Developing of an eco-friendly liquid-liquid microextraction method by using menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for determination of basic fuchsin dye: assessment of the greenness profile.

Herein, we aimed to develop a new environmentally friendly liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) method based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (hDES) synthesized using biodegradable dl-menthol and decanoic acid for the spectrophotometric determination of toxic basic fuchsin dye in environmental water samples. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as pH, mole ratio, and volume of hDES (1:2) and type and volume of organic solvent, sample volume, times of vortex, ultrasonic bath and centrifuge, ionic strength, and matrix effect were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 7.4-167 µg L-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.9994. The limit of detection, intra-day and inter-day precision, and recovery values were 2.25 µg L-1, 2.46% and 4.45%, and 105 ± 3%, respectively. The preconcentration and enrichment factors were found to be 30 and 61.5, respectively. The proposed hDES-LLME methodology was successfully applied to the environmental water samples to detect toxic BF dye (95-105%). Finally, the ecological impact of the suggested method was evaluated using the analytical eco-scale (PPS:88), complementary green analytical procedure indexe (ComplexGAPI), and the Analytical GREEnness tool (0.63). The assessment results showed that the presented analytical method can be regarded as a green LLME approach for the determination of the BF in water.

Ameliorative effects of Scutellaria Pinnatifida subsp. pichleri (Stapf) Rech.f. Extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: chemical composition, biochemical and histopathological evaluation.

BACKGROUNDS: Scutellaria Pinnatifida subsp. pichleri (Stapf) Rech.f. (SP) is used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of the study was to determine the phenolic profile of SP extract (SPE) by LC-MS/MS and to investigate the antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of SPE in streptozotosin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. METHODS: Forty-two rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7): Control (nondiabetic), diabetes mellitus (DM), DM + SP-100 (diabetic rats treated with SPE, 100 mg/kg/day), DM + SP-200 (diabetic rats treated with SPE, 200 mg/kg/day), DM + SP-400 (diabetic rats treated with SPE, 400 mg/kg/day) and DM + Gly-3 (diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide, 3 mg/kg/day). Live body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, antidiabetic, serum biochemical and lipid profile parameters, antioxidant defense system, malondyaldehyde (MDA) and histopathological examinations in liver, kidney and pancreas were evaluated. RESULTS: Apigenin, luteolin, quinic acid, cosmosiin and epigallocatechin were determined to be the major phenolic compounds in the SPE. Administration of the highest dose of SP extract (400 mg/kg) resulted in a significant reduction in FBG levels and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats, indicating an antihyperglycemic effect. SPE (200 and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide significantly improved MDA in liver and kidney tissues. In addition, SPE contributed to the struggle against STZ-induced oxidative stress by stimulating antioxidant defense systems. STZ induction negatively affected liver, kidney and pancreas tissues according to histopathological findings. Treatment with 400 mg/kg and glibenclamide attenuated these negative effects. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the extract of the aerial part of Scutellaria pinnatifida subsp. pichleri has hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and insulin secretion stimulating effects against STZ-induced diabetes and its complications due to its antidiabetic and antioxidant phytochemicals such as apigenin, luteolin, quinic acid, cosmosiin and epigallocatechin.

Exploring phytochemical constituents of Achillea arabica Kotschy. ethanolic flower extract by LC-MS/MS and its possible antioxidant and antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats.

The aim of this study was to reveal the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of ethanolic lyophilized extract of Achillea arabica flower extract against streptozotosine (STZ)-induced in diabetic rats and to determine its phytochemical content by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After toxicity test, 35 female rats were divided into five groups. Control, diabetes mellitus (DM), A.arabica (400 mg/kg) extract, DM + A. arabica (400 mg/kg) extract and DM + Glibenclamide (2 mg/kg). It was determined that while diabetic rats treated A.arabica plant extract significantly decreased blood glucose level, serum glucose, HbA1c, liver and kidney damage biomarker levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to the DM group, it caused fluctuations in antioxidant enzyme levels. According to LC-MS/MS results of A. arabica flower extract, quinic acid (2439.9 µg/g), cyranoside (858.4 µg/g), chlorogenic acid (698.7 µg/g), and cosmosiin (347.8 µg/g) were determined as major compounds, respectively. In addition, two new compounds were determined in this extract according to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mass analyses and these compounds were named edremitine and achillosine, respectively. Thus, A.arabica flower extract has possible therapeutic effects to prevent high blood glucose level and oxidative stress caused by DM in liver and kidney via its high phenolic content.

Investigation of the effects of three different generations of fluoroquinolone derivatives on antioxidant and immunotoxic enzyme levels in different rat tissues.

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are synthetic and broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs derived from nalidixic acid. FQs are used against SARS-CoV-2 in our country, and for the treatment of some urinary tract diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory tract diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and dermatological diseases. The present study investigated the effect of 1-,7-,14-day treatments of three different FQ derivatives; ciprofloxacin (CIP) 80 mg/kg/day, levofloxacin (LVX) 40 mg/kg/day, and moxifloxacin (MXF) 40 mg/kg/day, on biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and immunotoxicity. 72 Wistar albino male rats were distributed to four groups including 18 rats in each group and were sacrificed on three different time points. The 14-day treatment of MXF significantly reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Furthermore, 14-day treatment of LVX increased liver [GSH, MPO, ADA, superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and GSH (erythrocyte) levels; whereas it significantly reduced the levels of AST, TG (triglycerides) and associated parameters levels in all the tissues (MDA), erythrocytes, and liver (MPO, CAT, SOD, GPx). After 14-day treatment of CIP; the erythrocyte levels of GSH, MPO, GPx, and CAT significantly decreased; whereas the levels of glucose, creatinine, MPO (liver), and GST (kidney and erythrocyte) significantly increased. It has been concluded that FQ derivatives used in this experiment did not display any correlation in terms of the efficacies in the different time points and tissues. Thus, it is recommended to use such FQ derivatives considering the duration of use and target tissue.