Excess of body weight is associated with accelerated T-cell senescence in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: Several risk factors have been involved in the poor clinical progression of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), including ageing, and obesity. SARS-CoV-2 may compromise lung function through cell damage and paracrine inflammation; and obesity has been associated with premature immunosenescence, microbial translocation, and dysfunctional innate immune responses leading to poor immune response against a range of viruses and bacterial infections. Here, we have comprehensively characterized the immunosenescence, microbial translocation, and immune dysregulation established in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with different degrees of body weight. RESULTS: Hospitalised COVID-19 patients with overweight and obesity had similarly higher plasma LPS and sCD14 levels than controls (all p < 0.01). Patients with obesity had higher leptin levels than controls. Obesity and overweight patients had similarly higher expansions of classical monocytes and immature natural killer (NK) cells (CD56+CD16-) than controls. In contrast, reduced proportions of intermediate monocytes, mature NK cells (CD56+CD16+), and NKT were found in both groups of patients than controls. As expected, COVID-19 patients had a robust expansion of plasmablasts, contrasting to lower proportions of major T-cell subsets (CD4 + and CD8+) than controls. Concerning T-cell activation, overweight and obese patients had lower proportions of CD4+CD38+ cells than controls. Contrasting changes were reported in CD25+CD127low/neg regulatory T cells, with increased and decreased proportions found in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. There were similar proportions of T cells expressing checkpoint inhibitors across all groups. We also investigated distinct stages of T-cell differentiation (early, intermediate, and late-differentiated - TEMRA). The intermediate-differentiated CD4 + T cells and TEMRA cells (CD4+ and CD8+) were expanded in patients compared to controls. Senescent T cells can also express NK receptors (NKG2A/D), and patients had a robust expansion of CD8+CD57+NKG2A+ cells than controls. Unbiased immune profiling further confirmed the expansions of senescent T cells in COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dysregulated immune cells, microbial translocation, and T-cell senescence may partially explain the increased vulnerability to COVID-19 in subjects with excess of body weight.

Probiotic Supplementation, Hepatic Fibrosis, and the Microbiota Profile in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Promising results in improvement of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been identified following probiotic (PRO) treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate PRO supplementation on hepatic fibrosis, inflammatory and metabolic markers, and gut microbiota in NASH patients. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 48 patients with NASH with a median age of 58 y and median BMI of 32.7 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to receive PROs (Lactobacillus acidophilus 1 × 109 colony forming units and Bifidobacterium lactis 1 × 109 colony forming units) or a placebo daily for 6 mo. Serum aminotransferases, total cholesterol and fractions, C-reactive protein, ferritin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and leptin were assessed. To evaluate liver fibrosis, Fibromax was used. In addition, 16S rRNA gene-based analysis was performed to evaluate gut microbiota composition. All assessments were performed at baseline and after 6 mo. For the assessment of outcomes after treatment, mixed generalized linear models were used to evaluate the main effects of the group-moment interaction. For multiple comparisons, Bonferroni correction was applied (α = 0.05/4 = 0.0125). Results for the outcomes are presented as mean and SE. RESULTS: The AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) score was the primary outcome that decreased over time in the PRO group. Aspartate aminotransferase presented a statistically significant result in the group-moment interaction analyses, but no statistical significance was found after the Bonferroni correction. Liver fibrosis, steatosis, and inflammatory activity presented no statistically significant differences between the groups. No major shifts in gut microbiota composition were identified between groups after PRO treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with NASH who received PRO supplementation for 6 mo presented improvement in the APRI score after treatment. These results draw attention to clinical practice and suggest that supplementation with PROs alone is not sufficient to improve enzymatic liver markers, inflammatory parameters, and gut microbiota in patients with NASH. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02764047.

Endotoxin tolerance and low activation of TLR-4/NF-κB axis in monocytes of COVID-19 patients.

Higher endotoxin in the circulation may indicate a compromised state of host immune response against coinfections in severe COVID-19 patients. We evaluated the inflammatory response of monocytes from COVID-19 patients after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Whole blood samples of healthy controls, patients with mild COVID-19, and patients with severe COVID-19 were incubated with LPS for 2 h. Severe COVID-19 patients presented higher LPS and sCD14 levels in the plasma than healthy controls and mild COVID-19 patients. In non-stimulated in vitro condition, severe COVID-19 patients presented higher inflammatory cytokines and PGE-2 levels and CD14 + HLA-DRlow monocytes frequency than controls. Moreover, severe COVID-19 patients presented higher NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in CD14 + HLA-DRlow, as well as higher expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in CD14 + HLA-DRhigh compared to controls. The stimulation of LPS in whole blood of severe COVID-19 patients leads to lower cytokine production but higher PGE-2 levels compared to controls. Endotoxin challenge with both concentrations reduced the frequency of CD14 + HLA-DRlow in severe COVID-19 patients, but the increases in TLR-4 expression and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation were more pronounced in both CD14 + monocytes of healthy controls and mild COVID-19 patients compared to severe COVID-19 group. We conclude that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with diminished endotoxin response in monocytes. KEY MESSAGES: Severe COVID-19 patients had higher levels of LPS and systemic IL-6 and TNF-α. Severe COVID-19 patients presented higher CD14+HLA-DRlow monocytes. Increased TLR-4/NF-κB axis was identified in monocytes of severe COVID-19. Blunted production of cytokines after whole blood LPS stimulation in severe COVID-19. Lower TLR-4/NF-κB activation in monocytes after LPS stimulation in severe COVID-19.

Fish Oil - Omega-3 Exerts Protective Effect in Oxidative Stress and Liver Dysfunctions Resulting from Experimental Sepsis.

Background: Sepsis is a severe global health problem, with high morbidity and mortality. In sepsis, one of the main affected organs is the liver. Hepatic alterations characterize a negative prognostic. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω3), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, are part of the main families of polyunsaturated fatty acids. ω3 has been used in studies as sepsis treatment and as a treatment for non-alcoholic liver disease. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the effects of treatment with fish oil (FO) rich in ω3 on liver changes and damage resulting from experimental sepsis. Methodology: A model of severe sepsis in Wistar rats was used. Oxidative stress in the liver tissue was evaluated by means of tests of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 2,7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate , catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, in the serum TBARS, DCF, thiols and, to assess liver dysfunction, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Hepatic tissue damage was evaluated using H&E histology. Results: In assessments of oxidative stress in liver tissue, a protective effect was observed in the tests of TBARS, DCF, CAT, and GPx, when compared the sepsis versus sepsis+ω3 groups. Regarding the oxidative stress in serum, a protective effect of treatment with ω3 was observed in the TBARS, DCF, and thiols assays, in the comparison between the sepsis and sepsis+ω3 groups. ω3 had also a beneficial effect on biochemical parameters in serum in the analysis of ALT, creatinine, urea, and lactate, observed in the comparison between the sepsis and sepsis+ω3 groups. Conclusion: The results suggest ω3 as a liver protector during sepsis with an antioxidant effect, alleviating injuries and dysfunctions.

Systemic redox imbalance in severe COVID-19 patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the systemic redox state and inflammatory markers in intensive care unit (ICU) or non-ICU severe COVID-19 patients during the hospitalization period. Blood samples were collected at hospital admission (T1) (Controls and COVID-19 patients), 5-7 days after admission (T2: 5-7 days after hospital admission), and at the discharge time from the hospital (T3: 0-72 h before leaving hospital or death) to analyze systemic oxidative stress markers and inflammatory variables. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were analyzed in peripheral granulocytes and monocytes. THP-1 human monocytic cell line was incubated with plasma from non-ICU and ICU COVID-19 patients and cell viability and apoptosis rate were analyzed. Higher total antioxidant capacity, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and IL-6 at hospital admission were identified in both non-ICU and ICU COVID-19 patients. ICU COVID-19 patients presented increased C-reactive protein, ROS levels, and protein oxidation over hospitalization period compared to non-ICU patients, despite increased antioxidant status. Granulocytes and monocytes of non-ICU and ICU COVID-19 patients presented lower MMP and higher ROS production compared to the healthy controls, with the highest values found in ICU COVID-19 group. Finally, the incubation of THP-1 cells with plasma acquired from ICU COVID-19 patients at T3 hospitalization period decreased cell viability and apoptosis rate. In conclusion, disturbance in redox state is a hallmark of severe COVID-19 and is associated with cell damage and death.

Alterations in CD39/CD73 axis of T cells associated with COVID-19 severity.

Purinergic signaling modulates immune function and is involved in the immunopathogenesis of several viral infections. This study aimed to investigate alterations in purinergic pathways in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Mild and severe COVID-19 patients had lower extracellular adenosine triphosphate and adenosine levels, and higher cytokines than healthy controls. Mild COVID-19 patients presented lower frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ CD39+ (activated/memory regulatory T cell [mTreg]) and increased frequencies of high-differentiated (CD27- CD28- ) CD8+ T cells compared with healthy controls. Severe COVID-19 patients also showed higher frequencies of CD4+ CD39+ , CD4+ CD25- CD39+ (memory T effector cell), and high-differentiated CD8+ T cells (CD27- CD28- ), and diminished frequencies of CD4+ CD73+ , CD4+ CD25+ CD39+ mTreg cell, CD8+ CD73+ , and low-differentiated CD8+ T cells (CD27+ CD28+ ) in the blood in relation to mild COVID-19 patients and controls. Moreover, severe COVID-19 patients presented higher expression of PD-1 on low-differentiated CD8+ T cells. Both severe and mild COVID-19 patients presented higher frequencies of CD4+ Annexin-V+ and CD8+ Annexin-V+ T cells, indicating increased T-cell apoptosis. Plasma samples collected from severe COVID-19 patients were able to decrease the expression of CD73 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of a healthy donor. Interestingly, the in vitro incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell from severe COVID-19 patients with adenosine reduced the nuclear factor-κB activation in T cells and monocytes. Together, these data add new knowledge to the COVID-19 immunopathology through purinergic regulation.

Viral load is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and altered monocyte phenotype in acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Monocytes play a major role in the initial innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Although viral load may correlate with several clinical outcomes in COVID-19, much less is known regarding their impact on innate immune phenotype. We evaluated the monocyte phenotype and mitochondrial function in severe COVID-19 patients (n = 22) with different viral burden (determined by the median of viral load of the patients) at hospital admission. Severe COVID-19 patients presented lower frequency of CD14 + CD16- classical monocytes and CD39 expression on CD14 + monocytes, and higher frequency of CD14 + CD16 + intermediate and CD14-CD16 + nonclassical monocytes as compared to healthy controls independently of viral load. COVID-19 patients with high viral load exhibited increased GM-CSF, PGE-2 and lower IFN-α as compared to severe COVID-19 patients with low viral load (p < 0.05). CD14 + monocytes of COVID-19 patients with high viral load presented higher expression of PD-1 but lower HLA-DR on the cell surface than severe COVID-19 patients with low viral load. All COVID-19 patients presented decreased monocyte mitochondria membrane polarization, but high SARS-CoV-2 viral load was associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. In this sense, higher viral load induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation associated with exhaustion profile in CD14 + monocytes of severe COVID-19 patients. Altogether, these data shed light on new pathological mechanisms involving SARS-CoV-2 viral load on monocyte activation and mitochondrial function, which were associated with COVID-19 severity.

The impact of intradialytic exercise on immune cells expressing CCR5+ in patients with chronic kidney disease: A cross-over trial.

The C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) plays a role in the immunopathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exercise has anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to the rehabilitation of CKD patients. To date, the impact of the intradialytic exercise on CCR5 expression in monocytes and lymphocytes of CKD patients is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the effects of an acute intradialytic moderate-intensity exercise on CD4+CCR5+ T-cells and CD14+CCR5+ monocytes of elderly individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Eight CKD elderly patients performed a single bout of 20 min intradialytic exercise and a control hemodialysis (HD) session. Blood samples were collected at baseline, during and immediately after the trials. HD therapy increased the peripheral frequency of CD4+CCR5+ T-cells. The systemic CCL5 levels and the peripheral CD14+CCR5+ proportions increased during and after HD therapy. No significant alterations in CD4+CCR5+ and CD14+CCR5+ proportions or CCL5 levels were identified in CKD patients during and after intradialytic exercise. A negative correlation between the peripheral frequency of CD14+CCR5+ and the creatinine levels was identified in the intradialytic exercise session. A single moderate-intensity intradialytic exercise imposes an immunomodulatory impact in CKD elderly patients, preventing an excessive inflammatory response induced by hemodialysis.

Type and Intensity as Key Variable of Exercise in Metainflammation Diseases: A Review.

Monocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations exhibit functions that vary between the anti- and pro-inflammatory spectrum, such as classic CD16- and non-classical CD16+monocytes, as well as T helper 2 lymphocytes (Th2), the Th1/Th17 lymphocytes ratio, and T regulatory lymphocytes (Treg). Metabolic disease-associated inflammation is accompanied by an imbalance in monocyte and lymphocyte phenotypes and functionality, as well as a stronger proportion of inflammatory subpopulations. These changes appear to be important for the development and progression of diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the regular practice of physical exercise is an important tool to restore the functionality of monocytes and lymphocytes, and to balance the subtypes ratio. However, key variables regarding exercise prescription, such as the type of exercise, intensity, and volume differentially impact on the acute and chronic immune response in individuals diagnosed with meta-inflammation diseases. Here, we discuss the impact of different physical exercise protocols, acutely and chronically, on monocytes and lymphocytes of individuals with metabolic disease-associated inflammation. In this review, we focus on the best effects of different exercise protocols to dose the "exercise pill" in different inflammatory status.

Increased LPS levels coexist with systemic inflammation and result in monocyte activation in severe COVID-19 patients.

Mucosal barrier alterations may play a role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including COVID-19. In this study we evaluate the association between bacterial translocation markers and systemic inflammation at the earliest time-point after hospitalization and at the last 72 h of hospitalization in survivors and non-survivors COVID-19 patients. Sixty-six SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive patients and nine non-COVID-19 pneumonia controls were admitted in this study. Blood samples were collected at hospital admission (T1) (Controls and COVID-19 patients) and 0-72 h before hospital discharge (T2, alive or dead) to analyze systemic cytokines and chemokines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations and soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels. THP-1 human monocytic cell line was incubated with plasma from survivors and non-survivors COVID-19 patients and their phenotype, activation status, TLR4, and chemokine receptors were analyzed by flow cytometry. COVID-19 patients presented higher IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-ß1, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP-1ß, and CCL5/RANTES levels than controls. Moreover, LPS and sCD14 were higher at hospital admission in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Non-survivors COVID-19 patients had increased LPS levels concomitant with higher IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2/MCP-1, and CCL5/RANTES levels at T2. Increased expression of CD16 and CCR5 were identified in THP-1 cells incubated with the plasma of survivor patients obtained at T2. The incubation of THP-1 with T2 plasma of non-survivors COVID-19 leads to higher TLR4, CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, and CD69 expression. In conclusion, the coexistence of increased microbial translocation and hyperinflammation in patients with severe COVID-19 may lead to higher monocyte activation, which may be associated with worsening outcomes, such as death.

Differential effects of whole blood heat treatment on the ex vivo inflammatory profile of untrained and trained men.

This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on the ex vivo inflammatory profile in untrained and trained men. Whole blood samples from untrained (UT) and trained (TR) individuals were incubated for 2 h at 37 °C or 40 °C. The whole blood of a subsample of the participants (n = 5 in both TR and UT groups) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 ng/mL) concomitant to heat treatment (37 °C versus 40 °C). Flow cytometry was used to assess the intracellular NF-κB activation in CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes, the expression of Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR-4), the frequencies of CD4+CD25-CD39+ and CD4+CD25+CD39+ T cells and monocyte subsets (CD14+CD16-; CD14+CD16+; CD14-CD16+), the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by lymphocytes and monocytes. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by LPS-stimulated whole blood were also evaluated. Heat treatment (40 °C) increased the proportions of CD14+CD16- and CD14+CD16+ monocytes and the lymphocyte MMP in the UT group. The frequencies of CD14-CD16+ monocytes and the activation of NF-κB in CD14+ monocytes decreased in UT and TR groups after heat treatment, while a reduction in CD4+CD25-CD39+ T-cells was observed only in the UT group. Higher TLR-4 and NF-κB activation were found in LPS-stimulated monocytes of UT men concomitant with higher TNF-α production and diminished IL-10 production after heat treatment. TR individuals presented lower NF- κB activation in LPS-stimulated monocytes after heat treatment. Our data suggest that the training status of individuals may impact on the anti-inflammatory response of heat treatment.

Levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in men exerts strong impact on lymphocyte function after mitogen stimulation.

Relationship between lymphocyte function and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is well-documented at rest; however, upon mitogen stimulation the proliferation and cytokine production alters, but knowledge is incipient about lymphocyte responses after mitogen stimulus according to CRF. So, the purpose of the present study was to analyze the lymphocyte function according to the physical fitness status of healthy young men. The study is divided in two experiments being the first analyzing the lymphocyte phenotypes profile and the inflammatory responses, according to CRF, in lymphocyte cell cultures treated for 48 h with concanavalin A (ConA). The second experiment analyzed the proliferation, reactive oxygen species production, viability, and mitochondrial polarization state in lymphocytes treated with ConA in different concentrations, considering the CRF levels. The results showed a difference in the percentage of total lymphocytes expression between groups (P = 0.011) observing a lower lymphocytes T expression in the group with high maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) when compared with the moderate V̇o2max group. When treated with ConA, the lymphocytes of the low V̇o2max group released higher TNF-α concentration (P = 0.032), reflecting an elevated TNF-α/IL-10 ratio (P = 0.055), parallel with lower IL-6 production (P = 0.027), mainly when compared with the moderate V̇o2max group. In addition, there is a positive relationship between V̇o2max and IL-6 production (r = 0.507; P = 0.016), whereas the percentage of total lymphocytes (LyT%) shows a negative trend with V̇o2max (r = -0.497; P = 0.060). Also, individuals with lower V̇o2max showed reduced absolute and relative ROS production, lower cell proliferation, and higher mitochondrial membrane depolarization. In conclusion, cardiorespiratory fitness degree exerts a strong impact on lymphocyte function after mitogen stimulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The innovation of the research is to elucidate the impact of different physical fitness status on metabolism, cell proliferation, and lymphocyte activity and, consequently, on the specific inflammatory response against a mitogen.

DNA damage in mononuclear cells following maximal exercise in sedentary and physically active lean and obese men.

We evaluated the impact of maximal exercise on oxidative stress and DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from sedentary and exercised lean and obese men. PBMC were collected before, immediately and 1-h after exercise and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 25 and 50 µM, 4 h). A leukocytosis was induced by maximal exercise immediately and 1-h after exercise in all groups. However, a lymphopenia was observed 1-h after exercise in the Sedentary obese group. In the control condition, low DNA damage index concomitant to increases in intracellular glutathione content (GSH) was identified immediately after exercise in all groups. However, higher DNA damage index and lipid peroxidation occurred 1-h after the bout in Sedentary and Exercised Obese groups. PBMC exposed to both H2O2 25 and 50 µM experienced higher DNA damage and lipid peroxidation index immediately after exercise in all groups. Both lipid peroxidation and DNA damage index remained higher in PBMC of Sedentary Lean, Sedentary Obese, and Exercised obese groups obtained 1-h after exercise in both H2O2 25 and 50 µM, with the highest values identified in PBMC from Sedentary Obese group. However, increases in GSH content were identified in treated PBMC from sedentary and exercised lean groups as well as exercised obese group 1-h after exercise. Habitual exercise confers increased resistance of PBMC to DNA damage induced by oxidative stress, reducing the detrimental effects of obesity.Keywords: Exercise, physical activity, DNA damage, obesity, mutagenesis, oxidative stress.

Immunoregulation induced by autologous serum collected after acute exercise in obese men: a randomized cross-over trial.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of autologous serum collected after two types of exercise on the in vitro inflammatory profile and T cell phenotype of resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in obese men. Serum samples and PBMCs were obtained from eight obese men who performed two exercise bouts-high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and exhaustive exercise session to voluntary fatigue-in a randomized cross-over trial. Pre-exercise PBMCs were incubated with 50% autologous serum (collected before and after each exercise bout) for 4 h. In vitro experiments revealed that post-HIIE serum reduced the histone H4 acetylation status and NF-κB content of PBMCs and suppressed the production of both TNF-α and IL-6 by PBMCs, while increasing IL-10 production. Post-exhaustive exercise serum induced histone H4 hyperacetylation and mitochondrial depolarization in lymphocytes and increased TNF-α production. In vitro post-HIIE serum incubation resulted in an increase in the frequencies of CD4 + CTLA-4 + and CD4 + CD25+ T cells expressing CD39 and CD73. Post-exhaustive exercise serum decreased the frequency of CD4 + CD25 + CD73+ T cells but increased CD4 + CD25-CD39 + T cell frequency. Both post-exercise serums increased the proportions of CD4 + PD-1 + and CD8 + PD-1+ T cells. Blood serum factors released during exercise altered the immune response and T cell phenotype. The type of exercise impacted the immunomodulatory activity of the post-exercise serum on PBMCs.

ß-Lapachone Increases Survival of Septic Mice by Regulating Inflammatory and Oxidative Response.

Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated immune response to infection characterized by an early hyperinflammatory and oxidative response followed by a subsequent immunosuppression phase. Although there have been some advances in the treatment of sepsis, mortality rates remain high, urging for the search of new therapies. ß-Lapachone (ß-Lap) is a natural compound obtained from Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb. with several pharmacological properties including bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ß-Lap in a mouse sepsis model. To this, we tested two therapeutic protocols in mice submitted to cecal ligation and puncture- (CLP-) induced sepsis. First, we found that in pretreated animals, ß-Lap reduced the systemic inflammatory response and improved bacterial clearance and mouse survival. Moreover, ß-Lap also decreased lipid peroxidation and increased the total antioxidant capacity in the serum and peritoneal cavity of septic animals. In the model of severe sepsis, the posttreatment with ß-Lap was able to increase the survival of animals and maintain the antioxidant defense function. In conclusion, the ß-Lap was able to increase the survival of septic animals by a mechanism involving immunomodulatory and antioxidant protective effects.

New Insights about Regulatory T Cells Distribution and Function with Exercise: The Role of Immunometabolism.

A lack of physical activity is linked to the development of many chronic diseases through a chronic low-grade inflammation state. It is now well accepted that the immune system plays a central role in the development of several chronic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart failure and certain types of cancer. Exercise elicits a strong anti-inflammatory response independently of weight loss and can be a useful non-pharmacologic strategy to counteract the low-grade inflammation. The CD4+CD25+CD127- FoxP3+ Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which regulate immune response and establish self-tolerance through the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-ß, and the suppression of the function and activity of many immune effector cells (including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Natural Killers). The metabolic phenotype of Tregs are regulated by the transcription factor Foxp3, providing flexibility in fuel choice, but a preference for higher fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which exercise - both acute and chronic - exerts its antiinflammatory effects through Treg cells mobilization. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of immunometabolic changes during exercise for the modulation of Treg phenotype and its immunosuppressive function. This narrative review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the role of Treg cells in the context of acute and chronic exercise using data from observational and experimental studies. Emerging evidence suggests that the immunomodulatory effects of exercise are mediated by the ability of exercise to adjust and improve Tregs number and function.

Reduced Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Post-Menopausal Overweight-Obese Women with Higher Lipid Accumulation Product Index.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The main aim of this study was to analyze how the lipid accumulation affects the whole-body fat oxidation over a range of intensities during a submaximal incremental exercise test in post-menopausal overweight-obese women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The maximal fat oxidation (MFO), the intensity where the MFO occurs (FatMax), fat oxidation were measured over a range of intensities during a submaximal incremental exercise test through indirect calorimetry in 60 postmenopausal overweight-obese women (aged>49 years; body mass index 28.0 to 39.0 kg/m²). The metabolic profile of participants was evaluated and the LAP index was calculated (waist-58×triglycerides [mmol/L]). A cutoff point of 34.5 was adopted and participant were designed as low LAP index (n=30) or high LAP index (n=30). RESULTS: During submaximal exercise postmenopausal overweight-obese women with low LAP index showed a higher fat oxidation at 50% (0.53±0.05 vs. 0.45±0.12 g/min; p=0.01), 60% (0.40±0.06 vs. 0.31±0.16 g/min; p=0.02) and 70% (0.34±0.08 vs. 0.25±0.15 g/min; p=0.03) of VO2Peak than those with high LAP index. No significant difference was observed in carbohydrate oxidation between groups (p>0.05) during exercise. Moreover, a significant difference in absolute MFO (p=0.018), MFO relative to free fat mass (p=0.043) and FatMax (p=0.002) was identified. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal overweight-obese women who showed unhealthy metabolic phenotype evaluated through LAP index presented low fat oxidation during a submaximal incremental exercise.

The role of glucose homeostasis on immune function in response to exercise: The impact of low or higher energetic conditions.

Immune cells are bioenergetically expensive during activation, which requires tightly regulated control of metabolic pathways. Both low and high glycemic conditions can modulate immune function. States of undernourishment depress the immune system, and in the same way, excessive intake of nutrients, such as an obesity state, compromise its functioning. Multicellular organisms depend on two mechanisms to survive: the regulation and ability to store energy to prevent starvation and the ability to fight against infection. Synergic interactions between metabolism and immunity affect many systems underpinning human health. In a chronic way, the breakdown of glycemic homeostasis in the body can influence cells of the immune system and consequently contribute to the onset of diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's, and fat and lean mass loss. On the contrary, exercise, recognized as a primary strategy to control hyperglycemic disorders, also induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise is widely dependent on the intensity and volume that may affect an immunodepressive state. These altered immune responses induced by exercise are modulated through the "stress hormones" adrenaline and cortisol, which are a threat to leukocyte metabolism. In this context, carbohydrates appear to have a positive acute response as a strategy to prevent depression of the immune system by maintaining plasma glucose concentrations to meet the energy demand from all systems involved during strenuous exercises. Therefore, herein, we discuss the mechanisms through which exercise may promotes changes on glycemic homeostasis in the metabolism and how it affects immune cell functions under higher or lower glucose conditions.

Blood flow restriction impairs the inflammatory adaptations of strength training in overweight men: a clinical randomized trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of high-intensity strength training (ST) or low-intensity strength training with blood flow restriction (ST-BFR) on monocyte subsets, the expression of C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), and CD16 on monocytes, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production of overweight men. Thirty overweight men were randomly assigned to conventional ST or ST-BFR. Both groups performed exercises of knee extension and biceps curl with equal volume (3 sessions/week) over 8 weeks, and the peripheral frequency of monocytes (CD14+CD16-, classical monocytes; CD14+CD16+, intermediate monocytes; CD14-CD16+, nonclassical monocytes), the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CCR5 and CD16 on CD14+ monocytes; and the production of TNF-α by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells were quantified. Eight weeks of ST increased the frequency of CD14+CD16- monocytes (p = 0.04) and reduced the percentage of CD14-CD16+ (p = 0.02) and the production of TNF-α by LPS-stimulated cells (p = 0.03). The MFI of CD16 on CD14+ monocytes decreased after the ST intervention (p = 0.02). No difference in monocyte subsets, CCR5 or CD16 expression, and TNF-α production were identified after ST-BFR intervention (p > 0.05). The adoption of ST promotes anti-inflammatory effects on monocyte subsets of overweight men, but this effect was lost when BFR was adopted. Novelty High-intensity strength training reduces the production of TNF-α and the peripheral frequency of CD16+ monocytes in overweight men. Blood flow restriction method blunts the strength training adaptations on monocyte subsets and pro-inflammatory TNF-α production in overweight men.

Exercise-induced BDNF production by mononuclear cells of sedentary and physically active obese men.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and low physical activity changes the redox state and neurotrophin secretion by leukocytes. However, the role of exercise on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and oxidative stress markers of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) remains unknown. This study aimed to verify the impact of acute maximal exercise on oxidative stress markers and the BDNF production by stimulated PBMC from sedentary and physically active obese men. METHODS: PBMC from twelve sedentary obese (SED group) and twelve regular exercisers (EXE group) obese men were collected before, immediately and 1-h after maximal exercise. PBMC were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the BDNF and nitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. RESULTS: PBMC from EXE group presented higher BDNF production (P=0.03) and lower TBARS levels than SED group at baseline. Maximal exercise increased BDNF and nitrite production, and lipid peroxidation immediately and 1-h after the bout in both groups. The EXE group presented higher superoxide dismutase activity immediately after bout and higher catalase activity 1-h after bout in PBMC. On the other hand, PBMC from SED group had lower superoxide dismutase activity immediately after exercise. Furthermore, PBMC from EXE group presented higher BDNF production and SOD activity and lower TBARS concentrations than SED group immediately after maximal exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Maximal exercise changes the redox state and enhances BDNF production by LPS-stimulated PBMC in obese individuals.