[Impact of electronic devices used at an early age on language]. / Impacto del uso de dispositivos electrónicos a edad temprana en el lenguaje.

Background: The acquisition of language in infants is largely the result of the process of brain maturation, as well as environmental stimulation. Currently, society is in an era of technology and use of electronic devices from an early age. Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate if the amount of time of use of electronic devices in children under 5 years of age affects language development. Methods: An observational, comparative, survey-type study was carried out in 269 infants of both sexes, with an age range of 6 to <60 months. The language development section of the Child Development Scale (EDI) was used. A logistic regression was performed to determine the strength of association between the factors to be studied. Results: 269 participants were included, of which 224 (83.2%) presented their level of neurological maturation, 44 infants (16.4%) presented laged development and one (0.4%) was classified as having developmental delay. It was found that the number of daily hours that an electronic device is used behaved as a risk factor by increasing the risk of delayed language development by 1.37 times for each hour of exposure (OR: 1.37, CI95%: 1.15-1.62). Conclusions: It was shown that a greater number of hours of use of electronic devices is a risk factor for delayed language development in children under 5 years of age. Therefore, it is vital to limit its use in this population.

Introducción: la adquisición del lenguaje en los infantes es, en gran medida, resultado del proceso de maduración cerebral, así como de la estimulación ambiental. En la actualidad, la sociedad se encuentra en una era de tecnología y uso de dispositivos electrónicos desde temprana edad. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del tiempo de uso de dispositivos electrónicos en los menores de 5 años en el área del lenguaje. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, comparativo, tipo encuesta, en infantes con rango de edad de 6 a < 60 meses de ambos sexos. Se utilizó la sección para medir desarrollo del lenguaje de la Escala de Desarrollo Infantil (EDI). Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo una regresión logística con el objetivo de determinar la fuerza de asociación entre los factores a estudiar. Resultados: se incluyeron 269 participantes, de los cuales 224 de ellos (83.2%) correspondían a su nivel de maduración neurológica, 44 infantes (16.4%) presentaron rezago en su desarrollo y uno (0.4%) se clasificó con retraso en el desarrollo. Encontramos que el número de horas diarias utilizando algún dispositivo electrónico se comportó como factor de riesgo, aumentando 1.37 veces el riesgo de retraso en el desarrollo del lenguaje por cada hora de exposición (OR: 1.37, IC95%: 1.15-1.62). Conclusiones: un mayor número de horas de uso de los dispositivos electrónicos es factor de riesgo para presentar retraso en el desarrollo del lenguaje en menores de 5 años.

Prevalence and associated factors of bullying in medical residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of bullying in medical residents and its associated factors. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, articles from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycInfo, Cochrane databases, and Web of Science were searched. Published and unpublished cross-sectional studies were included. Cochrane's Q test and I2 statistics were used to assess the existence of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed on evidence of heterogeneity. Egger's test and funnel plots were performed to investigate publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 13 cross-sectional studies with a total of 44 566 study participants from different medical residencies were analyzed. The overall prevalence of bullying was 51% (95% CI 36-66). Furthermore, female residents and residents that belong to a minority group had higher odds of experiencing bullying compared to their peers. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of bullying in medical residents exists around the world. There is a need for education, dissemination, and more effective interventions among the residents and authorities about bullying to build and promote adequate behaviors and diminish bullying prevalence.