Drug-Drug Interactions in Children and Adolescents Receiving Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Drug-drug interactions need to be considered to optimize the pharmacotherapeutic outcome of direct-acting antivirals. The aim of this study was to report on possible drug-drug interactions between ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and other medications received by children and adolescents with hepatitis C virus, in addition to suggested management for these drug-drug interactions. METHODS: Hepatitis C virus-infected children and adolescents, 12-17 years of age and/or weighing ≥ 35 kg, who presented to the Pediatric Hepatology Unit at Cairo University Pediatric Hospitals for ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment were included. Medication history was taken including long-term medications for chronic conditions and on-demand medications for inter-current illnesses. Medications were reviewed by the Kasr Alainy Drug Information Center to identify possible drug-drug interactions with prescribed ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and their management. HEP Drug Interactions provided by the University of Liverpool, Lexicomp®, and Medscape were the utilized references. Each drug-drug interaction was assigned a risk rating of A, B, C, D, or X. RESULTS: Sixty hepatitis C virus-infected children and adolescents assigned to receive ledipasvir/sofosbuvir were enrolled. Thirty percent of patients had associated chronic co-morbid conditions. The overall number of medications received was 48; 39 were prescribed as long-term medications with a median of 3 (interquartile range 4.24) medications per patient. Proton pump inhibitors, antacids, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, sodium bicarbonate, and colchicine were reported to be associated with a drug-drug interaction risk D necessitating therapy modification, which occurred prior to administration. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification and prompt response to drug-drug interactions with the aid of pharmacists optimize the pharmacotherapeutic outcome and eliminate possible morbidities when using direct-acting antivirals in children and adolescents with hepatitis C virus.

Paediatric chronic hepatitis B virus infection: are children too tolerant to treat?

AIM: Guidelines for managing the hepatitis B (HB) virus infection in children are still evolving. We aimed to assess the eligibility of children with HB virus infections for treatment based on the current guidelines. METHODS: This observational study took place in 2016 and focused on children with isolated chronic HB infections, who attended the paediatric hepatology units at two centres in Egypt. We recruited all treatment-naïve children aged one year to 18 years who had completed at least 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The study comprised 103 children aged between 1.5-18 years. Of these, 51 (50%) had the HB e antigen-positive chronic infection, 28 (27%) had the HB-negative chronic infection, 11 (11%) had the HB e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis and none had the HB e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis. The remaining 13 (12%) children did not fulfil the criteria for chronic HB definitions. Only two of the children were candidates for treatment: both had HB e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis and had undergone liver biopsies. CONCLUSION: Only two of the 103 children with chronic HB were eligible for treatment according to the current guidelines and every measure should be taken to prevent the HB virus infection in children.

A pilot study using lactulose in management of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is not associated with overt neuropsychiatric symptoms but rather with subtle changes in psychometric and/or neurophysiologic tests. We aimed to diagnose MHE in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) and to evaluate the effect of lactulose on MHE. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out on 30 patients with EHPVO (21 males; mean age 10±2.5 years). The study was carried out in the Pediatric Hepatology Unit, Cairo University Pediatric Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, between 2011 and 2013. All patients were subjected to clinical and laboratory assessment, neuropsychmetric testing using the arabic version of Wechsler intelligence tests, neurophysiological testing by visual electroencephalogram and P300 event related potentials (ERP). RESULTS: The prevalence of MHE among children with EHPVO was 20% (6/30). After randomization to treatment and no-treatment groups using lactulose, all tests were repeated after three months. Among four patients with MHE who received lactulose, three (75%) improved. On the other hand, one of the patients in the no-treatment group developed MHE. Only one patient in the treatment arm had to discontinue lactulose because of severe diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study revealed that the prevalence of MHE was 20%. Improvement on psychometic tests was seen in 75% of our patients (3/4) after treatment with lactulose. Lactulose treatment was well tolerated.

Potential genetic markers for prediction of treatment response in Egyptian children infected with HCV genotype 4.

BACKGROUND: Egypt has a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Limitations of the current HCV treatment in children are low rate of sustained virological response, significant side effects and high expenses, making prediction of treatment response crucial. AIM: This study aimed to investigate association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukins (IL) 10, 28 and 29 genes in predicting the response to therapy in HCV infected children. METHODS: Sixty-six Egyptian children infected with HCV genotype 4, receiving pegylated interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin, were included. Genotyping of six SNPs in interleukin 10, 28B and 29 gene as well as HCV genotype were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The CC genotype in IL28B; rs12979860 had 8.547 folds higher chance to develop sustained virological response than CT and TT genotypes (P=0.014). Genotype distribution of rs8099917 in IL28B gene (TG and GG genotypes) was found to be 3.348 more likely not to respond to treatment than the TT genotype (P=0.018). In multivariate analysis, interleukin 28 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms rs 12979860, interleukin 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms -592A > C and basal viral load were independent variables that significantly improved prediction of response to HCV therapy. CONCLUSION: This association can be translated into clinical decision making for HCV treatment.

Prevalence of hepatic abnormalities in a cohort of Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are frequently investigated for hepatic abnormalities. This study was carried out to report on the prevalence of hepatic abnormalities in diabetic children and adolescents and to highlight the possible etiology and appropriate management. METHODS: The study included 692 children (333 were males) with T1DM attending the Diabetes Unit at Cairo University Pediatric Hospital. Their mean age was 9.65 ± 4.18 yr. All children were subjected to clinical examination for hepatomegaly, determination of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), and abdominal ultrasonography. All children with clinical, laboratory or ultrasound abnormality were counseled about proper glycemic control and followed up. If abnormalities persisted, more detailed investigations were carried out. HCV RNA was done for anti-HCV positive children. RESULTS: Sixty (8.7%) were found to have one or more abnormalities: clinical hepatomegaly in 13 (1.9%), elevated ALT in 27 (3.9%), anti-HCV in 25 (3.6%) and abnormal hepatic ultrasound in 31 (4.5%). Forty percent of anti-HCV positive children were HCV-RNA positive. Glycogenic hepatopathy was diagnosed in three cases by liver biopsy. Abnormalities were reversible in 37/60 after proper glycemic control. CONCLUSION: Although diabetic children are at risk of acquisition of HCV, poor glycemic control is the key factor that predisposes to hepatomegaly, elevated ALT and abnormal ultrasound findings. A 4 to 8-wk therapeutic trial of proper glycemic control is recommended prior to more invasive diagnostic procedures.

Safety and efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine in children with chronic liver disease.

AIM: To study the safety and efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine (HAV) in children with chronic liver disease of various etiologies. METHODS: Eleven children with chronic liver disease and thirteen age- and sex-matched controls negative for HAV antibodies were vaccinated against hepatitis A after they gave their informed consent. Children with uncontrolled coagulopathy or signs of hepatic decompensation were excluded. The vaccine (Havrix: 720 ELISA units in 0.5 mL, from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) was given intramuscularly in the deltoid in 2 doses 6 mo apart. Children were tested for HAV antibodies one and six months after the 1st dose and one month after the 2nd dose. Total serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined immediately before and after one month of the 1st dose of the vaccine. RESULTS: Only 7 out of the 11 patients were positive for HAV antibodies after the 1st dose of the vaccine, as compared to 100% of the controls. One month after the 2nd dose, all patients tested were positive for HAV antibodies. No deterioration in liver functions of patients was noted after vaccination. No adverse events, immediate or late, were reported by the mothers after each dose of the vaccine. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis A vaccine is both safe and effective in this small studied group of children with chronic liver disease. Given the high seroconversion rate, post-vaccination testing for HAV antibodies is not needed.