Agreement of point of care ultrasound and final clinical diagnosis in patients with acute heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, and shock: POCUS not missing the target.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is an important tool for clinical diagnosis and decision-making in critical and non-critical scenarios. Dyspnea, chest pain, and shock are conditions susceptible to evaluation with ultrasound considering diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact already proven. There is scarce evidence in diagnosis agreement using ultrasound as an extension of physical examination. We aimed to evaluate ED patients in whom POCUS was performed, to analyze agreement between clinical initial diagnosis using ultrasound images and final diagnosis. Furthermore, we analyze failed diagnosis, inconclusive POCUS exams, and discuss details. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on adults who visited the emergency department with any of these three chief complaints: dyspnea, chest pain, and shock. All were evaluated with ultrasound at admission. Agreement between initial diagnosis using POCUS and final definite diagnosis was calculated. Failed diagnosis and inconclusive exams were analyzed. A total of 209 patients were analyzed. Populations: mostly males, mean age 64 years old, hypertensive. Agreement on patients with dyspnea and suspicion of acute decompensated heart failure was 0.98; agreement on chest pain suspicion of non-ST acute coronary syndrome was 0.96; agreement on type of shock was 0.90. Among the population, 12 patients had an inconclusive POCUS exam, and 16 patients had a failed diagnosis. The use of POCUS in the emergency department shows almost perfect agreement when compared with the final diagnosis in individuals experiencing acutely decompensated heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, and shock. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the impact of this tool on mortality and prognosis when there are diagnostic errors.

Síncope en Urgencias: Aproximación Clínica / Syncope in Emergency Room: Clinical Approach

Resumen El síncope es un síntoma definido como una perdida transitoria de la conciencia de inicio rápido, de corta duración y con recuperación completa y espontánea. Los picos de presentación son en la adolescencia y posterior a la 8va década de la vida. La incidencia de sincope representa del 1% al 3% de los ingresos hospitalarios y se asocia con comorbilidad cardiovascular y farmacoterapia cardiovascular siendo en los adultos mayores una causa importante de morbimortalidad. La incidencia acumulada de síncope en las mujeres es casi el doble que en los hombres. Su aparición está explicada por una disminución en el flujo sanguíneo cerebral producto del descenso del gasto cardiaco ya sea por una caída en la presión arterial sistólica por debajo de 60 mmHg o disminución en la resistencia periférica. El síncope de divide en 3 grupos: 1) Síncope reflejo, en el cual se produce un cambio repentino en la actividad del sistema nervioso autónomo que lleva a la caída en la presión arterial; 2) Síncope secundario a hipotensión ortostática, en donde la actividad simpática eferente no proporciona una suficiente vasoconstricción y 3) Síncope de causa cardiopulmonar, caracterizado por una disminución brusca y repentina del gasto cardiaco producto de arritmias o enfermedades cardiacas estructurales. Dependiendo de la causa del síncope se puede o no presentar pródromo, que más comúnmente se compone de diaforesis, calor y rubor. La verdadera pérdida de la conciencia por lo general dura menos de un minuto, aunque algunos pacientes pueden tardar varios minutos en recuperar plenamente la conciencia. Por ello el diagnóstico está basado en una buena historia clínica con un examen físico completo. El tratamiento depende de la causa y el mecanismo de los episodios sincopales. Adicionalmente se deben tener como objetivos el aliviar los síntomas y mejorar el pronóstico, lo cual implica evitar o reducir las recurrencias.

Abstract Syncope is a symptom defined as a transient loss of consciousness, of rapid onset, of short duration and with complete and spontaneous recovery. Peaks of presentation are in adolescence and after the 8th decade of life. The incidence of syncope represents 1% to 3% of hospital admissions and is associated with cardiovascular comorbidity and cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. The accumulative incidence of syncope in women is almost double than in men. Its onset is explained by a decrease in cerebral blood flow due to the decrease in cardiac output, whether due to a drop in systolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg or a decrease in peripheral resistance. The syncope is divides into 3 groups: 1) Reflex syncope, in which there is a sudden change in the autonomic nervous system activity that leads to a drop in blood pressure; 2) Syncope secondary to orthostatic hypotension, where sympathetic efferent activity does not provide sufficient vasoconstriction; and 3) Syncope of cardiopulmonary cause, characterized by an abrupt and sudden decrease in cardiac output due to arrhythmias or structural heart diseases. Depending on the cause of syncope it may or may not present prodrome, which is more commonly composed of diaphoresis, heat and flushing. True loss of consciousness usually lasts less than a minute, although some patients may take several minutes to fully regain consciousness. Therefore, the diagnosis is based on a good medical history with a complete physical examination. Treatment depends on the cause and mechanism of syncopal episodes. In addition, the goals should be to alleviate symptoms and improve prognosis, which means avoiding or reducing recurrences.