Ozonated saline intradermal injection: promising therapy for accelerated cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats.

Introduction: The use of ozonized water is gaining importance in medicine due to its effects on hyperglycemia and wound healing mechanisms. Methods: This experiment was conducted to assess the impacts of intradermal administration of ozonated water on acute skin wound healing in a diabetic rat model. Sixty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: an ozonated water group (O3W) and a control group (CG). Experimental diabetes was chemically induced in the rats by the intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. One week later, full-thickness skin surgical wounds (1 cm2) were created between the two shoulders of the rats under general anesthesia. The wounds were then daily irrigated with normal saline (CG) or intradermally injected with 1 mL of ozonated water at 10 mg/L O3W. Wound healing was evaluated through macroscopic analysis, measuring wound size, diameter, and percentage of contraction rate before wounding and at 3, 7, 9, 12, 14, 18, 21, 24, and 28 days post-wounding. On days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after induction of the wounds, the body weights and blood glucose levels of rats (8 per group) were measured before the rats were euthanized. Moreover, the morphological structure of the tissue, vascular endothelial and transforming growth factor (VEGF and TGF) affinity and gene expression were examined. Results: The O3W group had significantly lower blood glucose levels and wound size and gained body weight. Additionally, epithelial vascularization, stromal edema, TGF, and VEGF gene expression significantly improved in the O3W group. Discussion: Therefore, ozonated water has the potential to enhance and promote cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats.

Ameliorative Effect of Oxytocin on FBN1 and PEPCK Gene Expression, and Behavioral Patterns in Rats' Obesity-Induced Diabetes.

Amelioration of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance associated with obesity is a cardinal target for therapeutics. Therefore, we investigated the relation of Fibrilln-1 (FBN1) mRNA expression and hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate caboxykinase (PEPCK) enzyme to the ameliorative impact of oxytocin on obesity-induced diabetes, suggesting glycogenolysis markers in diabetic models. Four groups of forty male Wistar rats were formed (n = 10): a control group fed basal diet and intraperitoneal injections of saline; an oxytocin-injected group; a diet-induced obese group fed a high-fat/high-sugar diet and injected with saline; a diet-induced obese group injected with oxytocin. Depending on blood glucose levels, obese groups were further sub-grouped into prediabetic, and diabetic rats, with 5 rats each, at the ninth and the 16th week of the feeding period, respectively. FBN1 expression and PEPCK activity were determined using the qPCR technique and some biochemical parameters (glycemic, lipid profile, kidney, and liver functions) were determined using kits. Obese groups showed an elevation of brain FBN1 expression, high serum lipid profile, high glucose level, and a deleterious impact on liver and kidney functions. Obese groups showed the stimulator effect of the PEPCK enzyme and time-dependent pathological changes in renal and hepatic tissues. The motor activities were negatively correlated with FBN1 gene expression in prediabetic and diabetic rats. In addition to our previous review of the crucial role of asprosin, here we showed that oxytocin could ameliorate obesity-induced diabetes and decrease FBN1 gene expression centrally to block appetite. Oxytocin caused decreases in PEPCK enzyme activity as well as glycogenolysis in the liver. Therefore, oxytocin has a potential effect on FBN1 expression and PEPCK enzyme activity in the obesity-induced diabetic-rat model.

Impact of Dietary Egg Yolk IgY Powder on Behavior, Meat Quality, Physiology, and Intestinal Escherichia coli Colonization of Broiler Chicks.

The current study investigated the impact of different concentrations of purified egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) supplemental food on the growth performance, behaviors, cecal contents of Escherichia coli, and the meat quality of broiler chicks. Four dietary groups were given to 180 female Ross broiler chicks at random (n = 45 for each). The control group was fed a standard diet only, whereas the other three experimental groups were fed the same basic diet supplemented with 1,500, 3,000, and 4,000 µg/ml IgY for a duration of 42 days. Significant greater behavioral activities, including, feeding, drinking, and dust bathing (p < 0.05), in the birds fed 4,000 µg/ml of IgY compared to the control group were observed. Greater weight gains of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, and intestine (p < 0.05) were observed for broiler chicks fed 4,000 µg/ml of IgY when compared to the control group. After 3 weeks of feeding, the groups fed 3,000 and 4,000 µg/ml IgY had significant lower E. coli counts in the muscle and cecal contents (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group. Moreover, dietary supplementation with 4,000 µg/ml IgY in the third week and 3,000 µg/ml IgY in the sixth week resulted in greater weight gain (p < 0.01) when compared to the control group. Also, at week 3, chicks fed 4,000 µg/ml of IgY had a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). At week 6, chicks fed 3,000 µg/ml of IgY had lower FCR than the control (p < 0.05). The circulating heterophile/lymphocyte ratio was simply altered in birds fed variable IgY concentrations (1,500, 3,000, and 4,000 µg/ml), with no significant differences compared to the control group due to the individual resistance of each bird to physiological stress. The addition of 4,000 µg/ml IgY to the diet enhanced the nutritive value of meat, including protein, fat, and ash content (p < 0.05). Our study concluded that dietary supplementation of 3,000 and/or 4,000 µg/ml IgY improved the growth rates, behavioral activities, intestinal health indices, and meat quality of broiler chicks.

Egg Yolk IgY: A Novel Trend of Feed Additives to Limit Drugs and to Improve Poultry Meat Quality.

Drugs that are commonly used in poultry farms can potentially cause a detrimental effect on meat consumers as a result of chemical residues. Therefore, seeking a natural alternative is crucial for the health of the consumers. The egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is a promising natural replacement for antibiotics in the broilers' diet. There is a scarce focus on the influence of probiotics and IgY on the quality and the nutritive values of broiler meat and whether it can efficiently displace the anti-microbial power of antibiotics. Herein we used 40 Ross chicks (1.2 ± 0.43 days old) and separated them into four groups with variant feed additives (basal diet "control," probiotic, IgY, and probiotic + IgY). Our findings showed that the combination of probiotic and IgY supplementation enhanced the carcass quality traits and decreased the pH values that could retard spoilage due to bacteria and improve shelf life and meat quality. The same group also achieved a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid value, indicating an improvement of meat quality. Moreover, color, shear force, water holding capacity, and cooking loss were most acceptable in broiler meat supplemented with IgY, which confirmed the highest carcass quality. Notably, the weight gain in the combination group has been greatly increased. Also, the protein percentage was the highest (22.26 ± 0.29, P < 0.001) in this combined supplementation group, which revealed the highest nutritive values. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli could not be detected in the meat of the probiotics group and/or in the combined treatment group. Interestingly, the IgY group showed an evidence of the killing power (log colony-forming units per milliliter) of S. aureus and Listeria monocytogenes at 1,500 µg/ml. Our findings, in vitro as well as in vivo, revealed that the combination group had antimicrobial bioactivity and enhanced the chickens' immunity. Therefore, IgY, a novel trend of feed additives, can be used to limit drugs. Additionally, the mortality percentage recorded was zero in all groups that received feed supplementation, while the combination group reached the best financial advantages. We concluded that feeding IgY powder with probiotic is a frontier to improve the productivity, immunity, and meat quality of broilers.

The Impact of Probiotics and Egg Yolk IgY on Behavior and Blood Parameters in a Broiler Immune Stress Model.

Feed additives are used frequently in variable combinations to maximize broiler productivity and consumer safety. Therefore, we evaluated the efficiency of feed additives used in four different diets: a basal diet, a probiotic (PRO-PAC®) supplement diet, an egg yolk purified immunoglobulin Y (IgY) supplemented diet, and a combination of IgY and PRO-PAC® supplement (n = 15 for each group). We assessed the improvement of behavioral and hematological parameters of Ross broilers before and after an immune stress challenge using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Behavioral as well as physiological parameters were analyzed. The standing frequency was the highest (P < 0.05) in broilers supplemented with a combination of probiotics and IgY. Likewise, latency approach score to a novel object improved (P < 0.01) in the combination group at week-3. After intraperitoneal injection of LPS, this combination group achieved the best gait score at week-3, followed by week-5, compared to birds fed the basal diet. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, heterophil differential count, and eosinophil differential count in the basal diet group that was challenged with LPS were significantly increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, respectively) compared to the combination groups. Therefore, we concluded that the combination of IgY and probiotics can significantly improve the behavior and the underlying physiological parameters of Ross broilers. Consequently, this combination can improve the broilers' health, welfare and produce a safe meat free from harmful chemical residues.

Sialylated N-glycan profile during acute and chronic infections with Toxoplasma gondii in mice.

Toxoplasma gondii is associated with physiological and psychiatric perturbations. The immune response is interrelated to the progress of anhedonia and despair symptoms of T. gondii-infected subjects. We recently reported that serum N-glycans were altered in mice displayed depressive-like behaviors. However, a novel biomarker that correlated to T. gondii infection and associated behaviors is demanded. Glycomics has been used to find affected glycoproteins during depression. The objective of this study is to investigate serum N-glycomics changes during infection with T. gondii in BALB/c mice, immunocompetent, or in severe combined immunodeficient mice, and after treatment with an immunostimulant; 1-methyl tryptophan. Glycans were examined through glycoblotting-protocol then investigated by MALDI-TOF/MS. Both depressive and sickness-related behaviors were significantly abundant (P ≤ 0.001 each), during acute T. gondii in immunocompetent mice, compared to controls. Only sickness symptoms were evident in immunodeficient mice infected with T. gondii, as associated with high expression level (P ≤ 0.001) of Peak # 15 (2 × Neu5Gc) compared to controls. The alteration of sialylated N-glycan expressions is important to detect the immune status of animals/humans against T. gondii. Moreover, 1-methyl tryptophan reduced depressive-like behavior (P ≤ 0.001) compared to controls. Therefore, sialylated N-glycan (Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc-terminal) is targeted to be used as a novel biomarker of sickness/depressive-like behaviors.

Identification of serum N-glycoproteins as a biological correlate underlying chronic stress response in mice.

Glycosylation is a post-translational protein modification in eukaryotes and plays an important role in controlling several diseases. N-glycan structure is emerging as a new paradigm for biomarker discovery of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the relationship between N-glycosylation pattern and depression is not well elucidated to date. This study aimed to explore whether serum N-glycan structures are altered in depressive-like behavior using a stress based mouse model. We used two groups of BALB/c mice; (i) treated group exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) as a model of depression, and (ii) control group. Behavioral tests in mice (e.g., sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and fear conditioning test) were used to evaluate the threshold level to which mice displayed a depressive-like phenotype. Serum N-glycans were analyzed carefully using glycoblotting followed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) to exhibit N-glycan expression levels and to illustrate the changes in the N-glycome profile. N-glycan expression levels were commonly altered in the depressive-like model and correlated well with the behavioral data. Our results indicated that sialylated N-glycan was identified as a biomarker associated with depressive symptoms, which may have utility as a candidate biomarker for the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of depression.