Use of airborne infection isolation in potential cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors of patients placed in airborne infection isolation (AII) for possible pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) to better predict TB diagnosis and allow more judicious use of AII. METHODS: Case-control, retrospective study at a single tertiary-care academic medical center. The study included all adult patients admitted from October 1, 2014, through October 31, 2017, who were placed in AII for possible pulmonary TB. Cases were defined as those ultimately diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Controls were defined as those not diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Those with TB diagnosed prior to admission were excluded. In total, 662 admissions (558 patients) were included. RESULTS: Overall, 15 cases of pulmonary TB were identified (2.7%); of these, 2 were people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH). Statistical analysis was limited by low case number. Those diagnosed with pulmonary TB were more likely to have been born outside the United States (53% vs 13%; P < .001) and to have had prior positive TB testing, regardless of prior treatment (50% vs 19%; P = .015). A multivariate analysis using non-US birth and prior positive TB testing predicted an 18.2% probability of pulmonary TB diagnosis when present, compared with 1.0% if both factors were not present. CONCLUSIONS: The low number of pulmonary TB cases indicated AII overuse, especially in PLWH, and more judicious use of AII is warranted. High-risk groups, including those born outside the United States and those with prior positive TB testing, should be considered for AII in the appropriate clinical setting.

Toxoplasmosis: The Heart of the Diagnosis.

Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite that infects warm-blooded animals, including humans, and is a foodborne pathogen. We report a case of acute toxoplasmosis in a 76-year-old man after ingestion of the undercooked heart of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Tennessee. The patient's adult grandson, who also consumed part of the heart, became ill with nearly identical symptoms, though he did not seek medical care. This case highlights important public health concerns about deer-to-human transmission of Toxoplasma.

Patterned rhodopsin expression in R7 photoreceptors of mosquito retina: Implications for species-specific behavior.

Visual perception of the environment plays an important role in many mosquito behaviors. Characterization of the cellular and molecular components of mosquito vision will provide a basis for understanding these behaviors. A unique feature of the R7 photoreceptors in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae is the extreme apical projection of their rhabdomeric membrane. We show here that the compound eye of both mosquitoes is divided into specific regions based on nonoverlapping expression of specific rhodopsins in these R7 cells. The R7 cells of the upper dorsal region of both mosquitoes express a long wavelength op2 rhodopsin family member. The lower dorsal hemisphere and upper ventral hemisphere of both mosquitoes express the UV-sensitive op8 rhodopsin. At the lower boundary of this second region, the R7 cells again express the op2 family rhodopsin. In Ae. aegypti, this third region is a horizontal stripe of one to three rows of ommatidia, and op8 is expressed in a fourth region in the lower ventral hemisphere. However, in An. gambiae the op2 family member expression is expanded throughout the lower region in the ventral hemisphere. The overall conserved ommatidial organization and R7 retinal patterning show these two species retain similar visual capabilities. However, the differences within the ventral domain may facilitate species-specific visual behaviors.