Efficacy of a prepared tissue culture-adapted vaccine against Chlamydia psittaci experimentally in mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Chlamydia psittaci is an intracellular pathogen with a broad range of hosts and endemic in nearly all bird species as well as many mammalian species. Outbreaks contribute to economic losses, especially due to infection of pet birds, poultry, and livestock. Worse, the organism has a zoonotic effect, and transmission to humans results in severe illness. Therefore, proper control measures need to be applied. We conducted a trial for the preparation and evaluation of inactivated vaccine against C. psittaci. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three C. psittaci strains (accession nos.: KP942827, KP942828, and KP942829) were grown in embryonated chicken eggs and then propagated for purification in Vero cells. The immunization experiment was experimentally performed in mice, which then were challenged with a virulent C. psittaci strain. RESULTS: The immunization trial revealed nearly 100% protection after the challenge. The histopathological and immunofluorescence examinations of internal organs revealed that the prepared killed vaccines can effectively reduce chlamydial infection and shedding in animals with the proper level of protection. CONCLUSION: Our vaccine can be used to control economic and financial losses resulting from avian chlamydiosis, especially those in poultry industries. The zoonotic transmission risk highlights the need for proper control measures.

Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigenic strains in bovine raw milk by reversed passive latex agglutination and multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

AIM: This review gives an outline of the assessment of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus tainting levels in raw milk from different sources in Egypt and characterization of enterotoxigenic strains utilizing a technique in light of PCR to identify genes coding for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE). The obtained data were compared with results from the application of the reversed passive latex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiplex PCR and reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) were used. A total of 141 samples of raw milk (cow's milk=33, buffalo's milk=58, and bulk tank milk=50) were investigated for S. aureus contamination and tested for enterotoxin genes presence and toxin production. RESULTS: S. aureus was detected in 23 (16.3%) samples phenotypically and genotypically by amplification of nuc gene. The S. aureus isolates were investigated for SEs genes (sea to see) by multiplex PCR and the toxin production by these isolates was screened by RPLA. SEs genes were detected in six isolates (26.1%) molecularly; see was the most observed gene where detected in all isolates, two isolates harbored seb, and two isolates harbored sec. According to RPLA, three isolates produced SEB and SEC. CONCLUSION: The study revealed the widespread of S. aureus strains caring genes coding for toxins. The real significance of the presence of these strains or its toxins in raw milk and their possible impact a potential hazard for staphylococcal food poisoning by raw milk consumption. Therefore, detection of enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains in raw milk is necessary for consumer safety.