Delphi Consensus on Clinical Applications of GOLD 2023 Recommendations in COPD Management: How Aligned are Recommendations with Clinical Practice?

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this Delphi study was to understand and assess the level of consensus among respiratory experts on the clinical application of GOLD 2023 recommendations in management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: The study comprised two online surveys and a participant meeting with 34 respiratory experts from 16 countries. Responses of 73 questions were recorded using a Likert scale ranging from 0 (disagreement) to 9 (agreement). The consensus threshold was 75%. RESULTS: Survey 1 and survey 2 had 34 and 32 participants, respectively; and 25 attended the participant meeting. Consensus was reached on survey 1: 28/42; survey 2: 18/30 close-ended questions. A consensus was reached on the clinical relevance of most updates in definitions and diagnosis of COPD. Mixed results for the treatment recommendations by GOLD were noted: 74% agreed with the recommendation to initiate treatment with dual bronchodilators for group E patients; 63% agreed for including inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)/long-acting ß2 agonist(LABA)/ Long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMA) as a treatment option for GOLD B patients. Also, consensus lacked on removing ICS + LABA as an initial therapeutic option, in countries with challenges in access to other treatment option;. 88% agreed that they use GOLD recommendations in their daily clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: This Delphi study demonstrated a high level of consensus regarding key concepts of GOLD 2023 report, with most participants favoring recent updates in definitions, diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD. More evidence on the etiotype based management and treatment options for group B and E are required which could further strengthen clinical application of the GOLD report.

The goal of this Delphi study was to understand and assess the level of alignment among the respiratory experts on the application of key changes and recommendations proposed by the GOLD 2023 report in their routine clinical practice for the management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There were two online surveys in this study, and experts from 16 countries (primarily focused on developing countries) were invited to participate. Using the Delphi method, expert representatives shared their insights with the aim of optimizing patient care. The alignment was assessed in six well-defined themes: 1) Overall view on GOLD/other recommendations; 2) Assessing patients with COPD; 3) Initial pharmacological treatment in patients with COPD; 4) Vaccination for patients with COPD; 5) Follow-up pharmacological treatment in patients with COPD; and 6) Survival evidence in patients with COPD. Participants expressed a high level of agreement regarding key concepts of the GOLD 2023 report, with most of them agreeing with recent updates in definitions, diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD. The results also highlighted the need to publish GOLD reports in multiple languages and in a shorter, pocket-sized format to increase awareness and adaptation among healthcare providers.

Prevalence of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency in COPD Patients in Argentina. The DAAT.AR Study. / Prevalencia de déficit de alfa-1 antitripsina en pacientes con EPOC en Argentina. Estudio DAAT.AR.

INTRODUCTION: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is still underdiagnosed, despite the recommendation to determine AAT in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of AATD in COPD patients adjusted according to the population of the COPD prevalence study in Argentina (EPOC.AR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective cross-sectional study of a population aged≥30 years of age diagnosed with COPD, involving AAT quantification in dry blood spot and subsequent genotyping in subjects with<1.5mg/dL AAT in dry blood spot (<80mg/dL in serum). AAT was defined as the detection of variants ZZ or SZ on genotyping. The EPOC.AR study population was used to calculate local adjusted prevalence. RESULTS: We included 3,254 patients (544 with AAT<80mg/dL) with a spirometric diagnosis of COPD. The prevalence of AATD in the total study population was 1.29% (95% CI 0.93-1.74), of which 0.92% (95% CI 0.62-1.31) were Pi*ZZ and 0.37% (95% CI 0.19-0.64) Pi*SZ. The adjusted prevalence of AATD in COPD patients≥40 years of age was 0.83% (95% CI 0.23-2.08). We found that AATD was negatively associated with age (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.90-0.98; P=.006), smoking habit (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96-0.99; P=.009), and FEV1% (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.91-0.99; P=.015). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AATD in the adult population with COPD in Argentina is estimated to be 0.83%, which could represent 17,000 cases in our country.

Prevalence of COPD in 6 Urban Clusters in Argentina: The EPOC.AR Study. / Prevalencia de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en 6 aglomerados urbanos de Argentina: el estudio EPOC.AR.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been studied in Argentina. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and relevant clinical characteristics of COPD in a representative sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in a population of adults aged ≥ 40 years randomly selected by cluster sampling in 6 urban locations. Subjects answered a structured survey and performed pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry (PBD). COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7 predicted value. The total prevalence was estimated for each cluster with its 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of 4,599 surveys and 3,999 spirometries, 3,469 were considered of adequate quality (86.8%) for our study. The prevalence of COPD was 14.5% (CI: 13.4-15.7). The distribution of COPD cases according to FEV1 (GOLD 2017) was stage 1: 38% (CI: 34-43); stage 2: 52% (CI: 47-56); stage 3: 10% (CI: 7-13); and stage 4: 1% (CI: 0-2), and according to the refined ABCD (GOLD 2017) assessment: A: 52% (CI: 47-56); B: 43% (CI: 39-48); C: 1% (CI: 0-2); D: 4% (CI: 2-6). The rate of underdiagnosis was 77.4% (CI 73.7-81.1%) and diagnostic error 60.7% (CI 55.1-66.3%). A significant association was found between COPD and age (OR 3.77 in individuals 50-59 years of age and 19.23 in those > 80 years), male gender (OR 1.62; CI 1.31-2), smoking (OR 1.95; CI 1.49-2.54), low socioeconomic status (OR 1.33; CI 1.02-1.73), and previous tuberculosis (OR 3.3; CI 1.43-7.62). CONCLUSIONS: We estimate that more than 2.3 million Argentineans have COPD, with high rates of underdiagnosis and diagnostic error.

Normativas de diagnóstico y tratamiento del déficit de alfa-1 antitripsina / Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

El déficit de alfa-1 antitripsina (AAT) es una condición hereditaria rara y raramente diagnosticada en todo el mundo, incluida Argentina. El infradiagnóstico es fundamentalmente debido a que muchos médicos desconocen su existencia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Por ello, la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria encomendó a un grupo de expertos la elaboración de la presente normativa. La AAT es una glicoproteína secretada por el hígado, muy abundante en sangre, tejidos y fluidos corporales, cuya función principal consiste en inhibir la elastasa del neutrófilo y otras serin proteasas, confiriendo al suero humano más del 90% de su capacidad antiproteasa. El déficit de AAT deriva de mutaciones del gen de la SERPINA1, y se manifiesta clínicamente por enfisema pulmonar, cirrosis hepática y, con menor frecuencia, por paniculitis, vasculitis sistémicas y posiblemente otras enfermedades. El déficit grave de AAT afecta mayoritariamente a individuos de raza caucasiana y tiene su máxima prevalencia (1:2.000-1:5.000 individuos) en el norte, oeste y centro de Europa. En EEUU y Canadá, la prevalencia es de 1: 5.000-10.000, y es 5 veces menor en países latinoamericanos, incluida Argentina, donde se estima que puede haber unos 18.000 individuos con genotipos deficientes graves SZ y ZZ, la inmensa mayoría sin diagnosticar. Sospechar la enfermedad resulta clave para medir la concentración sérica de AAT y completar el diagnóstico con la determinación del fenotipo o genotipo ante concentraciones bajas. La detección de casos permite la puesta en práctica del consejo genético, el chequeo de familiares consanguíneos y, en casos seleccionados, la aplicación de terapia sustitutiva.

The alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a rare hereditary condition which is rarely diagnosed in the world, including Argentina. Underdiagnosis is mainly due to lack of knowledge of its diagnosis and treatment by many physicians. For this reason, the Argentine Association of Respiratory Medicine convened a group of experts to develop the present guidelines. AAT is a glycoprotein secreted by the liver; it reaches high levels in blood, body tissues and fluids. Its main function is to inhibit the neutrophil elastase and other serum proteases providing 90% of human serine antiprotease activity. The AAT deficiency is produced by mutations of the SERPINA1 gene. Its clinical manifestations are pulmonary emphysema, liver cirrhosis, and less often panniculitis, systemic vasculitis and possibly other conditions. The severe AAT deficiency affects mainly Caucasian individuals. The highest prevalence, ranging from 1 in 2000 to 1 in 5000 population is observed in northern, western and central Europe. In the USA and Canada, the prevalence varies from 1 in 5000 to 1 in 10000 population. It is 5 times less frequent in Latin American countries. It is estimated that in Argentina there may be 18000 cases with severe deficiency of SZ y ZZ genotypes, most of them undiagnosed. It is crucial to suspect the disease in order to measure the serum AAT concentration, and, if the concentrations are low, to confirm the diagnosis with the phenotype or genotype determinations. Case detection allows genetic advice, control of blood-related relatives and in selected cases, replacement therapy.

Tratamiento crónico con inhibidores de la PDE-5 en pacientes portadores de insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada / Chronic treatment with PDE-5 inhibitors in patients with advanced heart failure

Introducción. La persistente elevación de las resistencias vasculares pulmonares (RVP) en los pacientes portadores de insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada (ICA) es el resultado de la disfunción del endotelio vascular pulmonar y del remodelado estructural del mismo. La disminución en la oferta de óxido nítrico (ON) y el aumento de las endotelinas (ET) potencian los fenómenos vasoconstrictores alterando el equilibrio presente con los mediadores de la vasodilatación. El sildenafil (un inhibidor selectivo de la fosfodiesterasa 5) puede constituirse en una herramienta válida para aumentar los niveles de ON y favorecer el descenso de las resistencias vasculares pulmonares en pacientes portadores de ICA.Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron 30 pacientes portadores de ICA en dos grupos de 15 (grupo sildenafil y control) con fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) de 31,08±3,1% en clase funcional (CF) III bajo tratamiento farmacológico completo, siendo evaluados mediante un ecocardiograma transtorácico 2D Doppler color (ETT) para la medición de la presión arterial pulmonar sistólica (PAPS), un test de la caminata de los 6 minutos (TC6M) y una prueba ergométrica con máximo consumo de oxígeno (PEG VO2) al inicio y a los 90 días de seguimiento. Durante este período se administró, al grupo sildenafil, una dosis oral promedio de la droga de 75,4±13 mg/día

Resultados. Se demostró mejoría en el grupo sildenafil para ambos tests funcionales: TC6M (grupo sildenafil: día 0: 144,2±42,1 m vs día 90: 171,5±56,8 m p: 0,052) y en la PEG VO2 (grupo sildenafil: día 0: 11,4±1,3ml/Kg/minuto vs día 90: 12,3±1,4 ml/kg/minuto; p: 0,001). También, se observó un descenso de la PAPS (grupo sildenafil: día 0: 36,2±6,9 mm Hg vs día 90: 33,8±6,1 mm Hg; p: 0,001); en la presión arterial sistólica -PAS- (grupo sildenafil: día 0: 124,6±13,2 mm Hg vs día 90: 116,2±9,5 mm Hg; p: 0,008) y la presión arterial diastólica -PAD- (grupo sildenafil: día 0: 70,8±4,9 mm Hg vs día 90: 65,3±4,3 mm Hg; p: 0,000).Conclusiones. El presente estudio demuestra que la administración de sildenafil oral en dosis promedio de 75,4±13 mg/día es segura y mejora en forma significativa el desempeño funcional de pacientes portadores de una ICA

Introduction. The persistent increase of pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR) in patients with advanced heart failure (AHF) is the result of pulmonary vascular endothelium dysfunction and its structural remodelling. Diminish of nitride oxide (NO) offer, and the increase of endothelins (ET) strengthen vasoconstrictors phenomenon altering the present equilibrium with the vasodilation mediators. Sildenafil (a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterasa 5 -PDE5-) may turn into a valid way of increasing NO levels and favouring PVR decrease in patients with AHF.Material and methods. 30 patients with AHF where selected, and divided in two groups of 15 each (sildenafil and control group) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 31.08±3.1% in functional class (FC) III, undergoing complete pharmacological treatment, and being evaluated with 2D transtoracic echocardiogram-colour-Doppler (TCCD) in order to measure the systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP), with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and an ergometric test with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) at the baseline and at the 90th day of the follow-up. Within this period the sildenafil group received an oral mean dose of the drug of 75.4±13 mg/day

Results. An improvement was shown in the sildenafil group for both functional tests: 6MWT (sildenafil group: day 0: 144.2±42.1 m vs day 90: 171.5±56.8 m p: 0.052) and in ergometric test with VO2 (sildenafil group: day 0: 11.4±1.3ml/Kg/minuto vs day 90: 12.3±1.4 ml/kg/minute; p: 0.001). A decrease in the SPAP was also seen (sildenafil group: day 0: 36.2±6.9 mm Hg vs day 90: 33.8±6.1 mm Hg; p: 0.001); also in the arterial systolic pressure -SAP- (sildenafil group: day 0: 124.6±13.2 mm Hg vs day 90: 116.2±9.5 mm Hg; p: 0.008); and in the diastolic arterial pressure -DAP- (sildenafil group: day 0: 70.8±4.9 mm Hg vs day 90: 65.3±4.3 mm Hg; p: 0.000).Conclusions. The present study shows that the administration of a mean 75.4±13 mg/day oral dose of sildenafil is safe and improves significantly the functional performance of patients with AHF

Lack of systemic oxidative stress during PAF challenge in mild asthma.

To further establish the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute bronchial asthma, we investigated the effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) challenge on systemic oxidant-antioxidant balance in 12 asthmatic patients (age, 25+/-3[SEM] yr; FEV1, 95+/-10% predicted), using a double blinded, controlled with Lyso-PAF (L-PAF), cross-over design. Respiratory system resistance (Rrs), arterial blood gases, peripheral blood neutrophils and oxidant-antioxidant balance, including thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-malondialdehyde (MDA) adducts, protein sulphydryls and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), were assessed at baseline and 5, 15 and 45 min after PAF and L-PAF (18 microg each) bronchoprovocation. Urinary leukotriene E4 (uLTE4) elimination was measured 120 min after challenge. Compared with baseline, as expected, PAF increased significantly Rrs and AaPO2 and decreased PaO2 and peripheral blood neutrophils along with a rebound neutrophilia and increased uLTE4. By contrast, markers of systemic oxidative stress remained unaltered throughout the study. Unlike PAF, L-PAF-induced changes were negligible. We conclude that there is no systemic oxidant-antioxidant imbalance during acute bronchoconstriction induced by PAF in these patients with mild asthma.