[Ultrasonic geometry of synthetic endoprostheses after transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty of inguinal hernias]. / Ul'trazvukovaia geometriia sinteticheskikh éndoprotezov posle transabdominal'noi preperitoneal'noi gernioplastiki pakhovoi gryzhi.

OBJECTIVE: To assess position of mesh endoprosthesis in retroperitoneal space after TARR hernioplasty using ultrasound in early and long-term postoperative period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 30 patients with inguinal hernias after TARR procedure. Standard technology of laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty was used in all patients. In all cases, a large-pore monofilament polypropylene mesh 10x15 cm was used. Control examination and ultrasound of the mesh implant were performed the next day, in 1, 3, 6, 12 months after surgery. Correct position of the implant was determined by its placement at the level of pubic bone with complete overlap of posterior wall of the inguinal canal and inner ring. RESULTS: US-image of the implant is present in two geometric forms - linear and sinusoid. The shape of prosthesis varies depending on postoperative period and the use of fixing elements. Thus, sinusoidal shape of prosthesis was observed in patients without fixation of prosthesis the next day and in 1 month after TARR. Geometry of the implant acquired the form of a straight line after 3 months and became almost a straight line in 12 months after surgery. Linear shape of prosthesis in early postoperative period was found after intraoperative fixation of endoprosthesis. Sinusoidal shape is noted after 3 months. Ultrasonic pattern of endoprosthesis looked as a thin hyperechoic band with thickness of 1.2-3.9 mm. Mean thickness of prosthesis was 2.2±0.1 mm the next day after surgery, 2.8±0.2 mm after 1 month and 1.6±0.05 mm after 12 months. CONCLUSION: Geometry of synthetic implants after TARR hernioplasty undergoes significant changes and depends on duration of postoperative period and fixation of the prosthesis.

[Neurobiological aspects of venous pelvic pain]. / Neirobiologicheskie aspekty venoznoi tazovoi boli.

Mechanisms of the development of pain in chronic venous diseases (CVD), including pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS), are understudied. The existing hypotheses of the occurrence of venous pelvic pain (VVP) do not allow to answer the question why some patients have no pain syndrome while others have very pronounced pain despite the same morphofunctional changes in the pelvic veins. This review presents current hypotheses of the VPP development, data on some vasoactive neuropeptides (endothelin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P), their role in the modulation of vascular tone and sensation of pain, possible association between neurogenic inflammation and VPP and provides a rationale for studying the activity of these neurotransmitters in the treatment of PCS and pelvic pain.

Surgical aspects of venous pelvic pain treatment.

This review presents modern information on the anatomy of pelvic veins, mechanisms of development of pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) and venous pelvic pain (VPP), methods for verifying the venous nature of pelvic pain, as well as opportunities of various surgical interventions on the gonadal veins in treatment of PCS and relief of its most severe symptom, VPP. A comparative analysis of resection and embolization treatment methods and their effects on VPP, as well as rates of postprocedural complications, was carried out. The issues of elimination of specific compression syndromes causing occurrence of VPP, by using open, endoscopic and endovascular techniques are addressed.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Substance P As Predictors of Venous Pelvic Pain.

The purpose of this work was to study the contents of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in the blood plasma of patients with pelvic varicose veins. Thirty women with pelvic varicosities and a reflux blood flow were investigated using duplex ultrasonography. Group 1 included 18 patients with clinical signs of the pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS), including venous pelvic pain (VPP). Group 2 consisted of 12 patients with pelvic varicosities with no clinical signs of PCS. Group 1. The score of VPP intensity ranged from 4 to 8; the mean score being 4.84 ± 0.43. The CGRP level in the studied group ranged from 0.39 to 1.01 ng/mL; the SP level ranged from 0.005 to 1.33 ng/mL. Group 2. The CGRP values were 0.15-0.32 ng/mL, and the SP range was 0.003-0.3 ng/mL. In this group, the levels of the studied peptides were 3-5 times lower than those for the patients with VPP. Group 3. The mean CGRP values were 0.06 ± 0.003 ng/mL, and the mean SP values were 0.03 ± 0.001 ng/mL. These values were considered as the reference parameters; a statistical analysis was performed for them. The correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between the CGRP and VPP levels (r = 0.82) and a medium correlation between the SP level and pelvic pain in Group 1. The CGRP and SP levels in blood plasma highly correlate with the presence of pelvic venous pain.

[How to validate the symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism: how diagnostic scales help].

AIM: To detect the most important clinical symptoms suggesting pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and to determine the diagnostic value of the scales used to estimate the likelihood of its occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective study included 130 patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of PTE and a referral for a surgery clinic. Scores of the likelihood of PTE were estimated using the Canada and Geneva scales in all the patients on admission. RESULTS: In all the patients with suspected PTE, the Canadian and revised Geneva scores averaged 4.2 +/- 0.48 and 6.21 +/- 0.5, respectively. These scores correspond to the intermediate clinical probability of PTE. In 96 patients whose diagnosis was verified by instrumental studies, the Canadian and Geneva scores were 4.41 +/- 0.57 and 6.17 +/- 0.63, respectively, which was also consistent with the intermediate clinical probability of PTE. In 34 patients, whose diagnosis of PTE was ruled out, the average scores did not virtually differ from those in the patients with the verified diagnosis and were 6.14 +/- 1.3 and 4.18 +/- 0.87, respectively. The area under characteristic curve for the Canadian scale was 0.428 and that for the Geneva scale was 0.512. With the use of a two-level interpretation system, a total of more than 6 Canadian scores and 10 Geneva scores suggested that there was a high probability of PTE. CONCLUSION: The investigation indicated the low value of integral systems for estimating the likelihood of PTE in the total population of patients with this disease. The authors recommend the two-level interpretation system, in which a total of more than 6 Canadian scores and 10 Geneva scores were identified with a high probability (up to 80%) of PTE.

[The molecular aspects of the action of the radioprotector indralin]. / Molekuliarnye aspekty deistviia radioprotektora indralina.

The effect of indralin on the metabolic parameters in peripheral blood and organs of irradiated dogs and mice have been studied by EPR, NMR and radioisotope methods. It has been shown that indralin stimulated biosynthesis of DNA precursors as well as of DNA and proteins in the organs and stabilized the rate of ATP and glycogen synthesis. As a result indralin reduced considerably the changes produced by gamma-irradiation on the macromolecular biosynthesis during the early post-irradiation period. Indralin has induced marked favorable changes in the rate of macromolecular synthesis, normalized the ATP and glycogen content, induced ribonucleotide reductase activity and increased the Fe(3+)-transferrin content during development of compensatory-repair response in the irradiated animals. Indralin prevented hyperdevelopment of the repair response and its breakdown due to radiation-induced exhaustion of viability of many important cellular and body systems after irradiation with lethal doses.

[Iron-sulfur respiratory chain centers, ribonucleotide reductase activity and biosynthesis of macromolecules in the spleen of mice during acute radiation injury]. / Zhelezosernye tsentry dykhatel'noi tsepi, ribonukleotidreduktaznaia aktivnost' i biosintez makromolekul v selezenke myshei pri ostroi luchevom porazhenii.

The functional status of iron-sulphur centers (ISC) of mitochondrial electron transport chain, ribonucleotide reductase (RR) activity and macromolecule biosynthesis in mouse spleen were studied during acute radiation sickness induced by whole-body gamma-irradiation of mice with a dose of 6 Gy. The ESR signal of active RR was registered in the spleen; the RR activity dynamics during acute radiation sickness was described. The RR activity was inhibited at early post-irradiation times (from 30 min to 12 h). Drastic inhibition of DNA biosynthesis and stimulation of transcription were registered. The increase in the RR activity and ISC content, which occurred 1-3 days following irradiation, was associated with the increase in the rate of protein biosynthesis.

[The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on the biosynthesis of macromolecules and metabolic paramagnetic centers in hepatocytes in acute radiation injury]. / Vliianie gamma-oksimaslianoi kisloty na biosintez makromolekul i metabolicheskie paramagnitnye tsentry v gepatotsitakh pri ostrom luchevom porazhenii organizma.

It has been shown, that the single injection of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) (100 mg/kg) to mice 30 min before irradiation (6 Gy) prevents whole-body irradiation-induced inhibition of DNA at early post-irradiation period. GHBA stimulates the biosynthesis of macromolecules at 1-2 days after irradiation. GHBA also prevents the increase in the degree of reduction of the mitochondrial and microsomal electron transport chains at early post-irradiation time (up to 2 h.), that takes place only under irradiation. It means, that GHBA inhibits the production of O2 radicals, which induce lipid peroxidation processes at post-irradiation period.

[Dynamics of energy requirements, detoxication and biosynthesis of hepatocyte macromolecules in acute radiation injury]. / Dinamka énergoobespecheniia, detoksikatsii i biosinteza makromolekul gepatotsitov pri ostroi luchevom porazhenii organizma.

The functional state of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and of hydroxylation system of endoplasmic reticulum and biosynthesis of macromolecules in hepatocytes were studied during acute radiation decrease induced by whole-body gamma-irradiation of mice with doses of 6 and 8 Gy. An increase in the degree of reduction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain at early post-irradiation time (up to 2 h) was demonstrated by the ESR method. At the same time stimulation of transcription and marked inhibition of rates of protein and DNA biosyntheses were noted. There was an increase in the content of flavosemiquinone radicals, iron-sulfur centers, cytochrome P-450, and Mn2+- and Mo5+-containing centers, and an increases in rate of biosynthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA on 2-3 days in post-radiation period. A further development of radiation decrease (days 4-8) was characterised by a decrease in the intensity of ESR signals of all the paramagnetic centers under study.

Marker-dependent recombination in T4 bacteriophage. I. Outline of the phenomenon and evidence suggesting a mismatch repair mechanism.

In standard crosses, some rIIB mutants of T4 phage were found to be susceptible to an extra recombination mechanism to which the other mutants were much less susceptible. The following observations were interpreted as evidence for the mismatch-repair nature of the phenomenon: (1) Marker-dependent recombination generates exclusively double exchanges at both sides of the marker. (2) Marker-dependent recombination is highly sensitive to DNA base sequence at the site of the marker and to that at the corresponding site on the chromosome of the other parent. (3) Within certain limits, the contribution of the marker-dependent mechanism to the total recombination frequency is distance-independent and thus constitutes a constant component.

Marker-dependent recombination in T4 bacteriophage. II. The evaluation of mismatch repairabilities in crosses within indicator distances.

The contribution of mismatch repair to genetic recombination in T4 phage has been evaluated by three independent approaches: (1) testing for non-additivity of recombinant frequencies; (2) measurements of double exchange frequencies in three-factor crosses: (3) comparisons of recombination abilities of mutations occupying the same site. Quantitative agreement among the results of these approaches suggests that within distances much less than the mean length of hybrid regions, mismatch repair accounts perfectly for high negative interference as measured in three-factor crosses and as manifested by non-additivity in two-factor crosses. The mismatch repair mechanism readily recognizes only particular mismatches, the repair frequency being dependent on the base sequence in both strands of the mismatched region.

["Silent" marker effect in T4-phage recombination]. / Effekt "molchashchego" markera v rekombinatsii u faga T4.

Effects of the silent sites of heterozygosity on genetic recombination have been studied in crosses between the markers localized in the proximal segment of rIIB gene of T4 phage. It was found that silent markers could inhibit as well as stimulate genetic recombination. For the expression of these marker effects, the distance between the silent marker and those for which recombination was being monitored, appeared to be critical. There were no marker interference in the crosses in which an influencing marker was separated from recombining ones by a distance exceeding the length of DNA segment involved in single mismatch-repair event. The most prominent marker effects were observed when an influencing marker and recombining one were linked closely enough to form a mutual mismatched region. From the results obtained it is evident that the target which is recognized by mismatch-repair mechanism is formed from DNA strands originating from both parents, and both strands of the heteroduplex are essential for the recognition.

[Allele specificity of genetic recombination in T4 phage using the indicator crossing study method]. / Issledovanie allel'-spetsifichnosti genticheskoi rekombinatsii u faga T4 metodom indikatornykh skreshchivanii.

The diagrams of relative correction ability of eighteen rII mutants of T4 phage were constructed on the basis of two-factor crosses, which were grouped into indicator series. In each series a pair of closely linked compared markers was crossed against indicator ones, the latter being distant enough so as to avoid simultaneous correction with the compared marker. The differences between the frequencies of wild type recombinants in crosses of two compared markers with indicator ones remained constant within the series and can be used as a measure of the differences between the compared markers in their correction ability. Mutants of base substitution type have small but statistically significant differences in correction ability. Simultaneous substitution of two bases in one codon yields a mutant which shows higher correction ability when compared to the mutant obtained as a result of substitution of only one base in the same codon. Frame shift mutants show much wider range of correctibility: some of them are corrected more rarely and others more frequently than base substitution mutants are.

[Suppression of DNA-ligase deficiency and selective breeding of mutants and recombinants of T4 phage with phenotype rII]. / Supressiia nedostatochnosti po DNK-ligase i selektivnyi otbor mutantov i rekombinantov s fenotipom rII u faga T4

A number of methods which greatly simplify the introduction of frame shift mutations in the limited segment of the phage T4 rII genes were developed for studying genetical recombination between closely linked markers. These methods enable to construct multiple rII mutants with relatively small expenditure of labour. Suppression of gene 30 deficiency by rII mutations has been studied for a variety of conditions. The results obtained indicate that rIIB polypeptide is involved in two different activities: rIIB region which is dispensable for growth on lambda-lysogenic Escherichia coli strains behaves as indispensable in phenomenon of suppression of ligase deficiency.