and quality of life relative to observation in NSAP. METHODS: We performed a systematic review to identify randomized controlled trials (RTC) comparing EL versus active observation (AO) in NSAP. The primary outcomes were the number of patients with positive and negative findings, the utility for each group, and the cases with persistence of NSAP. Methodologic quality was assessed using the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS: Five studies that included a total of 921 patients were included: 460 in the EL group and 461 in the AO group. The use of an important methodologic heterogeneity between included studies avoided a pooled analysis. Data suggested that EL performed better in establishing a final diagnosis (79.2-96.9%) vs. AO (28.1-78.1%); however, the final therapeutic utility of laparoscopy was lower than the diagnostic rate (10.9-86.5%). The mortality rate of EL was similar to AO, and morbidity ranged from 1.15 to 23.72% in EL compared with the range from 1.9 to 31.14% in AO. The length of hospital stay ranged from 1.3 to 4.18 days in EL compared with the range from 2 to 7.3 days in AO. CONCLUSIONS: There is an important heterogeneity between the populations and in the degree of methodologic quality in the included studies. Data suggest that EL performs better in establishing a final diagnosis after admission, but the lack of uniform information does not allow for the recommendation of EL as a routine strategy in clinical practice. We recommend that a large trial be conducted with specific operative characteristics to solve problems identified in primary trials.

Cost-effectiveness analysis regarding postoperative administration of vitamin-D and calcium after thyroidectomy to prevent hypocalcaemia.

OBJECTIVE: Hypocalcaemia is a frequently arising complication following total thyroidectomy. Routine postoperative prophylactic administration of vitamin D or metabolites and calcium reduce the incidence of symptomatic hypocalcaemia; this article reports evaluating its cost-effectiveness in Colombia. METHODS: Meta-analysis was used for comparing the administration of vitamin D or metabolites to oral calcium or no treatment at all in patients following total thyroidectomy and a cost-effectiveness analysis was designed based on a decision-tree model with local costs. RESULTS: The OR value for the comparison between calcitriol and calcium compared to no treatment and to exclusive calcium treatment groups was 0.32 (0.13-0.79 95 %CI) and 0.31 (0.14-0.70 95 %CI), respectively. The most cost-effective strategy was vitamin D or metabolites and calcium administration, having a US $0.05 incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic treatment of hypocalcaemia with vitamin D or metabolites + calcium or calcium alone is a cost-effective strategy.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Cholecystectomy is a common surgical procedure. In the open cholecystectomy area, antibiotic prophylaxis showed beneficial effects, but it is not known if its benefits and harms are similar in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Some clinical trials suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis may not be necessary in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. OBJECTIVES: To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of antibiotic prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis for patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2010), MEDLINE (1985 to August 2010), EMBASE (1985 to August 2010), SCI-EXPANDED (1985 to August 2010), LILACS (1988 to August 2010) as well as reference lists of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised clinical trials comparing antibiotic prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Our outcome measures were all-cause mortality, surgical site infections, extra-abdominal infections, adverse events, and quality of life. All outcome measures were confined to within hospitalisation or 30 days after discharge. We summarised the outcome measures by reporting odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI), using both the fixed-effect and the random-effects models. MAIN RESULTS: We included eleven randomised clinical trials with 1664 participants who were mostly at low anaesthetic risk, low frequency of co-morbidities, low risk of conversion to open surgery, and low risk of infectious complications. None of the trials had low risk of bias. We found no statistically significant differences between antibiotic prophylaxis and no prophylaxis in the proportion of surgical site infections (odds ratio (OR) 0.87, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.54) or extra-abdominal infections (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.46). Heterogeneity was not statistically significant. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review shows that there is not sufficient evidence to support or refute the use of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce surgical site infection and global infections in patients with low risk of anaesthetic complications, co-morbidities, conversion to open surgery, and infectious complications, and undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Larger randomised clinical trials with intention-to-treat analysis and patients also at high risk of conversion to open surgery are needed.

El cirujano y la evidencia / The surgeon and the evidence

En el arte y la ciencia de la cirugía, el resultado refleja un rango de incertidumbre, que representa un obstáculo a la hora de tomar decisiones, evaluar acciones e impedir futuras situaciones adversas; pero existen variables modificables que están a nuestro alcance que permiten reducir la magnitud de esas “zonas grises” en las que frecuentemente nos movemos en la cirugía. Desde hace años se ha incorporado el concepto de Cirugía Basada en la Evidencia, la cual se define como la integración de la mejor evidencia disponible con la experiencia clínica, unidas a los deseos y valores del paciente. Es importante plantear que su aplicación reviste unas consideraciones especiales que explicarían su lento desarrollo e implementación comparados con las ciencias que no son quirúrgicas. En el presente artículo proponemos la utilización de una estrategia diseñada por el Departamento de Urgencias del Manchester Royal Infirmary del Reino Unido, que se denomina BestBETs para dar respuesta a las preguntas de nuestra práctica cotidiana.

In the art and science of surgery, the end results reflect a range of uncertainty, uncertainty that interferes with the decision-making process, evaluation of actions, and prevention of possible future adverse situations; however, there are modifiable variables currently available that help to reduce the magnitude of those “gray zones” that are frequent in surgery. The concept of evidence based medicine has been adopted by surgery since several years ago. It is defined as the integration of the best available external evidence with clinical experience and the desires and values of the patient. It becomes important to set forth that in surgery, its application involves some special considerations that could explain why the slow development and implementation as compared with other non surgical disciplines. In this paper we propose the utilization of the strategy designed by Emergency Department of the Manchester Royal Infirmary in the United Kingdom, labeled BestBETs that aims to provide answers to the questions that pose our daily surgical practice.

Anastomosis intestinal: ¿manual o mecánica?, ¿en un plano o en dos planos? / Intestinal anastomosis: manual or mechanical? One plane or two planes?

Introducción. En la actualidad se recomiendan de manera indiferente varios métodos de anastomosis gastrointestinal. Sin embargo, no existe información clara y relevante al medio colombiano que establezca sus indicaciones precisas. Se hizo una revisión del tema para determinar la efectividad de la sutura intestinal en uno o dos planos y las indicaciones precisas de la sutura mecánica. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura para identificar artículos que compararan sutura en un plano contra sutura en dos planos y sutura manual versus mecánica en cirugía gastrointestinal. Los artículos se revisaron según los criterios de apreciación crítica de la literatura de JAMA. Se extrajeron los datos de la efectividad de los estudios y se analizaron sus alcances. Resultados. Se identificaron tres revisiones sistemáticas y dos ensayos clínicos. Para cirugía de emergencia en enfermedad traumática  y no traumática no hay información acerca del tipo de sutura. En anastomosis íleon-colon la frecuencia de dehiscencia de anastomosis fue menor para sutura mecánica. (OR=0,34; IC95 0,14-0,82). En anastomosis colon-colon no hubo diferencias entre los tipos de sutura. Respecto a la sutura en uno o dos planos, no hay información de adecuada calidad metodológica. Conclusión. La realización de una sutura en un plano o en dos planos no ofrece diferencia alguna con respecto a los desenlaces clínicos relevantes. El uso de la sutura mecánica está indicado de forma obligatoria en los casos de anastomosis íleon-colon. Para las anastomosis colorrectales es probable que la sutura mecánica ofrezca adecuados resultados y su uso es recomendable. Para las anastomosis entero-entéricas y colon-colon intraperitoneales, el uso de las suturas mecánicas no ofrece ventajas en términos de dehiscencia de la anastomosis.

Introduction. Different methods of intestinal anastomosis are currently recommended. In Colombia there is lack of clear and relevant information supporting their precise respective indications. We completed a literature review in order to determine the effectiveness of the one plane and two planes intestinal suture and the precise indications of the mechanical suture.Material and methods. A literature search was performed for the identification of articles comparing the one plane suture and the two plane suture, as well as the manual versus the mechanical suture in gastrointestinal surgery. Articles were reviewed according to the JAMA literature critical appreciation criteria. Effectiveness and pertinence range of data were analyzed.Results. Three systematic reviews and two clinical trials were identified. Both sensitivity and specificity of the systematic reviews were above 90%. As for the individual studies, sensibility was above 90% and specificity 47% to 100%. Conclusion. The one plane or two plane suture do not show any differences in respect to relevant clinical end results. Mechanical suture appears of obligatory indication in ileo-colic anastomoses. In colo-rectal anastomoses, probably mechanical suture exhibits adequate results, and its use is recommended. In intraperitoneal entero-enteral and colo-colic anastomoses, mechanical suture does not offer advantage in regard to anastomotic dehiscence.