RESUMO
Resumen La vasculitis reumatoidea es la complicación extraarticular más grave de la artritis reumatoide, con morbilidad y mortalidad altas. Se trata de un proceso inflamatorio que afecta principalmente los vasos sanguíneos de pequeño y mediano calibre, sus manifestaciones clínicas sobrevienen de forma heterogénea, la vasculitis cutánea y la neuropatía son las más comunes. Su incidencia ha disminuido en las últimas décadas debido a la administración temprana de fármacos modificadores de la enfermedad en la artritis reumatoide. A pesar de la administración de ciclofosfamida y la existencia de medicamentos biológicos, continúa siendo un reto lograr el control de la enfermedad. Comunicamos el caso de un paciente de 50 años de edad, sin antecedentes médicos de importancia, salvo tabaquismo, que inició con neuropatía secundaria a vasculitis con factor reumatoide y anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinado positivos. La revisión bibliográfica pone al día los conocimientos acerca de la enfermedad para considerarla diagnóstico diferencial.
Abstract The rheumatoid vasculitis is the most serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis, with high morbidity and mortality. It is an inflammatory process that affects small and medium vessels and that has heterogeneous manifestations, being the cutaneous lesions and neuropathy the most common. Its incidence has declined in the last decades because of the early use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. Despite the use of cyclophosphamide and the existence of biologic drugs, achieving the control of the disease continues to be a challenge. We present the case of a 50 year-old man, without relevant antecedents, only tabaco use, that presented with a vasculitic neuropathy, rheumatoid factor and cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive. This bibliographic review has the intention to update the knowledge of this entity and to be considered a differential diagnosis.
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Resumen El ácido úrico es producto final del metabolismo de las purinas, transformadas finalmente a ácido úrico. No existe definición universal de hiperuricemia, en la práctica, el punto de corte es a partir de 6.8 mg/dL en plasma. Estudios experimentales han demostrado una correlación positiva lineal entre la presión arterial y las concentraciones de ácido úrico, así como disminución de las cifras tensionales al administrar tratamiento hipouricemiante con alopurinol. Se han identificado numerosos mecanismos a través de los cuales la hiperuricemia puede causar hipertensión: reducción de las concentraciones de óxido nítrico endotelial, estimulación de estrés oxidativo, expresión en las células de músculo liso del endotelio vascular de receptor URAT-1, activación del eje renina angiotensina, estimulación de la proliferación de músculo liso vascular, además, favorece la enfermedad microvascular renal. La evidencia reciente ha aportado nuevo conocimiento acerca de los múltiples mecanismos a través de los cuales el ácido úrico tendría un papel preponderante en la hipertensión arterial sistémica y en múltiples alteraciones metabólicas; sin embargo, hace falta desarrollar estudios clínicos a gran escala, bien diseñados, que comprueben de manera más contundente estas teorías, antes de considerar tratamientos enfocados en el manejo de la hiperuricemia asintomática en la práctica clínica diaria.
Abstract Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism, ultimately converted to uric acid. There is no universal definition of hyperuricemia, in practice, the cutoff point is from 6.8mg/dL in plasma. The relationship between hyperuricemia and hypertension has been demonstrated in many experimental studies. Experimental studies have shown a linear positive correlation between blood pressure and uric acid levels, as well as a decrease in blood pressure figures with therapy with allopurinol. Numerous mechanisms have been identified through which hyperuricemia can cause hypertension: reduction of endothelial nitric oxide levels, stimulation of oxidative stress, expression in smooth muscle cells of the vascular endothelium of URAT-1 receptor, activation of the renin-angiotensin axis, stimulation of vascular smooth muscle proliferation also favors the development of renal microvascular disease. Recent evidence has provided new insight into the multiple mechanisms through which UA would play a major role both in systemic arterial hypertension and in multiple metabolic alterations; however, large-scale, well-designed clinical studies are needed, which prove more conclusively these theories, before considering therapies focused on the management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in daily clinical practice
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Resumen En la actualidad existe pérdida importante del sentido empático del médico. Las causas de esto se analizan desde tres puntos de vista: desde el punto de vista educativo y de formación del médico, desde el punto de vista laboral (institucionalización de la medicina) y desde el punto de vista del propio médico como enfermo. Los sistemas educativos materialistas junto con la dependencia tecnológica de la medicina, además de la sensación de frustración del médico, explican el deterioro cada vez más importante de la relación médico-paciente. Es urgente realizar cambios en cada uno de estos rubros analizados, de no ser así la medicina está condenada a convertirse en una actividad altamente tecnificada, basada en estadísticas, pero despersonalizada y, sobre todo, a adquirir un fundamento completamente utilitarista.
Abstract There is now a significant loss of the physician's empathic sense. The causes of this are analyzed from three points of view. From the educational and training point of the doctor, from the labor point of view (institutionalization of medicine) and from the point of view of the doctor himself as ill. Materialistic educational systems, together with the technological dependence on medicine, in addition to the doctor's sense of frustration, explain the increasingly important deterioration of the doctor-patient relationship. It is urgent to make changes in each of these categories analyzed, otherwise, medicine is doomed to become a highly technical, statistical-based, but depersonalized activity and above all to acquire a completely utilitarian basis.
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Resumen La enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto, también llamada linfadenitis necrotizante histiocítica, es un padecimiento raro y benigno de causa desconocida; se distingue por linfadenopatía cervical y fiebre frecuentemente en mujeres jóvenes previamente sanas. Las manifestaciones clínicas, el antecedente de lupus eritemaso sistémico y el análisis histopatológico sugieren una respuesta inmunitaria celular mediada por células T e histocitos como parte de la fisiopatología. El diagnóstico de enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto requiere biopsia por escisión de los ganglios linfáticos afectados en los que se evidencia necrosis con infiltrados de histiocitos y característicamente ausencia de neutrófilos. No existe tratamiento efectivo contra la enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto, el cuadro se alivia de manera espontánea en uno a cuatro meses; ante síntomas persistentes y severos se administran glucocorticoides y antiinflamatorios no esteroides. La siliconosis es una condición en la que el silicón, componente de implantes mamarios, actúa como coadyuvante inmunogénico provocando una respuesta local y sistémica autoinmunitaria con síntomas inespecíficos que constituyen el síndrome autoinmunitario inducido por coadyuvantes. El tratamiento de este síndrome se basa en la eliminación del estímulo externo y en la mayoría de los casos se observa una respuesta favorable a largo plazo sin necesidad de iniciar tratamiento inmunomodulador. Se necesitan más casos para poder establecer a la siliconosis como una probable causa de enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto y conocer más a fondo la relación entre ambos padecimientos.
Abstract Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, also called histiocytic necrotizing lympha-denitis, is a rare and benign condition of unknown etiology, characte-rized by cervical lymphadenopathy with fever that frequently occurs in previously young healthy women. The clinical manifestations, a history of systemic lupus erythematous and histopathologic analysis suggest an immune response of T cells and histiocytes as a part of the pathophysiology. The diagnosis of Kikuchi disease requires lymph node biopsy, in which there is evidence of necrosis with histiocyte infiltrates and characteristically absence of neutrophils. No effective treatment exists for Kikuchi disease, it is self-limited into 1-4 weeks; with severe and persistent symptoms, glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. Silicosis is a condition in which silicone, a component of breast implants, acts as an immunogenic adjuvant, causing a local and systemic autoimmune response with non-specific symptomatology constituting the adjuvant-induced autoimmune syndrome (ASIA). The treatment of ASIA is based on the elimination of the external stimulus and in most cases a favorable long-term response is observed without initiating immunomodulatory treatment. More cases are needed in order to establish silicosis as a cause of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease and to know more about the relationship between these conditions.
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BACKGROUND: It has been found that the cholesterol and triglyceride values are higher in preeclampsia than in normal pregnancy, even though it is unclear whether these levels are related to the severity. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between dyslipidemia and severity in preeclampsia. METHODS: Comparative cross-sectional study in 200 patients, 100 with normal pregnancy and 100 with preeclampsia. The age, gynecological and obstetric history, total cholesterol and triglycerides were identified. Descriptive statistics were used: Student's t test for comparing the group of patients with preeclampsia and normal pregnancies, and ANOVA and odds ratio for the subanalysis of mild and severe preeclampsia. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in age or cholesterol were found. Triglycerides showed a statistically significant difference: they were higher in relation to the severity of preeclampsia (normal pregnancy: 245 mg; mild preeclampsia: 308 mg; severe preeclampsia: 349 mg). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with preeclampsia showed no consistent relationship with the severity of preeclampsia.
Introducción: se ha identificado que los valores del colesterol y los triglicéridos (TG) son más altos en la preeclampsia que en el embarazo normal; sin embargo, aún no está claro si estos niveles tienen relación con la gravedad del proceso. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si existe relación entre la dislipidemia y la gravedad en la preeclampsia. Métodos: estudio transversal comparativo en 200 pacientes, 100 con embarazo normal y 100 con preeclampsia. Se identificó edad, antecedentes ginecoobstétricos, colesterol total y TG. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva: t de Student para comparar el grupo de pacientes con preeclampsia y embarazos normales, y ANOVA y razón de momios para el subanálisis de preeclampsia leve y severa. Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en edad, ni en colesterol. Los TG presentaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa: fueron más altos en relación con la gravedad de la preeclampsia (embarazo normal 245 mg, preeclampsia leve 308 mg y preeclampsia severa 349 mg). Conclusión: los niveles elevados de colesterol y TG en pacientes con preeclampsia no demostraron consistencia en relación con la gravedad de la preeclampsia.
Assuntos
Dislipidemias/complicações , Pré-Eclâmpsia , Adulto , Colesterol/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Dislipidemias/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Pré-Eclâmpsia/sangue , Gravidez , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leptin has been associated with progression and poor survival in BC. Moreover, it is still controversial as to whether the effect of leptin depends only on its correlation with body mass index (BMI), or could be a direct role of adipokine in the development of BC. The aim of this study was to identify if there was a difference between serum leptin levels and insulin in obese patients with and without BC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was made in 156 women, a group of 78 with obesity and BC and 78 with obesity without BC. When subjects agreed to participate, written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Biochemical variables such as glucose, triglycerides, high-density and low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, insulin, and leptin were measured and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was calculated. RESULTS: The age, number of parities, glucose, HOMA-IR, and leptin were significantly different at P < .05. CONCLUSION: Serum leptin levels and leptin/BMI ratio were statistically significantly increased in patients with BC.
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Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Insulina/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Obesidade/sangue , Glicemia/análise , Índice de Massa Corporal , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/patologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
Endothelial dysfunction is a fundamental characteristic in the physiopathology of preeclampsia. Currently, a series of markers which explain endothelial dysfunction have been identified. The recognition of endothelial dysfunction has been used to realize an early diagnosis of preeclampsia, as soon as the classification of a possible prognosis. Nevertheless the detection of these markers is not accessible to the majority of hospitable centers that treat patients with preeclampsia. One indirect marker of endothelial dysfunction with a greater accessibility is the assessment of peripheral blood smear. Several studies had proved the presence of endothelial dysfunction by identification of red blood cells crenated in peripheral blood smear led us also to measure the impact in the evolution of the disease.
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Pré-Eclâmpsia/sangue , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/sangue , Doenças Vasculares/sangue , Doenças Vasculares/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/patologia , Doenças Vasculares/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death secondary to malignancy in women. It ranks third in mortality in women in reproductive age, produced by non-modifiable (genetic and hormonal) and modifiable factors. Our objective was to describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of deaths from BC in the State of Mexico. RESULTS: of 273 verbal autopsies, the most common age (23.07 %) was between 40 and 49 years. The educational level of schooling were complete elementary school (20.51 %), incomplete elementary school (19.04 %) and complete high school (13.91 %). the institution with the highest number of patients was the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social with 139 (50.91 %). The towns with a higher frequency were Malinalco, Ayapango, Atizapán, Zacualpan and Apaxco. The Mortality was higher in Valle de Bravo, Coatepec Harinas and Toluca. CONCLUSIONS: the increase in BC has permitted the emergence of a new hypothesis known as endocrine disruption, according to this premise, this results from exposure to chemicals introduced into the environment by human activity capable of altering the hormonal balance.