COVID-19: laboratory diagnosis for clinicians. An updating article.

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviridae comprises a large family, of which at least seven members are known to cause respiratory diseases in humans. Coronaviruses have the ability to infect virtually all major groups of animals and, eventually, can infect humans. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to cross the species barrier and infect humans. This virus was identified in an outbreak of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. Its entire genome is inscribed on a single strand of ribonucleic acid. Some proteins present on the surface of the virus act as facilitators for its entry into host cells, while others, apparently, are related to its pathogenesis. Coronaviruses are responsible for respiratory infections in humans and some animals. The infection is often mild to moderate in intensity, but some coronaviruses may cause serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which occurred in 2002, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Coronaviruses can activate an excessive and unregulated immune response, which may promote SARS development. Although the lungs are one of the target organs, the hypoxia mechanism is systemic and other organs begin to suffer both through lack of oxygen and through deregulation of inflammation control mechanisms.

COVID-19: laboratory diagnosis for clinicians. An updating article

ABSTRACT COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviridae comprises a large family, of which at least seven members are known to cause respiratory diseases in humans. Coronaviruses have the ability to infect virtually all major groups of animals and, eventually, can infect humans. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to cross the species barrier and infect humans. This virus was identified in an outbreak of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. Its entire genome is inscribed on a single strand of ribonucleic acid. Some proteins present on the surface of the virus act as facilitators for its entry into host cells, while others, apparently, are related to its pathogenesis. Coronaviruses are responsible for respiratory infections in humans and some animals. The infection is often mild to moderate in intensity, but some coronaviruses may cause serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which occurred in 2002, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Coronaviruses can activate an excessive and unregulated immune response, which may promote SARS development. Although the lungs are one of the target organs, the hypoxia mechanism is systemic and other organs begin to suffer both through lack of oxygen and through deregulation of inflammation control mechanisms.

Staphylococcus aureus isolates belonging to different multilocus sequence types present specific virulence gene profiles.

To characterize 73 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from infections in an orthopedic hospital in Rio de Janeiro, we investigated the SCCmec types, the clonality by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, and the presence of virulence genes. Twenty-eight (38.3%) methicillin-resistant (16 SCCmec type IV and 12 type III) isolates were detected. Most (83.5%) of the isolates were included in five lineages: sequence type (ST) 239 (SCCmecIII), 1, 5, 30, and 1462 (SCCmecIV and/or methicillin-susceptible isolates). Virulence genes fnbB, bbp, and pvl were related to STs 239, 30, and 30/1462, respectively. Isolates from STs 1, 5, and 30 presented specific virulence profiles, irrespective of methicillin resistance.

A new species of Moneuptychia Forster (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) from central Brazil.

This paper describes a new species of Moneuptychia Forster from the cerrado in the Federal District and Goiás region in central Brazil, and from highland open vegetation (campos de altitude) of Minas Gerais and Paraná. We provide details of the adult morphology and discuss the new species placement in the genus Moneuptychia.

A new species of Moneuptychia Forster (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) from central Brazil

This paper describes a new species of Moneuptychia Forster from the cerrado in the Federal District and Goiás region in central Brazil, and from highland open vegetation (campos de altitude) of Minas Gerais and Paraná. We provide details of the adult morphology and discuss the new species placement in the genus Moneuptychia.

As borboletas Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea) do Distrito Federal, Brasil / The skippers (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea, Hesperiidae) of the Distrito Federal, Brazil

Neste estudo é apresentada uma listagem atualizada com 335 espécies de borboletas Hesperiidae encontradas no Distrito Federal (Brasil central), incluindo dados da bibliografia, de várias coleções entomológicas e de coletas dos autores. Espécies de ocorrência apenas presumida não foram incluídas. Apresenta-se também uma lista suplementar com 32 espécies endêmicas do bioma Cerrado, das quais 27 foram encontradas no Distrito Federal.

An updated list containing 335 species of skippers (Hesperiidae) found in the Distrito Federal (central Brazil), including data obtained from the literature, from several entomological collections, and from collecting of the authors, is presented. Species with presumed distribution in the region are not included. It is presented too, a supplementary list with 32 endemic species occuring in the Cerrado vegetation, from which 27 were found in the Distrito Federal.

As borboletas (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) do Distrito Federal, Brasil / The butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of the Distrito Federal, Brazil

Neste estudo é apresentada uma listagem atualizada com 504 espécies e 506 subespécies de borboletas (Papilionoidea) observadas no Distrito Federal nas últimas quatro décadas, onde foram reunidos dados da bibliografia, de coletas pessoais e de várias colecões entomológicas; espécies com ocorrência apenas presumida não foram incluídas. Alguns aspectos relacionados à ocorrência de espécies ameacadas e à conservacão da fauna de borboletas no Distrito Federal são também discutidos.

As borboletas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) da área de Proteção Ambiental do Gama e Cabeça de Veado (Distrito Federal, Brasil) / The butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the Environmental Protection Zone/APA do Gama e Cabeça de Veado, Distrito Federal, Brazil

Uma listagem atualizada com 507 espécies de borboletas (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) encontradas na APA do Gama e Cabeça de Veado - DF nas últimas quatro décadas é apresentada neste estudo. Foram reunidos dados da bibliografia, de nossas coletas pessoais e coleções entomológicas, mas espécies com ocorrência apenas presumida não foram incluídas. Nossos objetivos com esta publicação são: (1) demonstrar a importância desta APA para a conservação da fauna de borboletas do cerrado e (2) permitir o monitoramento futuro da biodiversidade deste grupo de insetos nestes locais.

A list containing 507 species of butterflies (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) found in the APA do Gama e Cabeça de Veado - DF in the last four decades is presented in this study. The list includes data obtained in the literature, our personal collections, and entomological collections recently visited, but not species with presumed distribution in the region. The purpose of this study is (1) to demonstrate the importance of this APA for the conservation of the cerrado butterfly fauna and, (2) allow for monitoring such biodiversity in future studies.