Synthetic Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents in Ovarian Cancer: Cytotoxicity Assay and Investigation of Possible Biological Mechanisms Action.

In this study, eight naphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized in yields ranging from 52 to 96% using easy, fast, and low-cost methodologies. All naphthoquinone derivatives were screened for their in vitro anti-proliferative activities against OVCA A2780 cancer cell lines. Amongst all analysed compounds, derivatives 3-5 presented the most prominent cytotoxic potential. Naphthoquinones 3 and 4, bearing sulfur-containing groups, were identified as having high potential for ROS production, in particular the superoxide anion. Furthermore, 3 and 4 compounds caused a decrease in the cell population in G0/G1 and induced more than 90% of the cell population to apoptosis. Compound 5 did not act in any of these processes. Finally, compounds 3-5 were tested for their inhibitory ability against PI3K and MAPK. Compounds 3 and 4 do not inhibit the PI3K enzyme. On the other hand, the naphthoquinone-polyphenol 5 was only able to inhibit the percentage of cells expressing pERK.

Molecular landscape of Hereditary Melanoma.

Melanoma is considered the most lethal skin cancer and its incidence has increased during the past decades. About 10 % of cases are classified as hereditary melanoma. Genetic predisposition usually manifests itself clinically as early onset and multiple cutaneous melanomas. Several genes have been identified as involved to melanoma susceptibility, some of them still with unknown clinical relevance. Beyond melanoma, the affected families are also more prone to develop other malignancies, such as pancreatic cancer. The identification of risk families and involved genes is of great importance, since different forms of oncological surveillance are recommended. However, well established guidelines to standardize both the selection of individuals and the genetic panel to be requested are still lacking. Given the importance of the genetic counseling and testing in the context of clinical suspicion of hereditary melanoma, this paper aims to review the literature regarding genetic panel indications worldwide.

Inhibition of CXCR2 plays a pivotal role in re-sensitizing ovarian cancer to cisplatin treatment.

cDNA microarray data conducted by our group revealed overexpression of CXCL2 and CXCL8 in ovarian cancer (OC) microenvironment. Herein, we have proven that the chemokine receptor, CXCR2, is a pivotal molecule in re-sensitizing OC to cisplatin, and its inhibition decreases cell proliferation, viability, tumor size in cisplatin-resistant cells, as well as reversed the overexpression of mesenchymal epithelium transition markers. Altogether, our study indicates a central effect of CXCR2 in preventing tumor progression, due to acquisition of cisplatin chemoresistant phenotype by tumor cells, and patients' high lethality rate. We found that the overexpression of CXCR2 by OC cells is persistent and anomalously confined to the cellular nuclei, thus pointing to an urge in developing highly lipophilic molecules that promptly permeate cells, bind to and inhibit nuclear CXCR2 to fight OC, instead of relying on the high-cost genetic engineered cells.

(3,3'-Methylene)bis-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones induce cytotoxicity against DU145 and PC3 cancer cells by inhibiting cell viability and promoting cell cycle arrest.

We developed a novel method for the synthesis of bis-naphthoquinones (BNQ), which are hybrids of lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and 3-hydroxy-juglone (3,5-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). The anticancer activity of three synthesized compounds, named 4 (RC10), 5 (RCDFC), and 6 (RCDOH) was evaluated in vitro against two metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, DU145 and PC3, using MTT assays. We found that 4 (RC10) and 5 (RCDFC) induced cytotoxicity against DU145 and PC3 cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that these two compounds promoted cell cycle arrest in G1/S and G2/M phases, increased Sub-G1 peak and induced inhibition in cell viability. We also showed that these effects are cell-type context dependent and more selective for these tested PCa cells than for HUVEC non-tumor cells. The two BNQ compounds 4 (RC10) and 5 (RCDFC) displayed promising anticancer activity against the two tested metastatic PCa cell lines, DU145 and PC3. Their effects are mainly associated with inhibition of cell viability, possibly through apoptotic cell death, besides altering the SubG1, G1/S and G2/M phases of cell cycle. 5 (RCDFC) compound was found to be more selective than 4 (RC10), when comparing their cytotoxic effects in relation to HUVEC non-tumoral cells. Future work should also test these compounds in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs to evaluate their effects on further sensitizing drug-resistant metastatic PCa cells.

Secretory carcinoma of salivary glands at the National Cancer Institute: A 20-year retrospective clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aim was to review cases of acinic cell carcinoma (the main differential diagnosis of secretory carcinoma) that were diagnosed and treated at the National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA) between 1996 and 2016. The primary objective was to identify underdiagnosed cases of secretory carcinoma via a clinical, immunopathological and molecular reassessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross sectional study, with retrospective data collection from medical records and histological specimen review, with staining for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and PAS with diastase, immunohistochemistry for S-100, mammaglobin, and DOG-1, and droplet digital RT-PCR for ETV6-NTRK3. The Research Ethics Committee approved this study, and the patients allowed their participation through informed consent. RESULTS: Eighty-three cases of acinic cell carcinoma were diagnosed and treated in the specified period at INCA, of which, seven had their diagnosis changed to secretory carcinoma. CONCLUSION: The present study adds seven cases of secretory carcinoma to the literature, contributing to a better understanding of the epidemiological, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of this recently described tumor. Also, the use of a comprehensive diagnostic approach, including immunohistochemical and molecular methods, along with classical morphological studies, allowed the reclassification of acinic cell carcinoma to secretory carcinoma.

Osteopontin­c isoform inhibition modulates ovarian cancer cell cisplatin resistance, viability and plasticity.

Osteopontin (OPN) is upregulated in several types of tumor and has been associated with chemoresistance. However, the contribution of OPN splicing isoforms (OPN­SIs) to chemoresistance requires further investigation. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression patterns of each tested OPN­SI in cisplatin (CDDP)­resistant ovarian carcinoma cell lines, focusing on the role of the OPN­c isoform (OPNc) in drug resistance. ACRP ovarian cancer cells resistant to CDDP, as well as their parental cell line A2780, were used. Analyses of the transcriptional expression of OPN­SIs, epithelial­mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and EMT­related cytokines were performed using reverse transcription­quantitative PCR. OPNc was silenced in ACRP cells using anti­OPNc DNA oligomers and stably overexpressed by transfecting A2780 cells with a mammalian expression vector containing the full length OPNc cDNA. Functional assays were performed to determine cell proliferation, viability and colony formation. The results demonstrated that among the three tested OPN­SIs, OPNc was the most upregulated transcript in the ACRP cells compared with the parental A2780 cells. In addition, the expression levels of P­glycoprotein multidrug transporter were upregulated in CDDP­resistant ACRP cells compared with those in A2780 cells. OPNc knockdown sensitized ACRP cells to CDDP treatment and downregulated P­gp expression levels compared with those in the negative control group. Additionally, silencing of OPNc impaired cell proliferative and colony formation abilities, as well as reversed the expression levels of EMT markers and EMT­related cytokines compared with those in the negative control cells. Notably, although stable OPNc overexpression resulted in increased A2780 cell proliferation, it notably increased CDDP sensitivity compared with that in the cells transfected with a control vector. These results suggested that OPNc silencing may represent a putative approach to sensitize resistant ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.

Chemosensitizing effects of metformin on cisplatin- and paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Primary cytoreductive surgery with adjuvant taxane-platinum chemotherapy is the standard treatment to fight ovarian cancer, however, their side effects are severe, and chemoresistance emerges at high rates. Therefore, EOC clinic urges for novel treatment strategies to reverse chemoresistance and to improve the survival rates. Metformin has been shown to act in synergy with certain anti-cancer agents, overcoming chemoresistance in various types of tumors. This paper aims to investigate the use of metformin as a new treatment option for cisplatin- and paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer. METHODS: The effects of metformin alone or in combination with conventional drugs on resistant EOC cell lines were investigated using the MTT assay for cell proliferation; Flow Cytometry analysis for cell cycle and the mRNA expression was analyzed using the real-time PCR technique. RESULTS: We found that metformin exhibited antiproliferative effects in paclitaxel-resistant A2780-PR, and in cisplatin-resistant ACRP cell lines. The combined therapy containing conventional drugs and metformin improved the effect of the treatment in cell proliferation rate, especially in the resistant cells. We found that metformin, in clinical relevant doses, could significantly reduce the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our observations suggest that metformin inhibits the inflammatory pathway induced by paclitaxel and cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, metformin in combination with paclitaxel or cisplatin improved the sensitivity in drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, metformin may be beneficial treatment strategy, particularly in patients with tumors refractory to platinum and taxanes.