A tale of two genera: the revival of Hoplodoris (Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) with the description of new species of Hoplodoris and Asteronotus.

Nudibranchs in the family Discodorididae are generally medium (~30mm) to large ( 50mm) in size, sometimes cryptic, and are found in almost every marine ecosystem around the world. The diversity and systematics of the genera within Discodorididae are poorly understood and have led to numerous taxonomic changes. Hoplodoris Bergh, 1880 has recently been considered a synonym of Asteronotus Ehrenberg, 1831; however, morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal a distinct separation between these two genera. Here we provide a re-description of the type species Hoplodoris desmoparypha as well as descriptions of four undescribed species of Asteronotus and Hoplodoris. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes were used to evaluate the phylogenetic positions of the new species and clarify the relationships between Asteronotus and Hoplodoris to the rest of the Discodorididae. Based on our results, Hoplodoris is removed from synonymy with Asteronotus. Descriptions for Asteronotus markaensis sp. nov., and Asteronotus namuro sp. nov. from the Red Sea, as well as Hoplodoris balbon sp. nov. and Hoplodoris rosans sp. nov. from the western Pacific are provided.

Finding the Sweet Spot: Sub-Ambient Light Increases Fitness and Kleptoplast Survival in the Sea Slug Plakobranchus cf. ianthobaptus Gould, 1852.

Sacoglossans, or "sap-sucking" sea slugs, are primarily algivorous, with many taxa exhibiting kleptoplasty, the feeding and retaining of photosynthetically active chloroplasts from algae. The Plakobranchus species complex exhibits some of the longest kleptoplast retention and survival times under starvation conditions, but the contributions of these kleptoplasts to their survival and overall fitness have been widely debated. In this study we assessed the effects of starvation and light on the fitness of Plakobranchus cf. ianthobaptus and its kleptoplasts by placing starved individuals in eight daily average light treatments, ranging from near dark (2 µmol photon m-2 s-1) to ambient light (470 µmol photon m-2 s-1). Slug weight was used as a metric of fitness, and kleptoplast photosynthetic activity was determined via maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) by pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometry as a proxy for kleptoplast health. Plakobranchus individuals in near-dark and high light treatments (>160 µmol photon m-2 s-1) experienced significantly greater weight loss than those in low light (65 µmol photon m-2 s-1) and moderate light treatments (95-135 µmol photon m-2 s-1). Additionally, individuals in high light treatments experienced a rapid decline in kleptoplast photosynthetic activity, while all other treatments experienced minimal decline. This relationship between kleptoplast degradation and weight loss suggests an important link between fitness and kleptoplasty. Given the significant negative effects of ambient conditions, regular refreshment and replenishment of kleptoplasts or physiological or behavioral adjustments are likely employed for the benefits of kleptoplasty to be maintained.