RESUMO
Introducción: Los avances tecnológicos y científicos del último siglo, entre otras cosas, han permitido aumentar la esperanza de vida al enfrentar exitosamente la mortalidad por causas infecciosas. No obstante, hoy se enfrentan nuevos desafíos en torno a la mortalidad, como las crecientes tasas de suicidios globales que afectan con más énfasis a hombres y personas mayores. Desarrollo: La mayor incidencia de muertes por suicidio en hombres mayores, profundiza la necesidad de analizar aquellos factores que puedan estar relacionados, para luego articular respuestas oportunas en la prevención de este. La vivencia de género y de vejez asoman como factores a revisar para la comprensión del fenómeno. En este caso, el entendimiento de la vivencia de masculinidad hegemónica dominante podría aproximarnos a la relación emergente entre género masculino, vejez y suicidio. Conclusión: Los constructos sociales de vejez y masculinidad podrían aportar relevantes antecedentes para aproximarse al fenómeno global que relaciona a los hombres mayores con las muertes por suicidio, factores necesarios de revisar para comprender cómo estos imaginarios sociales pueden influir en sujetos a lo largo del curso de vida. El análisis con perspectiva de género podría facilitar la prevención y respuesta oportuna frente al fenómeno, favoreciendo la salud mental de las personas diseñando e implementando planes y programas integrales de salud pública que consideren las variables como sexo, género, factores sociales y biológicos, con una perspectiva de curso de vida, abordando sus condicionantes desde etapas tempranas y disminuyendo así el impacto durante la vejez.
Introduction: The technological and scientific advances of the last century, among other things, have increased life expectancy by successfully coping with mortality from infectious causes. However, today new challenges are being faced around mortality, such as the growing global suicide rates, which affect men and the elderly more emphatically. Development: The higher incidence of deaths by suicide in older men deepens the need to analyze those factors that may be related, in order to articulate timely responses in its prevention. The experience of gender and old age appear as factors to review for the understanding of the phenomenon. In this case, the understanding of the experience of dominant hegemonic masculinity could bring us closer to the emerging relationship between the masculine gender, old age, and suicide. Conclusion: The social constructs of old age and masculinity could provide relevant background to approach the global phenomenon that relates older men to suicide deaths, factors that need to be reviewed to understand how these social imaginaries can influence subjects throughout lifetime. Analysis with a gender perspective could facilitate prevention and timely response to the phenomenon, favoring people's mental health by designing and implementing comprehensive public health plans and programs that consider variables such as sex, gender, social and biological factors, with a life course perspective, addressing its conditions from early stages and thus reducing the impact during old age.
RESUMO
Metal colloids in 2 propanol using nanoparticles (NPs) of copper, nickel and cobalt were prepared by Chemical Liquid Deposition (CLD) method. The resulting colloidal dispersions were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The colloids were supported in chitosan. Then, microbiological assays were performed using E. coli and S. aureus in order to determine the bactericide/bacteriostatic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) trapped or chelated with chitosan. Finally, the toxicity of the metal colloids Cu, Ni and Co was tested. Bio-assays were conducted in three different animal species. First of all on earth warms (Eisenia foetida) to evaluate the toxicity and the biocompatibility of chitosan in lactic acid (1% and 0.5%). Secondly bio-assay done in fishes (rainbow trout), the liver toxicity of NPs in vivo was evaluated. Finally, a bio-assay was conducted in Sprange-Dawley rats of 100g weight, which were injected intraperitoneally with different solutions of chitosan metal colloids. Then, the minimum and maximum concentration were determined for copper, nickel and cobalt. The purpose of the use of chitosan was acting as a carrier for some magnetic NPs, which toxicity would allow to obtain new polymeric materials with potential applications as magnet future drugs carrier.