Perinuclear tethers license telomeric DSBs for a broad kinesin- and NPC-dependent DNA repair process.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are often targeted to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) for repair. How targeting is achieved and the DNA repair pathways involved in this process remain unclear. Here, we show that the kinesin-14 motor protein complex (Cik1-Kar3) cooperates with chromatin remodellers to mediate interactions between subtelomeric DSBs and the Nup84 nuclear pore complex to ensure cell survival via break-induced replication (BIR), an error-prone DNA repair process. Insertion of a DNA zip code near the subtelomeric DSB site artificially targets it to NPCs hyperactivating this repair mechanism. Kinesin-14 and Nup84 mediate BIR-dependent repair at non-telomeric DSBs whereas perinuclear telomere tethers are only required for telomeric BIR. Furthermore, kinesin-14 plays a critical role in telomerase-independent telomere maintenance. Thus, we uncover roles for kinesin and NPCs in DNA repair by BIR and reveal that perinuclear telomere anchors license subtelomeric DSBs for this error-prone DNA repair mechanism.

42K analysis of sodium-induced potassium efflux in barley: mechanism and relevance to salt tolerance.

*Stimulation of potassium (K(+)) efflux by sodium (Na(+)) has been the subject of much recent attention, and its mechanism has been attributed to the activities of specific classes of ion channels. *The short-lived radiotracer (42)K(+) was used to test this attribution, via unidirectional K(+)-flux analysis at the root plasma membrane of intact barley (Hordeum vulgare), in response to NaCl, KCl, NH(4)Cl and mannitol, and to channel inhibitors. *Unidirectional K(+) efflux was strongly stimulated by NaCl, and K(+) influx strongly suppressed. Both effects were ameliorated by elevated calcium (Ca(2+)). As well, K(+) efflux was strongly stimulated by KCl, NH(4)Cl and mannitol , and NaCl also stimulated (13)NH(4)(+) efflux. The Na(+)-stimulated K(+) efflux was insensitive to cesium (Cs(+)) and pH 4.2, weakly sensitive to the K(+)-channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA(+)) and quinine, and moderately sensitive to zinc (Zn(2+)) and lanthanum (La(3+)). *We conclude that the stimulated efflux is: specific neither to Na(+) as effector nor K(+) as target; composed of fluxes from both cytosol and vacuole; mediated neither by outwardly-rectifying K(+) channels nor nonselective cation channels; attributable, alternatively, to membrane disintegration brought about by ionic and osmotic components; of limited long-term significance, unlike the suppression of K(+) influx by Na(+), which is a greater threat to K(+) homeostasis under salt stress.