RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neural tumors are difficult to distinguish based solely on cellularity and often require immunohistochemical staining to aid in identifying the cell lineage. This article investigates the potential of a Convolutional Neural Network for the histopathological classification of the three most prevalent benign neural tumor types: neurofibroma, perineurioma, and schwannoma. METHODS: A model was developed, trained, and evaluated for classification using the ResNet-50 architecture, with a database of 30 whole-slide images stained in hematoxylin and eosin (106, 782 patches were generated from and divided among the training, validation, and testing subsets, with strategies to avoid data leakage). RESULTS: The model achieved an accuracy of 70% (64% normalized), and showed satisfactory results for differentiating two of the three classes, reaching approximately 97% and 77% as true positives for neurofibroma and schwannoma classes, respectively, and only 7% for perineurioma class. The AUROC curves for neurofibroma and schwannoma classes was 0.83%, and 0.74% for perineurioma. However, the specificity rate for the perineurioma class was greater (83%) than in the other two classes (neurofibroma with 61%, and schwannoma with 60%). CONCLUSION: This investigation demonstrated significant potential for proficient performance with a limitation regarding the perineurioma class (the limited feature variability observed contributed to a lower performance).