Rituximab as a Preemptive Treatment to Prevent Recurrence of Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Novel Approach.

OBJECTIVES: Primary idiopathic focal segmental glomerulo-sclerosis is a serious disease, frequently progressing to end-stage kidney failure. Management of recurrence after kidney transplant is challenging despite multiple proposed therapeutic approaches. Available treatment for focal segmental glomeru-losclerosis recurrence is plasma exchange, intravenous cyclosporine, and rituximab. In this study, we investigated kidney transplant recipients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis who were at high risk for recurrence. Patients were given preemptive rituximab at day 0 posttransplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2013 and June 2017, our center had 8 patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis at high risk for recurrence who were scheduled for kidney transplant. These patients received a single rituximab infusion of 375 mg/m2 on day 0 posttransplant. Recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis posttransplant was defined as repeated proteinuria > 2 g/day, without evidence of clinical or biopsy-proven rejection. RESULTS: Follow-up showed that none of our patients had immediate posttransplant proteinuria. Only 1 patient developed proteinuria at almost 4 months posttransplant. Mean follow-up duration was 8 months. With regard to complications, 2 patients had serious bacterial infections and 1 patient had cytomegalovirus infection. CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab at day 0 posttransplant may be used safely to prevent focal segmental glomeru-losclerosis recurrence in the graft in the early posttransplant period. However, longer follow-up studies with larger series are needed.

Chemerin level and the relation to insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease.

Chemerin has been associated with different components of the metabolic syndrome, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study was to evaluate serum chemerin level in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and its relation to IR. This study was conducted on 80 participants who were classified into three groups: Group I (30 CKD patients with mean age 53 ± 12 years), Group II (30 patients with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis with mean age 48 ± 14.8 years) and Group III having 20 healthy age-and sex-matched controls. Serum chemerin level, fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index calculation, urea, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In Groups I and II, we found a significantly higher mean chemerin level compared to healthy controls (P <0.001), a highly significant positive correlation between mean chemerin level and the HOMA-IR index [r = 0.56, P <0.001/(r = 0.53, P <0.001)], and a highly significant negative correlation between mean chemerin level and GFR (r = -0.51, P <0.001/r = -0.46, P <0.001). In Group I, there was also a highly significant positive correlation between mean chemerin and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.31, P <0.05), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.39, P <0.05 and creatinine (r = 0.34, P <0.05). Chemerin might be considered a uremic IR adipokine marker in CKD Stages 3, 4, and 5.

Impact of renal transplantation on cardiac morphological and functional characteristics in children and adults.

AIM: To compare the effects of renal transplantation on cardiac functions in children and adults. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients attending the nephrology outpatient clinic were enrolled in this study and were divided into six groups. The first two groups consisted each of 30 renal transplant patients who had a successful renal transplantation more than six months, but less than one year. Group I were less than 18 years and group II were more than 18 years. The third and fourth groups, each were 20 chronic renal failure patients on regular hemodialysis. Again, group III were less than 18 years and group IV were more than 18 years. Group V and VI (The control Groups) consisted each of 5 subjects below and above 18 years of age, respectively with normal kidney functions. All patients were subjected to history and examination. The kidney functions and the hemoglobin were analyzed. After obtaining informed consent, echocardiography was done to all patients. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.0001) in all cardiac parameters. A regression in left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVED) both in children (4.7 ± 0.8 to 4.2 ± 0.5) and in adults (5.9 ± 0.7 to 4.9 ± 0.6) were found. There was a regression in left ventricular end systolic volume (LVES) both in children (3.1 ± 0.6 to 2.4 ± 0.4) and in adults (4.1 ± 0.9 to 3.1 ± 0.5). Fractional shortening improves both in children (32.6 ± 5.3 to 41.7 ± 7.6) and in adults (29.0 ± 6.6 to 36.5 ± 4.1). The improvement in ejection fraction (EF) was higher in children (59.7 ± 7.0 to 71.9 ± 6.1) than in adults (52.0 ± 12.5 to 64.8 ± 5.9). However, this degree of improvement (in children: 12.2 ± 5.1) did not show statistical difference (P-value 0.8), when compared to adults (12.7 ± 9.8). CONCLUSION: After renal transplantation cardiac functions and morphology (EF/LVED/LVES) do improve markedly and rapidly in both children and adults.

HLA DRB1 alleles and hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney disease patients.

T cell responses against HCV are regulated by the host's human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, which thus are ideal candidate genes to investigate for associations with HCV susceptibility. We aimed to identify associations of HLA DRB1* alleles with HCV infection in a high risk of exposure population, chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on dialysis, and to study any possible relationships with allele zygosity. The study population comprised 110 HCV infected and 143 HCV uninfected CKD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis. HLA DRB1* alleles were determined using polymerase chain reaction followed by hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. We found a significant negative association between HLA DRB1*03 and HCV infection, but the association did not retain significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons. HLA DRB1*03 was found at reduced frequency in HCV antibody positive compared to HCV antibody negative CKD patients on regular dialysis (corrected p was not significant). No significant association between HCV infection and HLA DRB1* zygosity was observed. Our results suggest that there is minimal evidence for a significant role of a particular HLA DRB1* allele or allele zygosity in the susceptibility or protection to HCV in high-risk hemodialysis patients with similar exposure to infection.