Relationship satisfaction, feelings of closeness and annoyance, and linkage in electrodermal activity.

Physiological linkage refers to moment-to-moment, time-linked coordination in physiological responses among people in close relationships. Although people in romantic relationships have been shown to evidence linkage in their physiological responses over time, it is still unclear how patterns of covariation relate to in-the-moment, as well as general levels of, relationship functioning. In the present study with data collected between 2014 and 2017, we capture linkage in electrodermal activity (EDA) in a diverse sample of young-adult couples, generally representative and generalizable to the Los Angeles community from which we sampled. We test how naturally occurring, shifting feelings of closeness with and annoyance toward one's partner relate to concurrent changes in levels of physiological linkage over the course of 1 day. Additionally, we examine how linkage relates to overall relationship satisfaction. Results showed that couples evidenced significant covariation in their levels of physiological arousal in daily life. Further, physiological linkage increased during hours that participants felt close to their romantic partners but not during hours that participants felt annoyed with their partners. Finally, those participants with overall higher levels of relationship satisfaction showed lower levels of linkage over the day of data collection. These findings highlight how individuals respond in sync with their romantic partners and how this process ebbs and flows in conjunction with the shifting emotional tone of their relationships. The discussion focuses on how linkage might enhance closeness or, alternatively, contribute to conflict escalation and the potential of linkage processes to promote positive interpersonal relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Conduct Problems As a Pathway From Childhood Adversity to Community Violence Exposure: The Protective Roles of Caregiver Knowledge and Involvement.

Exposure to community violence (ECV) poses a prevalent threat to the health and development of adolescents. Research indicates those who have more Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are at higher risk for ECV, which further exacerbates risk of negative mental and physical health impacts. Additionally, those with more ACEs are more likely to exhibit conduct problems, which has also been linked to risk for ECV. Despite the prevalence and impact of ECV, there is limited longitudinal research on the risk factors that precede this exposure as well as family-level factors that may prevent it. The current study examined conduct problems as a potential mediator between ACEs and future indirect (i.e. witnessing) ECV in adolescents. Additionally, this study included caregiver factors, such as caregiver knowledge about their adolescent, caregiver involvement, and caregiver-adolescent relationship quality as potential protective moderators. Participants included (N = 1137) caregiver-adolescent dyads identified as at-risk for child maltreatment prior to child's age four for inclusion in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Conduct problems at age 14 mediated the relationship between ACEs from ages 0-12 and indirect ECV at age 16 (standardized indirect effect = .03, p = .005). Caregiver knowledge moderated the indirect relationship (b = -.40, p = .030), and caregiver involvement moderated the direct relationship between ACEs and indirect ECV (b = -.03, p = .033). Findings expand our knowledge about the longitudinal pathways that increase risk of violence exposure over the course of adolescent development, as well as the protective benefits caregivers can offer to disrupt these pathways and reduce risk of future traumatization. Implications are discussed for interventions that aim to address and prevent trauma and adverse outcomes among youth exposed to child maltreatment, household dysfunction, and community violence.

A Call to Action on Assessing and Mitigating Bias in Artificial Intelligence Applications for Mental Health.

Advances in computer science and data-analytic methods are driving a new era in mental health research and application. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies hold the potential to enhance the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of people experiencing mental health problems and to increase the reach and impact of mental health care. However, AI applications will not mitigate mental health disparities if they are built from historical data that reflect underlying social biases and inequities. AI models biased against sensitive classes could reinforce and even perpetuate existing inequities if these models create legacies that differentially impact who is diagnosed and treated, and how effectively. The current article reviews the health-equity implications of applying AI to mental health problems, outlines state-of-the-art methods for assessing and mitigating algorithmic bias, and presents a call to action to guide the development of fair-aware AI in psychological science.

Trajectories of adolescent psychopathology among youth who were maltreated and placed in out-of-home care.

BACKGROUND: Although researchers have found an increased risk for psychopathology among maltreated adolescents placed in out-of-home care, different trajectories of psychopathology by out-of-home placements have not been previously studied. OBJECTIVE: The current study is built on previous investigation of youth in different long-term out-of-home placements and examined the trajectories of adolescent psychopathology by out-of-home placement classes. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: We leveraged data from the Southwestern site of the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Participants included caregiver-youth dyads (N = 273), who had substantiated reports of child maltreatment (CM) prior to children's age four and were placed in out-of-home care. METHODS: Five out-of-home placement classes from ages 4 to 12 (i.e., stable adopted, stable reunified, stable kinship care, stable non-kin foster care, and unstable placement) were identified from previous study and participants were interviewed at youth ages 12, 14, and 16 to assess adolescent psychopathology. Latent Growth Curve Analysis was used to examine trajectories of psychopathology by placement classes. RESULTS: Adolescents in unstable placement and stable adopted classes had higher intercepts and more positive or less negative slopes for psychopathology compared to those in stable kinship care and stable reunified classes. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents in unstable placement and stable adopted classes were at similarly elevated risk for psychopathology, whereas adolescents in stable kinship care and stable reunified classes were at lower risk for psychopathology. We discuss the clinical implication to preventing and intervening risks for psychopathology among maltreated youth in unstable and adopted placements.

Reward-related neural correlates of early life stress in school-aged children.

OBJECTIVES: Early life stress likely contributes to dysfunction in neural reward processing systems. However, studies to date have focused almost exclusively on adolescents and adults, measured early life stress retrospectively, and have often failed to control for concurrent levels of stress. The current study examined the contribution of prospectively measured cumulative life stress in preschool-age children on reward-related neural activation and connectivity in school-age children. METHODS: Children (N = 46) and caregivers reported children's exposure to early life stress between birth and preschool age (mean = 4.8 years, SD = 0.80). At follow-up (mean age = 7.52 years, SD = .78), participants performed a child-friendly monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Children with higher levels of cumulative early life stress, controlling for concurrent stressful life events, exhibited aberrant patterns of neural activation and connectivity in reward- and emotion-related regions (e.g., prefrontal cortex, temporal pole, culmen), depending on the presence of a potential reward and whether or not the target was hit or missed. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that stress exposure during early childhood may impact neural reward processing systems earlier in development than has previously been demonstrated. Understanding how early life stress relates to alterations in reward processing could guide earlier, more mechanistic interventions.

Examining the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children in a Diverse Sample of Trauma-Exposed Adolescents.

The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) is a widely used youth assessment of broad, transdiagnostic symptomatology following trauma. However, its factor structure has not been thoroughly tested in diverse samples. Youth (N = 738) exposed to interpersonal violence, including physical and sexual abuse, completed the TSCC. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test one-, six-, and eight-factor models of the TSCC clinical scales, based on previous literature and the TSCC manual. We examined measurement invariance across boys and girls and Black and non-Black participants, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. An eight-factor structure, consisting of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, anger, overt dissociation, fantasy dissociation, sexual preoccupation, and sexual distress, demonstrated the best fit, with two items removed. Invariance tests supported configural and metric (but not scalar) invariance. This research highlights the need for further testing before differences between gender and racial groups can be accurately compared.

Racial/ethnic group differences in parenting attitudes among at-risk emerging adults: The roles of adversity, relationship quality, and caregiver involvement and attitudes.

BACKGROUND: Healthy parenting attitudes are foundational for positive parenting and child well-being. However, few studies explore their formation and mediators explaining racial/ethnic group differences. OBJECTIVE: The present study prospectively examines potential mediators for racial/ethnic group differences in parenting attitudes in a diverse sample of emerging adults (EA). PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: Participants are EA and their caregivers (N = 891) who participated in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). METHODS: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), parenting attitudes, and caregiver-child relationship quality and involvement were assessed. Mediators of racial/ethnic group differences were tested using Structural Equation Modeling with bias-corrected confidence intervals based on 1000 bootstrapped samples. RESULTS: Black EA had less appropriate developmental expectations and perceptions of family roles, empathy toward children, and rejection of physical punishment, compared to White EA. Latinx EA also had less empathy toward children compared to White EA. Caregivers' parenting attitudes mediated group differences, beyond ACEs and relationship quality and involvement. Significant mediation effects include: appropriate developmental expectations, R2 = 0.08, p < .05; rejection of physical punishment, R2 = 0.06, p < .05; appropriate family roles, R2 = 0.16, p < .05; and empathy toward children, R2 = 0.15, p < .05, for Black relative to White EA, as well as, empathy toward children, R2 = 0.12, p < .05, for Latinx relative to White EA. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the mediating role of intergenerational transmission of parenting attitudes for explaining racial-ethnic differences and supporting positive parenting practices in diverse communities.