Genetic association between interleukin-10 gene rs1518111 and rs3021094 polymorphisms and risk of type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in Egyptian children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in etiopathogenesis and progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Genetic association between interleukin-10 (IL-10) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with T2DM and DN was recently established. We aimed to explore the potential genetic risk of IL-10 gene rs1518111 and rs3021094 SNPs in susceptibility to T1DM and DN. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study included 140 T1DM children, of whom 74 had DN and 90 controls. IL-10 gene rs1518111 and rs3021094 SNP were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique of the extracted genomic DNA from participants. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to explore the association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and the risk of T1DM and DN. RESULTS: For rs1518111 SNP, AA genotype was associated with high risk of T1DM (OR = 4.53; CI = 2.11-9.74; p < 0.001), while A allele was associated with high risk of both T1DM (OR = 3.35; CI = 2.20-5.09; p < 0.001) and DN (OR = 2.36; CI = 1.27-4.38; p = 0.006). For rs3021094 SNP, AC genotype displayed lower risk to develop T1DM (OR = 0.35; CI = 0.13-0.94; p = 0.037), while A allele displayed higher risk to develop T1DM (OR = 1.69; CI = 1.11-2.56; p = 0.013). GA and AC haplotypes of rs1518111 and rs3021094 had lower ORs for having T1DM and DN, while GC had lower OR for having T1DM. CONCLUSIONS: AA genotype and A allele of IL-10 rs1518111 SNP could be linked to increased risk for T1DM and DN among Egyptian children. None of rs3021094 genotypes or alleles displayed significant association with DN. GA and AC haplotypes could be protective against T1DM and DN susceptibility.

Insulin Resistance and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Premenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome.

It is suggested that estrogen protects premenopausal women against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. From another perspective, the relation between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is bidirectional. Role of insulin resistance (IR) in NAFLD continues to be a matter of debate. The present study aimed to assess the relation between IR and NAFLD in premenopausal women with MetS. The study included 51 premenopausal women with MetS. In addition, there were 40 age-matched healthy controls. All participants were subjected to careful history taking and thorough clinical examination. Performed laboratory investigations included fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile, and liver functions. Calculation of IR was achieved by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR). NAFLD was graded into three grades according to findings of abdominal ultrasound. Patients had significantly higher BMI, SBP, DBP, FBG, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels when compared with controls. They also had significantly lower HDL levels in comparison to controls. Moreover, they have more advanced grades of NAFLD in contrast to controls. Comparison between patients with various grades of NAFLD regarding the clinical data revealed significant increase of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels with advancing NAFLD grade. Using multivariate regression analysis, HOMA-IR was an independent predictor of advanced NAFLD grade. In conclusion, the present study documented a combined inter-relation between MetS, IR, and NAFLD in premenopausal women with MetS. IR is correlated with NAFLD grade.