CYTOP® 366: A Tertiary Phosphine Inaccessible by Most Traditional Hydrophosphination Methods.

Homogenous catalysis is an essential tool within the commercial manufacture of bulk and fine chemicals. Within this, phosphine ligands, such as tricyclohexylphosphine, otherwise known as CYTOP® 366, are a crucial component. When designing a pathway to your ligand of choice, some key considerations include safety, yield and quality, but at commercial volumes we must also balance cost and consider the technologies readily available. Herein, we report the synthetic route that was chosen to manufacture tricyclohexylphosphine at commercial scale. We also consider, with the use of computational calculations, why traditional hydrophosphination methods failed, where the selected pathway succeeded.

Nursing instructors' and male nursing students' perceptions of undergraduate, classroom nursing education.

Attrition rates of male nursing students exceed those of females yet the experiences of male students in nursing school are poorly understood. This interpretive ethnographic study explored the experiences of male nursing students and female nursing instructors in the context of classroom education. Data collection consisted of participant observation of classroom teaching sessions followed by interviews with six male nursing students who were participants in the classes and six female nursing instructors who taught the classes. Themes resulting from data analysis addressed men's roles in the nursing classroom and the culture of nursing education. The theme of "nursing like a real man" was characterized by men's reliance on roles and behaviours associated with traditional masculinities including leadership, assertiveness and risk-taking. The theme of "masculinities in a feminine place" captured the gendered culture of nursing education which manifested in stereotypes and a sexualized identity, where men saw themselves as accommodated but not integrated. "Diversity between masculine and feminine" communicated the incongruity between men's educational preferences and the techniques that predominate in nursing education. These findings suggest that nursing instructors need to consider gender in their teaching practice, avoid parody or stereotypes of masculinities, and reject assumptions that male students are homogeneous.

Phosphorinanes as ligands for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry.

[structure: see text] Phosphorinanes are presented as a class of phosphine ligand suitable for organopalladium cross-coupling chemistry. Prepared via a direct double Michael addition of a monoalkyl- or arylphosphine to phorone followed by a Wolf-Kishner reduction, phosphorinanes are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and allow modification of one of the alkyl moieties permitting steric and electronic fine-tuning of the ligands. Library screening and applications of these ligands in the Suzuki, Sonogashira, ketone arylation, and aryl amination reactions are presented.

Dimethylmalonyltrialkylphosphoranes: new general reagents for esterification reactions allowing controlled inversion or retention of configuration on chiral alcohols.

A new class of trialkylphosphorane has been prepared through reaction of a trialkylphosphine with 2-chlorodimethylmalonate in the presence of triethylamine. These new reagents promote the condensation reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols to provide esters along with trialkylphosphine oxide and dimethylmalonate. The condensation reaction of chiral secondary alcohols can be controlled to give either high levels of inversion or retention through a subtle interplay involving basicity of the reaction media, solvent, and tuning the electronic and steric nature of the carboxylic acid and steric nature of the phosphorane employed. A coherent mechanism is postulated to explain these observations involving reaction via an initial acyloxyphosphonium ion.

Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides in phosphonium salt ionic liquid under mild conditions.

The Suzuki cross-coupling of aryl boronic acids with aryl halides, including aryl chlorides, proceeds in the phosphonium salt ionic liquid tetradecyltrihexylphosphonium chloride under mild conditions.