Impact of turbidity on the gill morphology and hypoxia tolerance of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida).

Anthropogenic stressors such as agriculture and urbanization can increase river turbidity, which can negatively impact fish gill morphology and growth due to reduced oxygen in the benthic environment. We assessed the gill morphology, field metabolic rate (FMR), and two hypoxia tolerance metrics (oxygen partial pressure at loss of equilibrium, PO2 at LOE, and critical oxygen tension, Pcrit) of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida), a small benthic fish listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act in Canada, from rivers in southern Ontario. Field trials were conducted streamside in the Grand River (August 2019; mean NTU 8) and in the comparatively more turbid Thames River (August 2020; mean NTU 94) to test the effect of turbidity on each physiological endpoint. Gills were collected from incidental mortalities and museum specimens, and were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescent staining. The between-river comparison indicated that turbidity significantly increased interlamellar space and filament width but had no significant influence on other gill morphometrics or FMR. Turbidity significantly increased PO2 at LOE (i.e., fish had a lower hypoxia tolerance) but did not significantly impact Pcrit. Therefore, although turbidity influences hypoxia tolerance through LOE, turbidity levels were not sufficiently high in the study rivers to contribute to measurable changes in gill morphology or metabolism in the wild. Determining whether changes in gill morphology or metabolism occur under higherturbidity levels would help resolve the ecological importance of turbidity on species physiology in urban and agricultural ecosystems.

Impacts of temperature and turbidity on the gill physiology of darter species.

Fish gills are complex organs that have direct contact with the environment and perform numerous functions including gas exchange and ion regulation. Determining if gill morphometry can change under different environmental conditions to maintain and/or improve gas exchange and ion regulation is important for understanding if gill plasticity can improve survival with increasing environmental change. We assessed gill morphology (gas exchange and ion regulation metrics), hematocrit and gill Na+/K+ ATPase activity of wild-captured blackside darter (Percina maculata), greenside darter (Etheostoma blennioides), and johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) at two temperatures (10 and 25 °C) and turbidity levels (8 and 94 NTU). Samples were collected August and October 2020 in the Grand River to assess temperature differences, and August 2020 in the Thames River to assess turbidity differences. Significant effects of temperature and/or turbidity only impacted ionocyte number, lamellae width, and hematocrit. An increase in temperature decreased ionocyte number while an increase in turbidity increased lamellae width. Hematocrit had a species-specific response for both temperature and turbidity. Findings suggest that the three darter species have limited plasticity in gill morphology, with no observed compensatory changes in hematocrit or Na+/K+ ATPase activity to maintain homeostasis under the different environmental conditions.

Influence of Polymer Stiffness and Geometric Design on Fluid Mechanics in Tissue-Engineered Pulmonary Valve Scaffolds.

There is still much unknown about the fluid mechanical response to cardiac valve scaffolds, even as their implementation in the clinic is on the horizon. Specifically, while degradable polymer valve scaffolds are currently being tested in the pulmonary valve position, their material and mechanical properties have not been fully elucidated. Optimizing these properties are important determinants not only of acute function, but long-term remodeling prospects. This study aimed to characterize fluid profiles downstream of electrospun valve scaffolds under dynamic pulmonary conditions. Valve scaffold design was changed by either blending poly(carbonate urethane) urea (PCUU) with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) to modulate material stiffness or by changing the geometric design of the valve scaffolds. Specifically, two designs were utilized: one modeled after a clinically used bioprosthetic valve design (termed Mk1 design), and another using a geometrically "optimized" design (termed Mk2) based on anatomical data. Particle image velocimetry results showed that material stiffness only had a mild impact on fluid mechanics, measured by velocity magnitude, vorticity, viscous shear stress, Reynolds shear stress, and turbulent kinetic energy. However, comparing the two geometric designs yielded a much greater impact, with the Mk2 valve groups containing the highest PCUU/PCL ratio demonstrating the overall best performance. This report highlights the easily manipulable design features of polymeric valve scaffolds and demonstrates their relative significance for valve function.

Movement of an imperiled esocid fish in an agricultural drain.

Animal movement is increasingly affected by human alterations to habitat and climate change. In wetland systems, widespread hydrologic alterations from agriculture have changed the shape, function, and stability of shallow streams and wetland habitats. These changes in habitat quality and quantity may be especially consequential for freshwater fishes such as Grass Pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus), a small predatory fish found in disjunct populations across southern Ontario and listed as Special Concern under Canada's Species at Risk Act. To characterize Grass Pickerel movement response to stream-channel alterations, Fisheries and Oceans Canada implemented a tracking study to monitor the movements of a Grass Pickerel population in an agricultural drain on the Niagara Peninsula (Ontario, Canada). From 2009 to 2013, 2007 Grass Pickerel were tagged and tracked in the 37.3 km2 Beaver Creek watershed using a combination of mark-recapture surveys and eight fully automated passive integrated transponder tag antennas. Most individuals moved within 500 m (i.e., stationary fish) while 16% of the fish moved > 500 m (i.e., mobile fish), with a maximum median movement distance of 1.89 km and a maximum movement distance of 13.5 km (a long-tail distribution). Most movements occurred near the largest confluence where only a few were long-distance upstream or downstream movements. Mobile fish were larger than their stationary counterparts. Grass Pickerel in sites with higher abundance had more mobile fish, implying potential density dependence. Our results highlight that, while a long-distance dispersal ability exists in extant Grass Pickerel populations, the current conditions of riverscapes may prevent these dispersals from occurring. For declining Grass Pickerel populations, limitations to their movement ecology may substantially increase the likelihood of local extirpations.

Non-linear effects on the population performance of Bighead Carp under different maturation schedules.

Bighead Carp currently threatens to invade the Laurentian Great Lakes from the Mississippi River, but the novel climatic conditions it will encounter by expanding northwards could affect its population performance. Bighead Carp in colder climates exhibits slower growth and matures later, with later maturation typically leading to larger adult size and increased fecundity and survival. Accordingly, the life-history strategies of Bighead Carp at its northern range limits could differ from those observed in its current invaded range. To explore how population performance could differ across changing environmental conditions, we used a stage- and age-based matrix population model parameterized with values reported for Bighead Carp populations around the world. The model was used to evaluate how different ages of maturity and their resulting impacts to body size, survival, and fecundity could impact rates of population growth and establishment. Age of maturity had a non-linear effect on population growth, with maturation at intermediate ages (4-6 years) resulting in better performance. However, performance differed less between maturation ages when fecundity was allowed to increase disproportionately with body size. Greater population growth at younger ages of maturity suggest that invasion at lower latitudes could enable establishment in fewer years due to faster rates of development in warmer temperatures. Across all maturation schedules, population growth was most sensitive to the recruitment of age-1 individuals and least sensitive to adult survival, and vital rates overall varied more in their contribution to population growth at younger ages of maturity. Thus, understanding the factors that control age-1 recruitment would inform projections of population performance for Bighead Carp in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03126-z.

Cardiac valve scaffold design: Implications of material properties and geometric configuration on performance and mechanics.

Development of tissue engineered scaffolds for cardiac valve replacement is nearing clinical translation. While much work has been done to characterize mechanical behavior of native and bioprosthetic valves, and incorporate those data into models improving valve design, similar work for degradable valve scaffolds is lacking. This is particularly important given the implications mechanics have on short-term survival and long-term remodeling. As such, this study aimed to characterize spatially-resolved strain profiles on the leaflets of degradable polymeric valve scaffolds, manipulating common design features such as material stiffness by blending poly(carbonate urethane)urea with stiffer polymers, and geometric configuration, modeled after either a clinically-used valve design (Mk1 design) or an anatomically "optimized" design (Mk2 design). It was shown that material stiffness plays a significant role in overall valve performance, with the stiffest valve groups showing asymmetric and incomplete opening during systole. However, the geometric configuration had a significantly greater effect on valve performance as well as strain magnitude and distribution. Major findings in the strain maps included systolic strains having overall higher strain magnitudes than diastole, and peak radial-direction strain concentrations in the base region of Mk1 valves during systole, with a significant mitigation of radial strain in Mk2 valves. The high tunability of tissue engineered scaffolds is a great advantage for valve design, and the results reported here indicate that design parameters have significant and unequal impact on valve performance and mechanics.

Release of live baitfish by recreational anglers drives fish pathogen introduction risk.

Emerging diseases of wildlife are an existential threat to biodiversity, and human-mediated movements of live animals are a primary vector of their spread. Wildlife disease risk analyses offer an appealing alternative to precautionary approaches because they allow for explicit quantification of uncertainties and consideration of tradeoffs. Such considerations become particularly important in high-frequency invasion pathways with hundreds of thousands of individual vectors, where even low pathogen prevalence can lead to substantial risk. The purpose of this study was to examine the landscape-level dynamics of human behavior-mediated pathogen introduction risk in the context of a high-frequency invasion pathway. One such pathway is the use and release of live fish used as bait by recreational anglers. We used a stochastic risk assessment model parameterized by angler survey data from Minnesota, USA, to simulate one year of fishing in Minnesota and estimate the total number of risky trips for each of three pathogens: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, the microsporidian parasite Ovipleistophora ovariae, and the Asian fish tapeworm Schizocotyle acheilognathi. We assessed the number of introductions under four scenarios: current/baseline conditions, outbreak conditions (increased pathogen prevalence), source-focused control measures (decreased pathogen prevalence), and angler-focused control measures (decreased rates of release). We found that hundreds of thousands of introduction events can occur per year, even for regulated pathogens at low pathogen prevalence. Reducing the rate of illegal baitfish release had significant impact on risky trips in scenarios where a high number of anglers were involved, but was less impactful in circumstances with limited outbreaks and fewer affected anglers. In contrast, reducing pathogen prevalence in the source populations of baitfish had relatively little impact. In order to make meaningful changes in pathogen introduction risk, managers should focus efforts on containing local outbreaks and reducing illegal baitfish release to reduce pathogen introduction risk. Our study also demonstrates the risk associated with high-frequency invasion pathways and the importance of incorporating human behaviors into wildlife disease models and risk assessments.

Use of Hyaluronic Acid Filler in Patients with Secondary Cleft Lip Deformity.

METHODS: Retrospective case note review was undertaken of all patients treated in the clinic over a two-year period. RESULTS: 20 patients underwent HA filler injections to the upper lip 26 times. Most were female (F:M = 3:1) and patients were aged 18-58 years. Most patients had a unilateral cleft lip +/- palate (n = 13, 65%). The most common indication was to address upper lip volume (n = 13, 65%). Other indications included vermillion notch (n = 5, 25%), cupid bow peak height asymmetry (n = 4, 20%), scar asymmetry (n = 1, 5%) and nasal sill flattening (n = 1, 5%). Small volumes of filler were used with an average of 0.34 ml (range 0.05-1.2 ml). There were no complications and one patient reported pruritis post procedure. CONCLUSIONS: HA filler is a safe and reliable treatment for certain aspects of asymmetry following cleft lip repair. It can be used to address volume deficiency and asymmetry, cupid bow peak height discrepancies and a vermillion notch for patients who do not want surgery. Injection of HA to the lips can be performed easily, with appropriate training, in the outpatient setting.

Seasonal, environmental and individual effects on hypoxia tolerance of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida).

Metabolic rate and hypoxia tolerance are highly variable among individual fish in a stable environment. Understanding the variability of these measures in wild fish populations is critical for assessing adaptive potential and determining local extinction risks as a result of climate-induced fluctuations in temperature and hypoxic conditions. We assessed the field metabolic rate (FMR) and two hypoxia tolerance metrics, oxygen pressure at loss of equilibrium (PO2 at LOE) and critical oxygen tolerance (Pcrit) of wild-captured eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida), a threatened species in Canada, using field trials (June to October) that encompassed ambient water temperatures and oxygen conditions typically experienced by the species. Temperature was significantly and positively related to hypoxia tolerance but not FMR. Temperature alone explained 1%, 31% and 7% of the variability observed in FMR, LOE, and Pcrit, respectively. Environmental and fish-specific factors such as reproductive season and condition explained much of the residual variation. Reproductive season significantly affected FMR by increasing it by 159-176% over the tested temperature range. Further understanding the impact of reproductive season on metabolic rate over a temperature range is crucial for understanding how climate change could impact species fitness. Among-individual variation in FMR significantly increased with temperature while among-individual variation in both hypoxia tolerance metrics did not. A large degree of variation in FMR in the summer might allow for evolutionary rescue with increasing mean and variance of global temperatures. Findings suggest that temperature may be a weak predictor in a field setting where biotic and abiotic factors can act concurrently on variables that affect physiological tolerance.

Reproductive phenology and behaviour of endangered redside dace (Clinostomus elongatus) in urban streams.

Investigation of the reproductive phenology and spawning behaviour of imperilled species in relation to environmental variability is needed to understand a critical component of species life history. In this study, we used redside dace (Clinostomus elongatus), a freshwater leuciscid listed as Endangered under Canada's Species at Risk Act, to model spawning phenology and make predictions about spawning initiation using historical and climate change projected thermal cues (measured as cumulative growing degree days), and provide an ethological description of spawning behaviour. Logistic regression models applied to 4 years of average daily stream water temperature data and field behavioural observations of the onset of spawning activity indicated a 50% probability of spawning initiation when cumulative growing degree days reached 214°C days and a 95% probability of spawning initiation at 288°C days. Using two climate change scenarios (i.e., a mid-century 1.6°C increase and an end of century 3.6°C increase), spawning initiation was predicted to advance 3 days by the year 2050 and 7 days by the year 2100. Underwater video cameras placed at two sites within an urban stream captured 73 unique spawning events revealing that redside dace spawn in pairs as well as in dense, tightly packed groups (more than 20 individuals). Moreover, there is evidence of redside dace having a polygynandrous mating system, as female redside dace spawned with multiple males in 45.2% of the total spawning events recorded. Taken together, this study provides important insights into redside dace spawning initiation and behaviour, key life-history traits having conservation implications for future reproductive success and, ultimately, population dynamics.

Philtral Height Discrepancy in Patients with Complete and Incomplete Cleft Lips + /-Palate - Results from a Single Nation Consecutive Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of unilateral cleft lip repair is to restore form and function, including symmetrisation of cleft and non-cleft philtral height. Expectation of best outcome is achieved in situations with minimal asymmetry and is assumed occurs most often in incomplete cleft lip only patients. We sought to investigate philtral height discrepancy (PHD) in children with unilateral cleft lip + /-palate from a single nation cohort. METHODS: Review of prospectively collected PHD measurements taken at time of surgery for all children undergoing unilateral cleft lip repair in Scotland born Jan 2017-December 2020. Data was collected using Microsoft Excel and analysed using embedded statistical software. RESULTS: 102 consecutive patients with unilateral lip involvement were identified from the national database. 94 had prospectively documented PHD (92.2%). The majority of patients had an isolated cleft lip (51.1%). Incomplete clefts presented more frequently (52.1%) than complete clefts (47.9%). Mean PHD for the whole cohort was 3.91mm (standard deviation 1.01mm, range 1-6mm). The difference in mean PHD (in-complete versus complete) was 1.1mm (3.4 vs. 4.5, p < 0.001). For lip only versus lip and palate the difference in mean PHD was 1.0mm (3.4 vs. 4.4, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This single country consecutive cohort review of PHD in children undergoing unilateral cleft lip repair statistically supports the anecdote that patients with an incomplete cleft lip and isolated cleft lip have lesser asymmetry at presentation. This study presents a consecutive cohort with a greater range of PHD than has previously been reported in the literature.

Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) impacts on benthic fish communities in two tributaries of the Great Lakes.

Numerous fish species in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been negatively impacted by the establishment of the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus). However, limited understanding exists as to how Round Goby has impacted small-bodied native benthic fishes after its secondary invasion into tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes. To investigate Round Goby impacts on darter species (family Percidae) in tributary ecosystems, catch per unit area (CPUA) of native and non-native fishes from two riverine ecosystems in Southwestern Ontario (Ausable River, Big Otter Creek) were analyzed. Spatial analyses indicated Round Goby CPUA was highest proximate to the Great Lakes, with a sharp decline in CPUA at sites upstream from each lake (Round Goby CPUA approached zero after 18 and 14 km in the Ausable River and Big Otter Creek, respectively). There was some evidence of a negative relationship between the CPUA of Round Goby and several darter species along the tributary gradients, with moderately negative co-occurrence between Round Goby and Rainbow Darter in the Ausable River and Johnny Darter and Percidae species overall in Big Otter Creek. However, overwhelming evidence of negative associations between Round Goby and all darter species was not found. The negative relationship between the CPUA of Round Goby and some darter species was observed over similar time periods since establishment but greater spatial scales than in previous studies, and therefore has important implications for understanding the ecological impacts of Round Goby in tributary ecosystems.

Biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds in regenerative medicine: Clinical translation review.

Early explorations of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine concepts commonly utilized simple polyesters such as polyglycolide, polylactide, and their copolymers as scaffolds. These biomaterials were deemed clinically acceptable, readily accessible, and provided processability and a generally known biological response. With experience and refinement of approaches, greater control of material properties and integrated bioactivity has received emphasis and a broadened palette of synthetic biomaterials has been employed. Biodegradable polyurethanes (PUs) have emerged as an attractive option for synthetic scaffolds in a variety of tissue applications because of their flexibility in molecular design and ability to fulfill mechanical property objectives, particularly in soft tissue applications. Biodegradable PUs are highly customizable based on their composition and processability to impart tailored mechanical and degradation behavior. Additionally, bioactive agents can be readily incorporated into these scaffolds to drive a desired biological response. Enthusiasm for biodegradable PU scaffolds has soared in recent years, leading to rapid growth in the literature documenting novel PU chemistries, scaffold designs, mechanical properties, and aspects of biocompatibility. Despite the enthusiasm in the field, there are still few examples of biodegradable PU scaffolds that have achieved regulatory approval and routine clinical use. However, there is a growing literature where biodegradable PU scaffolds are being specifically developed for a wide range of pathologies and where relevant pre-clinical models are being employed. The purpose of this review is first to highlight examples of clinically used biodegradable PU scaffolds, and then to summarize the growing body of reports on pre-clinical applications of biodegradable PU scaffolds.

Continuous Microfiber Wire Mandrel-Less Biofabrication for Soft Tissue Engineering Applications.

Suture materials are the most common bioimplants in surgical and clinical practice, playing a crucial role in wound healing and tendon and ligament repair. Despite the assortment available on the market, sutures are still affected by significant disadvantages, including failure in mimicking the mechanical properties of the tissue, excessive fibrosis, and inflammation. This study introduces a mandrel-less electrodeposition apparatus to fabricate continuous microfiber wires of indefinite length. The mandrel-less biofabrication produces wires, potentially used as medical fibers, with different microfiber bundles, that imitate the hierarchical organization of native tissues, and tailored mechanical properties. Microfiber wire morphology and mechanical properties are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, digital image processing, and uniaxial tensile test. Wires are tested in vitro on monocyte/macrophage stimulation and in vivo on a rat surgical wound model. The wires produced by mandrel-less deposition show an increased M2 macrophage phenotype in vitro. The in vivo assessment demonstrates that microfiber wires, compared to the medical fibers currently used, reduce pro-inflammatory macrophage response and preserve their mechanical properties after 30 days of use. These results make this microfiber wire an ideal candidate as a suture material for soft tissue surgery, suggesting a crucial role of microarchitecture in more favorable host response.

A classification framework for interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecology.

In some cases, wildlife management objectives directed at multiple species can conflict with one another, creating species trade-offs. For managers to effectively identify trade-offs and avoid their undesirable outcomes, they must understand the agents involved and their corresponding interactions. A literature review of interspecific trade-offs within freshwater and marine ecosystems was conducted to illustrate the scope of potential interspecific trade-offs that may occur. We identified common pitfalls that lead to failed recognition of interspecific trade-offs, including, single-species management and limited consideration of the spatial and temporal scale of ecosystems and their management regimes. We devised a classification framework of common interspecific trade-offs within aquatic systems. The classification can help managers determine whether the conflict is species based through direct relationships (i.e., predator-prey, competition, other antagonistic relationships) or indirect relationships involving intermediate species (i.e., conflict-generating species) or whether the conflict is driven by opposing management objectives for species that would otherwise not interact (i.e., nontarget management effects). Once the nature and scope of trade-offs are understood, existing decision-making tools, such as structured decision-making and real-options analysis, can be incorporated to improve the management of aquatic ecosystems. Article Impact Statement: A synthesis of interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecosystems supports their identification and resolution.

Un Marco de Clasificación para Compensaciones Interespecíficas en Ecología Acuática Resumen En algunos casos, los objetivos del manejo de fauna dirigidos a muchas especies pueden entrar en conflicto entre sí creando compensaciones entre las especies. Para que los manejadores identifiquen efectivamente estas compensaciones y eviten sus resultados no deseados, deben entender a los agentes involucrados y sus interacciones correspondientes. Se realizó una revisión literaria de las compensaciones interespecíficas dentro de los ecosistemas marinos y de agua dulce para ilustrar el alcance de las compensaciones interespecíficas que pueden ocurrir. Identificamos dificultades comunes que llevan al reconocimiento fallido de las compensaciones interespecíficas, incluyendo el manejo de una sola especie y sus regímenes de manejo. Diseñamos un marco de clasificación de compensaciones interespecíficas comunes dentro de los ecosistemas acuáticos. La clasificación puede ayudar a los manejadores a determinar si el conflicto está basado en las especies por sus relaciones directas (es decir, depredador-presa, competencia, otras relaciones antagonistas) o por relaciones indirectas que involucran a otras especies (es decir, efectos del manejo de especies que no son el objetivo). Una vez que se entiende la naturaleza y el alcance de las compensaciones, las herramientas de toma de decisión existentes, como la toma estructurada de decisiones y el análisis de opciones reales, pueden incorporarse para mejorar el manejo de los ecosistemas acuáticos.

The influence of thermal cues on the reproductive phenology of Silver Shiner, Notropis photogenis.

Reproductive phenology and the length of the growing season vary in response to interannual environmental variability, with implications for population dynamics of freshwater fishes. Understanding the reproductive phenology of imperilled species in relation to environmental conditions is needed to better evaluate potential responses to changing environmental conditions, estimate future population dynamics and develop comprehensive recovery strategies. We examined Silver Shiner, a species listed as "Threatened" under Canada's Species at Risk Act, during spring 2018 and 2019 to better understand the reproductive phenology of the species at the northern edge of its range in Canada. The initiation of Silver Shiner spawning occurred on the descending limb of the hydrograph and was completed before the onset of the extended period of low summer flow. In addition, both the initiation and cessation of spawning occurred in response to a cumulative growing degree day base 5 (GDD5 ) cue, with logistic regression models indicating a 50% probability the population initiated and ceased spawning when GDD5 reached 68°C•days and 368°C•days, respectively. Logistic regression incorporating GDD5 effectively predicted spawning initiation and cessation, providing useful models for examining the impacts of alterations to the thermal regime on reproductive phenology and improving the ability to evaluate changes in the larval growth period. Furthermore, the models can facilitate the development of real-time estimates of spawning activity, and therefore ensure that disturbance to the species is minimized during the sensitive reproductive period.

Nonconsensual Sexual Experience Histories of Incarcerated Men: A Mixed Methods Approach.

Nonconsensual sexual experiences (NSEs) may contribute to mental health concerns among incarcerated individuals, yet NSEs are understudied in this population. This study takes a novel approach in examining the prevalence of NSEs among incarcerated males by utilizing both quantitative and qualitative measures. The sample consisted of 189 men from three provincial maximum-security prisons in Ontario, Canada. Based on quantitative findings, 44.2% of the sample experienced NSEs before the age of 18, and 41.7% of the sample endorsed an experience that fit the legal definition of a NSEs as adults. Participants also responded to a qualitative open-ended question about their history of NSEs. Based on qualitative findings, a total of 23% of the men reported at least one incident of a NSE (e.g., child and adult). Based Findings highlight the high prevalence of NSEs among incarcerated men with quantitative responses demonstrating how the use of a behavioral questionnaire may, to some extent, correct for underreporting of NSEs. Qualitative responses illustrate the lived experience of incarcerated men and provide a deeper understanding of their NSEs. Responses also speak to the lack of resources and support available to these men. Findings underscore the need for proactive approaches in meeting mental health needs of incarcerated men in general and with regard to NSEs in particular. Results may inform the development of future correctional procedures (i.e., intake protocols that account for men with NSEs) and resources to support incarcerated men in navigating the psychological impact of non-consensual sexual experiences.

Nasolabial appearance of bilateral cleft lip repair at five years of age. Comparing techniques of modified advancement-rotation (Delaire) with Manchester repair: a retrospective cohort study.

The techniques used to repair bilateral cleft lip have evolved over time, yet little data exist to compare outcomes using the various techniques. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate and compare the aesthetic outcomes of two types of complete bilateral cleft repair: advancement rotation and a historic cohort repaired with the Manchester technique. A total of 32 consecutive patients who had complete repair of bilateral cleft lips were identified retrospectively from our centre using inpatient records. The first 16 (born between 1994 and 2005) underwent the Manchester repair, the second 16 (born between 2006 and 2010) a Delaire modified advancement rotation technique. Standardised photographs were taken at five years post repair and cropped to isolate the nasolabial component. Appearance outcomes were assessed by 20 members of the cleft and plastic surgery team, who were each asked to rate all 32 images using the Asher-McDade five-point scale. A chi squared test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in cleft scores between the two approaches. There was a mean (SD) of 2.8 (1.02) in the advancement rotation group and a mean (SD) of 3.1 (1.07) in the Manchester group. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of scores in the advancement rotation group compared with the Manchester group, with lower scores (better results) in the advancement rotation group (p=0.003). This study demonstrates that the advancement rotation technique for the repair of bilateral cleft lip defects resulted in a superior nasolabial appearance when directly compared with the Manchester repair at 5 years of age.

Seasonal and environmental effects on upper thermal limits of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida).

Anthropogenic stressors are predicted to increase water temperature, which can influence physiological, individual, and population processes in fishes. We assessed the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida), a small benthic fish listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act in Canada. Field trials were conducted stream side June-November 2019 in the Grand River, Ontario, to encompass a range of ambient water temperatures (7-25°C) for which agitation temperature (Tag) and CTmax were determined. Additional measures were taken in the comparatively more turbid Thames River to test the effect of turbidity on both measures. In the Grand, Tag and CTmax ranged from 23°C to 33°C and 27°C to 37°C, respectively, and both significantly increased with ambient water temperature, with a high acclimation response ratio (0.49). The thermal safety margin (difference between ambient temperatures and CTmax) was smallest in July and August (~11°C) indicating that eastern sand darter lives closer to its physiological limit in summer. The between-river comparison indicated that turbidity had no significant influence on Tag and CTmax. Comparison of CTmax with in-river temperatures suggested that mean stream temperature 24 hours before the trial was most important for determining CTmax. Fish mass, temperature variance and maximum temperature in the 24-hour period prior to the CTmax trial were also shown to have some effect on determining CTmax. Overall, study results better define the sensitivity of eastern sand darter to temperature changes across the growing season and provide information to assess the availability of suitable thermal habitat for conservation purposes.