Water-pipe Tobacco Components and their Association with Oxidative Stress.

Oxidative stress (OS) results from an imbalance between the formation and detoxification of reactive species. Although reactive species at low or moderate levels play numerous physiological roles, high concentrations can lead to disturbances in signaling and metabolic pathways and cause different metabolic, chronic, and age-related disorders. Several endogenous and exogenous processes may lead to the formation of reactive species. The severity of OS can be reduced with the help of antioxidants. Tobacco is one of the most important environmental factors contributing to reactive species production. After cigarette smoking, water-pipe tobacco (WPT) smoking is ranked as the second most popular tobacco product. Its popularity is proliferating due to flavored products, social acceptability, etc. However, studies have shown that WPT smoking is associated with an increased risk of arterial stiffness, ischemic heart disease, and several cancer types. In this study, we aimed to review the most recent evidence on WPT smoking constituents and their association with OS.

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Factors among the Diabetic and Prediabetic Population in the Bandare-Kong Cohort Study; A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: This investigation aims to examine the relationship between diabetes and prediabetes with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while taking into account key risk factors such as gender, age, lifestyle, smoking habits, and blood pressure. METHODS: Between November 17, 2016, and November 22, 2018, 4063 subjects aged 35 to 70 years were enrolled in the first phase of the Bandare-Kong Non-Communicable Disease (BKNCD) Cohort Study, which is part of the PERSIAN (Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN) cohort and was conducted in a coastal region of the Hormozgan province in southern Iran. CKD was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 , or albumin/Cr>30 mg/g in random urine, self-reported kidney failure, or dialysis. Urine albumin and creatinine were determined by standard kits (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, Iran) and the BT1500 automatic chemistry analyzer (Biotecnica Instruments, Rome, Italy). RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD was found to be 15.3%, with 29.6% identified in diabetic individuals and 16.5% in prediabetic patients. So, the prevalence of CKD in diabetics was higher than prediabetics and normal people. Increased age, dysglycemia (diabetes or prediabetes), hypertension, and use of angiotensin receptor blockers were markedly associated with an elevated risk of CKD in adults. CONCLUSION: The study emphasizes the importance of early detection and management of CKD risk factors, particularly among high-risk individuals, to mitigate CKD progression and associated complications. By addressing modifiable risk factors, proactive screening, and enhanced awareness, significant strides can be made in reducing CKD burden and improving patient outcomes.

The significant improvement in ovarian PCOS syndrome using hydralazine and alendronate aromatase inhibitor FDA-approved drugs in Wistar rat models.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of vitamin C, glutamine, mesalazine, hydralazine, and alendronate as new drug candidates for the treatment of letrozole-induced PCOS in female Wistar rats. PCOS was induced in rats by intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate (2 mg/kg body weight for 28 days). The rats then received normal saline (PCOS group), letrozole (0.5 mg/kg), vitamin C (100 mg/kg), glutamine (1000 mg/kg), mesalazine (200 mg/kg), hydralazine (30 mg/kg), and alendronate (17.5 mg/kg). Serum testosterone, LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone levels were determined by ELISA method. H&E staining was used for histological analysis in the ovarian tissues. The groups treated with hydralazine and alendronate, show a significant decrease in testosterone, LH hormone, cystic and atretic follicles, and a significant increase in the number of single layer, multilayer, antral, graafian follicles and the volume of corpus luteum as compared to the PCOS group. Hydrolazine and alendronate appear to be effective in restoring folliculogenesis and increasing ovulation in PCOS rat. So that the natural process of ovulation and the improvement of the histology of polycystic ovaries and its shift towards healthy and active ovaries were observed. This finding supports the potential beneficial effect of hydrolazine and alendronate on improving PCOS complication.

Reference Interval for Non-HDL-Cholesterol, Remnant Cholesterol and Other Lipid Parameters in the Southern Iranian Population; Findings From Bandare Kong and Fasa Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence shows the undisputable role of non-HDL-C and remnant cholesterol (remnant-C) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment and treatment. However, the reference interval (RI) for these lipid parameters is not readily available. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the age and sex-specific RIs for non-HDL-C and remnant-C as well as other lipid parameters among a healthy population in southern Iran. We also report the RI of lipid parameters in rural and urban residents, smokers and post-menopausal women. METHODS: Among 14063 participants of Bandare Kong and Fasa cohort studies, 792 healthy subjects (205 men and 578 women) aged 35-70 years were selected. Fasting blood samples were used for determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C using colorimetric methods. Non-HDL-C and remnant-C were calculated using the valid formula. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were calculated and considered as RI. RESULTS: In the total population (n=792, age 35-70), RIs for non-HDL-C and remnant-C was 74.0-206.8 and 8.0-52.7 mg/dL, respectively. Age (35-44 and≥45 years) and gender-specific RIs for serum non-HDL-C and remnant-C were determined. Remnant-C and non-HDL-C level were different between sex and age categories. The mean value of all lipid parameters except HDL-C was higher in men, urban residents, subject with age≥45 years and smokers. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in which the RIs for non-HDL-C and remnant-C in southern Iran are reported. This may help physicians to conveniently use these lipid parameters for patient care and better cardiovascular risk assessment.

Prenatal diagnosis of Sex determining region Y -box transcription factor 2 anophthalmia syndrome caused by germline mosaicism using next-generation sequencing: A case report.

Background: Sex determining region Y box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) mutations lead to bilateral anophthalmia with autosomal dominant human inheritance. SOX2 mutations could result in severe ocular phenotypes usually associated with variable systemic defects. Most patients described with SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome possessed de novo mutations in this gene. Case Presentation: In this case report, we describe 2 brothers with mental retardation and bilateral anophthalmia caused due to SOX2 germline mosaicism in unaffected parents. Next-generation DNA sequencing was carried out to determine the family's possible cause of genetic mutation. Sanger sequencing was performed on the patients and their parents. Prenatal diagnosis was done in both pregnancies of the older brother's wife via chorionic villus sampling. A novel heterozygous pathogenic frameshift deletion variant (exon1:c.58_80del:p.G20fs) was identified in the SOX2 gene, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in both affected brothers and did not exist in healthy parents, indicating germline mosaicism. Conclusion: Most SOX2 mutations known look to arise de novo in probands and are diagnosed through anophthalmia or microphthalmia. Prenatal diagnosis should be offered to healthy parents with a child with SOX2 mutation every pregnancy.

Development of a Modified Friedewald's Formula to Calculate Low-Density Lipoprotein in an Iranian Population.

Background: Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. LDL-C can be directly measured using various methods, but this requires expensive equipment. Currently, clinical laboratories estimate LDL-C based on Friedewald's formula (FF). We aimed to develop a modified formula based on directly measured LDL-C (D-LDL-C) values in a large population in Southern Iran and compare the results with various other estimation formulas. Methods: The participants of this cross-sectional study were adults aged >18 years living in Southern Iran. Blood samples from 15,200 individuals were collected, and the measured lipid parameters were randomly divided into training (n=10,184) and validation (n=5,016) datasets. A new formula was developed using a linear regression model, and its accuracy was validated. Pearson's correlation and Cohen's kappa were used to determin the relationship between D-LDL-C and calculated LDL-C (C-LDL-C). Results: The developed formula for the estimation of LDL-C was 0.857 total cholesterol (TC)-0.915 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)-0.115 triglycerides (TG). Based on our proposed formula, for TG<150 and TG≥150 mg/dL, there was a significant correlation between mean values of D-LDL-C and C-LDL-C (r=0.985 and r=0.974, respectively). Compared to other formulas, C-LDL-C obtained from the proposed formula had the highest correlation with D-LDL-C. The agreement between D-LDL-C and C-LDL-C for TC<200, 200-239, and ≥240 mg/dL was 80.8%, 63.2%, and 67.4%, respectively, indicating a higher level of agreement than other formulas. Conclusion: The new formula appears to be more accurate than FF when applied to the population of Southern Iran.

The effect of magnesium sulfate on gene expression and serum level of inflammatory cytokines in coronary artery disease patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of oral magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the gene expression and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-18, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IFN-γ in patients with moderate coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: 60 CAD patients were selected based on angiography findings and were randomly divided into two groups that received 300 mg/day MgSO4 (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 3 months. Gene expression and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed. RESULTS: After 3 months of intervention, gene expression and serum levels of IL-18 and TNF-α in the MgSO4 group were significantly less than the placebo group (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in gene expression and serum levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and IFN-γ was observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). In addition, within group analysis demonstrate that Mg-treatment significantly decrease serum level of TNF-α and IL-18 as compared to pretreatment. CONCLUSION: The results of our study demonstrate that 3-month magnesium sulfate administration (300 mg/day) to CAD patients could significantly decrease serum concentration and gene expression levels of IL-18 and TNF-α. Our findings support the potential beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation on alleviating CAD complications through modulating inflammatory cytokines.

AST/ALT ratio, APRI, and FIB-4 compared to FibroScan for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a significant risk factor for liver-related disorders. Hepatic fibrosis staging by liver biopsy in these patients can lead to complications. This study aimed to compare aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio, AST to platelet ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) with FibroScan results for the evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in CHB patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients with CHB referred to the outpatient clinics of Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran, in 2021. The age and sex of the participants were noted. FibroScan evaluation was done for all subjects. Moreover, AST, ALT, and platelet counts were measured in their blood samples within one month of the FibroScan evaluation. RESULTS: Of the 267 CHB patients evaluated in the present study (mean age: 45.45 ± 18.16 years), 173 (64.8%) were male. According to FibroScan results, 65 CHB patients (24.3%) had F1, 53 (19.9%) F2, 38 (14.2%) F3, and 20 (7.5%) F4 liver fibrosis. There was a significant correlation between FibroScan results and the three indices of AST/ALT ratio, APRI, and FIB-4 (P < 0.001), with the strongest correlation between FibroScan results and APRI (r = 0.682). With an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.852 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.807; 0.897, P < 0.001), APRI ≥ 0.527 had the best diagnostic accuracy (77.15%) for the detection of any grade of liver fibrosis. Although the AUROC curve of APRI and FIB-4 was similar (0.864) for distinguishing between F3/F4 and F0-F2 of liver fibrosis, FIB-4 had the best diagnostic accuracy (82.02%). CONCLUSIONS: APRI can rule out 95.4% of F3/F4 of liver fibrosis and rule in any grade of liver fibrosis in CHB patients by 90.78%. Therefore, APRI appears to be the best substitute for FibroScan in the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with CHB.

Computational screening of FDA-approved drugs to identify potential aromatase receptor inhibitors for polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of infertility without ovulation. Aromatase inhibitors were first proposed as new ovulation-inducing drugs in anovulatory women with an inadequate response to clomiphene. Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor used as an ovulation inducer in infertile women due to PCOS. However, there is no definitive treatment for women with PCOS and the treatments are mostly symptomatic. In this study, we intend to introduce alternative drugs to letrozole using the library of FDA-approved drugs and evaluate the interaction of these drugs with the aromatase receptor. For this aim, molecular docking was performed to identify interactions of FDA-approved drugs with essential residues in the active site of the aromatase receptor. 1614 FDA-approved drugs were docked with aromatase receptor using AutoDock Vina. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study was also performed for 100 ns to verify the stability of the drug-receptor complexes. MMPBSA analysis evaluate the binding energy of selected complexes. Finally, acetaminophen, alendronate, ascorbic acid, aspirin, glutamine, hydralazine, mesalazine and pseudoephedrine drugs showed the best results in interaction with aromatase receptor based on computational studies. These drugs can be introduced as an alternative to letrozole for treating PCOS.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on clinical symptoms and serum inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with COVID-19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on clinical symptoms and serum inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with COVID-19. TRIAL DESIGN: This study is a 4-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a factorial design and the intervention period is 3 weeks. PARTICIPANTS: This study is conducted on COVID-19 patients admitted to the Shahid Mohammadi hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran, who are eligible for inclusion in the study. Patients are included only if they meet all of the following criteria: (1) aged from 18 to 65 years old; (2) confirmation of COVID-19 by RT-PCR test; (3) completing informed consent; (4) passing less than 48 h since the patient's hospitalization; (5) no skin or gastrointestinal allergies due to taking multivitamin supplements, vitamin D, and magnesium; and (6) having more than 30 breaths per minute and less than 93% oxygen saturation in room air and sea level. Patients are excluded if they have any of the following conditions: (1) pregnancy or lactation; (2) taking a daily multivitamin or take a vitamin D or magnesium supplement in the last month; (3) participating in other clinical trials; (4) renal failure or dialysis, severe liver disease or cirrhosis; (5) known diagnosis of hypercalcemia; (6) discharging from the hospital less than 24 h after the start of the intervention; (7) history of kidney stones in the last year; (8) transfer the patient to the ICU; (9) baseline vitamin D levels above 80 ng/ml; (10) baseline magnesium levels above 2.6 mg/dl; and (11) unwillingness of the patient to continue the study. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Participants will be randomly allocated to one of the four following groups: (A) vitamin D (two 50,000 IU capsules at the beginning of the study, two 50,000 IU capsules on the 4th day, one 50,000 IU capsule on the 11th day, and one 50,000 IU capsule on the 17th day) and magnesium supplement (300 mg/day); (B) vitamin D capsule and magnesium placebo; (C) magnesium supplement and vitamin D placebo; and (D) vitamin D placebo and magnesium placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES: The resolution of clinical symptoms (fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, headache, myalgia, oxygen saturation, and mortality rate) and interpretation of laboratory assays (CRP, MDA, TAC, WBC, neutrophils count, lymphocytes count, ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and magnesium) will be assessed in the study groups. RANDOMIZATION: A computer-generated block randomization list is used for randomization. BLINDING (MASKING): Investigators and patients are blinded to group allocation and treatment. A double-blind design is achieved using matched placebos. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMIZED (SAMPLE SIZE): A total of 104 eligible patients are randomized into four groups of 26 subjects (1:1:1:1 allocation ratio). DISCUSSION: With the rapid prevalence of COVID-19 in recent years, more attention has been paid to effective dietary supplementation to improve clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters in these patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation in combination with magnesium or alone with respect to this infectious disease. The findings of the current RCT will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of dietary supplementation strategies to improve COVID-19 outcomes. TRIAL STATUS: Ethical approval of the first version of the study protocol was obtained from the medical ethics committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran on May 30, 2021 (IR.HUMS.REC.1400.085). Currently, the recruitment phase is ongoing since August 23, 2021, and is anticipated to be complete by the end of August 2022. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( https://www.irct.ir ; IRCT20210702051763N1) on August 14, 2021. https://www.irct.ir/trial/57413 FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.

Magnesium Supplementation Affects the Expression of Sirtuin1, Tumor Protein P53 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Genes in Patients with Atherosclerosis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Magnesium seems to play a role in improving cardiovascular function, but its exact mechanism is unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that magnesium could modulate the expression of genes involved in atherosclerosis. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of magnesium sulfate on the expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) genes in patients with atherosclerosis. This study was a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized clinical trial on 56 patients with angiographically proven atherosclerosis. Participants were randomly divided into two groups receiving 300 mg/day magnesium sulfate (n = 29) and placebo (n = 27) for three months (following up every month). Fasting blood samples were taken before and after the intervention and total RNA was extracted and used to evaluate the expression level of SIRT1, TP53, and eNOS genes by Real-Time PCR. The expression of eNOS gene was significantly increased (P < 0.0001) and the expression of TP53 gene was decreased (P = 0.02) in the magnesium sulfate group compared to the placebo group. But SIRT1 gene expression was not significantly different between the two groups. Our findings demonstrate that magnesium sulfate supplementation may have a protective role against the progression of atherosclerosis through upregulation of eNOS and downregulation of TP53 gene. Trial registration: This present clinical trial has been registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the registration code of "IRCT20151028024756N3", https://www.irct.ir/trial/29097?revision=114102. Registered on 16 December 2019.

In-vitro cytotoxicity and in-vivo antitumor activity of two platinum complexes with 1,3-dimethyl pentyl glycine ligand against breast cancer.

Platinum (Pt) derivatives are good candidates for discovering new anti-tumor agents. The present research aims to explore the in-vivo and in-vitro anticancer activity of two platinum complexes with 1,3-dimethyl pentyl glycine ligand (DMPG), [Pt(bpy)(13DMPG)]NO3 and [Pt(dach)(13DMPG)]NO3, against breast cancer cells. The present study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxic potential of these compounds (2-400 µM) compared to standard drugs (cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin) on SKBR3 cells using the methyl thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Furthermore, the gene expression changes of Bak, Bim, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 were carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and flow cytometric analysis was performed to confirm the cell apoptosis in the presence of the compounds. For more validation, in-vivo anticancer activities of both compounds were investigated against breast transplanted tumors in the BALB/c mice model. The cytotoxic studies by MTT assay revealed the anti-proliferative potential of both derivatives. [Pt(dach)(13DMPG)]NO3 with an IC50 value of 15 µM, exhibited higher cytotoxicity against SKBR3 cells as compared to [Pt(bpy)(13DMPG)]NO3, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin. Based on the flow cytometry analysis, both derivatives demonstrated apoptotic effects. Also, real-time PCR analysis revealed an up-regulation of Bak, Bim, Bax, Caspases-3, and Caspase-9 genes and a significant reduction in Bcl-2 gene expression in treated cells with both compounds compared to the control group. In-vivo results validated in-vitro analysis and showed the anticancer activity of compounds against breast transplanted tumors in the BALB/c mice model. According to the results, [Pt(dach)(13DMPG)]NO3 displayed a significant anticancer activity.

The antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of vitamins A, C and E in heart tissue of rats exposed to zinc oxide nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND: The rapidly increasing applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in various industries have led to growing concerns about their damaging influence on human health. The present research was designed to determine the protective action of vitamins (Vits) A, C and E on the heart toxicity induced by ZnO NPs. METHODS: Fifty-four male Wistar rats were allocated into 9 groups of 6 and then exposed to ZnO NPs (200 mg/kg), water (Control1), olive oil (Control2), Vit A (1000 IU/kg), Vit C (200 mg/kg), Vit E (100 IU/kg) and three groups were co-treated with ZnO and one of the Vits A, C or E. The oxidative stress situation was evaluated by measuring oxidative stress markers and the tissue antioxidant enzyme activity. Besides, the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and Bax and caspase 3,7 activity were assessed. A histopathological examination was also performed to determine the rate of cardiac injury. RESULTS: The results indicated that co-administration of ZnO NPs and the aforementioned Vits significantly reduced the total oxidant status and lipid peroxidation relative to the ZnO group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the supplementation of vitamins, notably Vit E, decreased the ZnO NPs-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the ZnO NPs-fed rats (P < 0.05). Data also showed the mitigating effects of Vits against ZnO NPs-mediated apoptosis by suppressing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression and caspase 3,7 activity. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the protective role of Vits A, C and E against ZnO NPs cardiotoxicity, though at different levels of effectiveness.

Study of frequency and inheritance model of ACE1 I/D and ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients with varying severity of lung involvement and its effect on serum cytokines levels.

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to play a role as a receptor for the COVID-19 virus. This virus usually gets into cells and infects them by attaching to their glycoprotein receptors, which are found on the ACE2 receptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and inheritance of ACE1 I/D and ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients with varying severity of lung involvement and its effect on serum cytokines levels of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 and laboratory parameters. One hundred eighty-five COVID-19 patients were grouped according to the severity of lung involvement. (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE1 gene and rs2285666 polymorphism of the ACE2 gene were determined by single specific primer-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length reaction-polymerase chain reaction methods, respectively. Serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were also measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. No statistically significant association of ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphism genotypes and ACE1 I/D with the severity of lung involvement was noted. However, there was a statistically significant association between I/D ACE1 polymorphism genotypes and IL-6, white blood cells (WBC), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels. Also, there was no statistically significant association between rs2285666 polymorphism genotypes and patients' blood oxygen saturation level, IL-6, IL-1ß, lactate dehydrogenase activity, WBC count, and NLR. In patients with COVID-19, the rs2285666 polymorphism of the ACE2 gene and the I/D polymorphism of the ACE1 gene were not significantly associated with the severity of COVID-19 disease and serum IL-6 and IL-1 cytokine levels.

Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from a patient in Iran compared to SARS-CoV-2 different variants.

Since the onset of the global epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whole genome sequencing of virus in all countries has been considered to track and predict virus transmission and variation patterns. In the current study we reported a novel complete genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from Iran. Genomics variations and protein sequences were evaluated for the isolated sequence and seven Iranian complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from NCBI using the reference genome of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1. The results showed six nucleotide substitutions. The multiple sequence alignment of the spike protein of the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain and the emerging variants indicated similar its residue pattern in the current sequence to the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain. There were relatively similar binding affinity and residues involved in the interactions of the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, the variants and Hormozgan With angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Tracing the phylogeny of virus indicated distinct clustering of Iranian variants in branches close to the Asian countries. The mutation effect study on the function of proteins predicted neutral impact of all six nucleotide substitutions. However, the free energy calculations indicated a decreasing the protein stability related to the mutations. This data, consistent with similar studies, showed that despite the high similarity in the nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2, the mutation pattern varies from country to country. Therefore, any country can benefit from these studies to track and find appropriate strategies for treating and controlling the epidemic.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Prenatal Zinc Supplementation Ameliorates Hippocampal Astrocytes Activation and Inflammatory Cytokines Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation.

Introduction: Evidence suggests that gestational exposure to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in fetal zinc deficiency and eventually neurodevelopmental abnormalities. In this study, we utilized a rat model of Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on hippocampal astrocytes activation as well as inflammatory cytokines expression in adult offspring. Methods: Pregnant rats received intraperitoneal injections of either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or saline on Gestational Days (GD) 15 and 16, and orally gavaged with zinc sulfate (30 mg/kg) during pregnancy. Astrocyte density and histological assessment were evaluated in the hippocampus of adult offspring on Postnatal Days (PND) 60 to 62. Also, the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1ß, NF-κB, and GFAP were measured using qPCR analysis. Results: Prenatal exposure to LPS resulted in upregulated expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and GFAP in the hippocampus of adult pups. Moreover, the offspring from the LPS group showed an increased astrocyte density in the CA1 region with no histological alterations in CA1 and CA3 areas. However, maternal zinc supplementation ameliorated the LPS-induced inflammatory alterations. Conclusion: This study supports the premise that zinc supplementation during pregnancy might be an early treatment option to inhibit hippocampal inflammation induced by the maternal immune response to infectious agents. Highlights: Maternal immune activation induced mild hippocampal inflammation in adult offspring.Zinc supplementation suppressed LPS-induced hippocampal inflammation in offspring.Zinc might be an early therapeutic option to inhibit neurodevelopmental impairments. Plain Language Summary: Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder, affecting an estimated one percent of the world's population. To date, the biological mechanisms underlying this mental disorder remain largely elusive, however, research has demonstrated the involvement of both genetic and environmental factors. Of environmental factors, gestational exposure to rubella, influenza, and genital-reproductive infections have gained particular interest among researchers. Based on this evidence, in the present study, we used an animal model of schizophrenia and showed the beneficial effect of zinc supplementation during pregnancy to protect against LPS-induced inflammation in the hippocampus of adult offspring. Collectively, our study provides support for the premise that early treatment might be a suitable option to prevent schizophrenia risk in progeny.

Introducing a New Method for Purification of Human IL-4 by Substitution of a Single Amino Acid in IL-4 Protein Sequence.

BACKGROUND: It is advantageous to develop an effective purification procedure to produce recombinant protein drugs (rPDs) without any tags. To remove N- or C-terminus tags from the rPDs, several cleavage site-based endopeptidases were used. Separating the endopeptidase enzyme from the rPDs is a time-consuming and costly process. OBJECTIVE: To design and develop a new method for the purification of human interleukin (IL)-4 with potential application for other cytokines. METHODS: Met-like amino acids were substituted at position 120 to reduce the possibility of alteration in the structure of IL-4 and its biological activity. Based on the in silico analysis, isoleucine was chosen as an alternative amino acid, and the M120I mutant IL-4 (mIL-4) model was selected for the downstream analysis. Recombinant mIL-4 was produced in the E.coli BL21 host and purified with CNBr. Then in vitro evaluations of the native and mutant IL-4 were performed. RESULTS: The results showed that both the native and mutant IL-4 had the same effect on TF-1 cell proliferation. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the effects of native IL-4 (nIL-4) and mIL-4 on the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Native and mutant IL-4 have similar biological activities. CONCLUSION: Here, an efficient and straightforward system is introduced to purify IL-4 cytokine using CNBr, which could be applied to other rPDs.

Pre-diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus and Related Cardio-metabolic Risk Factors in the Southern Coastal Region of Iran Middle-aged and Elderly Population; Bandare-Kong Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and its cardio-metabolic risk factors in the southern Iranian adult population. METHODS: This is a population-based cross-sectional survey on 3944 middle-aged and elderly adults (35-70 years) from Bandare-Kong. The participants were recruited from 2016 to 2018 and the first phase data of the Bandare-Kong Cohort as a part of the PERSIAN Cohort were used for analysis. RESULTS: Among the 3944 included adults, the age-adjusted prevalence of T2DM and IFG was 17.40% and 20.61%, respectively. Mean FPG was higher among those older than 55 years, females, rural residents, current cigarette smokers, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, unemployed and low educational level in subjects with diabetes and pre-diabetes. T2DM and IFG were more prevalent in women and men, respectively. Also, those with higher waist circumference (WC), higher body mass index (BMI), lower educational levels, rural residents, former cigarette smokers, hypertension (HTN), hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and age older 45 years, had a higher T2DM and IFG prevalence. Multivariable regression analysis showed that older age, higher WC, HTN and hypertriglyceridemia and living in rural regions were statistically significant predictors of T2DM and pre-diabetes while BMI≥25 kg/m2 was the only significant risk factor for IFG. CONCLUSION: The current study illustrated that T2DM and IFG have a high prevalence among the middle-aged and elderly adult Iranian population, particularly in rural dwellers. Hence, prevention strategies should be implemented to reduce diabetes and pre-diabetes, especially in rural areas.

Preparation and pre-clinical evaluation of flagellin-adjuvanted NOM vaccine candidate formulated with Spike protein against SARS-CoV-2 in mouse model.

From December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was started as a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disturbing statistics of SARS-CoV-2 promoted scientists to develop an effective vaccine against this infection. NOM protein is a multi-epitope protein that designed based on Nucleocapsid, ORF3a, and Membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Flagellin is a structural protein that binds to the Toll-like receptor 5 and can enhance the immune response to a particular antigen. In this study, NOM protein as vaccine candidate was linked to the carboxyl and amino terminals of flagellin adjuvant derived from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin. Then, informatics evaluations were performed for both NOM protein and NOM protein linked to flagellin (FNOM). The interaction between the NOM and FNOM proteins with the TLR5 were assessed using docking analysis. The FNOM protein, which compared to the NOM protein, had a more suitable 3D structure and a stronger interaction with TLR5, was selected for experimental study. The FNOM and Spike (S) proteins expressed and then purified by Ni-NTA column as vaccine candidates. For analysis of immune response, anti-FNOM and anti-S proteins total IgG and IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-22 and IL-17 cytokines were evaluated after vaccination of mice with vaccine candidates. The results indicated that the specific antisera (Total IgG) raised in mice that received FNOM protein formulated with S protein were higher than mice that received FNOM and S proteins alone. Also, IFN-γ and TNF-α levels after the spleen cells stimulation were significantly increased in mice that received the FNOM protein formulated with S protein compared to other groups. Immunogenic evaluations showed that, the FNOM chimeric protein could simultaneously elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Finally, it could be concluded that the FNOM protein formulated with S protein could be considered as potential vaccine candidate for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the near future.

Cohort profile: Bandar Kong prospective study of chronic non-communicable diseases.

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are the leading causes of death among adults worldwide. It is projected that half of the NCDs could be avoided by preventing measures. Under the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (PERSIAN), we established a prospective population-based cohort study in southern Iran. The present study was designed to observe changing pattern of lifestyle transition over time and investigate the incidence and prevalence of regional modifiable risk factors as well as their associations with major NCDs. At baseline, 4063 participants aged 35-70 years were recruited on Oct, 2016and planned to get re-evaluated every 5 years along with annual follow-up. Data using validated electronic questionnaire comprising 55 questions and 482 items including general, medical and nutrition queries was collected. Blood, hair, nails, urine specimens and anthropometric measurements were taken. The response rate was 99%. In the results; male and female participants were 42.5% and 57.5%, respectively. Of note, 30.4% of women and 16.1% of men were obese. The prevalence of hypertension in men and women was 14.6% and 21%; however, diabetic men and women were 17.4% and 12.4%, respectively. Living in rural areas increased the odds of having hypertension by 1.33 (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI:1-09, 1.61). Noteworthy, logistic regression displayed that aging could predispose individuals to be more overweight, hypertensive and diabetic. The prevalence of multimorbidity of 3 or more NCDs were 8% (No. 326) and 6% (No.240), respectively. Intake of fruits, vegetables and dairy was less than two servings per day in 9.2%, 13% and 58.3% of the participants. Lower cardiovascular diseases and serum level of FBS and higher HDL level in sailors/fishermen compared to other job groups were significant (p-value <0.001). The second annual follow-up was completed and now at the end of the third wave. Findings of the present study signified the high prevalence of behavioral risk factors and their associations with respective NCDs. Subsequently, it is essential to keep track lifestyle variations, the modifiable risk factors and NCDs trends by prospective population-based cohort studies.