Prominent Neurosurgery Books of the Western World: How They Defined the Era of Modern Neurosurgery in the 19th Century.

The aim of this article is to introduce the 19th century neurosurgery books to reveal their contributions to modern neurosurgery. Methods In this study, 29 books were accessed, and reviewed, and the resources from the late 18th century and early 20th century were included. However, neurology or general surgery books that included neurosurgical subjects or chapter were excluded unless there were revolutionary ideas in their relevant chapters. The books of this period observed to have some common differences from the books that were written in the previous century. Parallel to the concept of cerebral localization, which started to develop in this period, neurosurgery evolved from skull surgery to brain surgery. Due to the advancements in patient care, anesthesia and sterile techniques, surgical medical branches showed rapid development in the 1800s. During this period, cerebral localization concept changed the comprehension and approach in neurosurgery and opened the gate of a new era in the field of neurological surgery unlike other branches and helped to establish modern neurosurgery. 19th century surgeons became able to operate on more complex cases with more advanced techniques. Knowledge of published pioneer papers and books help understanding of emergence of neurological surgery as a separate discipline.

Does cranial incidence angle have a role in the tendency toward cervical degenerative disc disease?

Purpose: The purpose is to investigate if a correlation existed between the frequency of cervical degenerative disc disease occurrence and cranial incidence (CI) angle. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of case series. Sagittal parameters of the case series were compared with the sagittal parameters of the same number of consecutive patients with neck pain only but no cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Moreover, CI angle values were noted to be significantly different among groups on variable-based examination. Furthermore, the cervical lordosis (CL) values of men were observed to be significantly different. Therefore, the significant intergroup differences related to the CI angle and CL values support the study hypothesis. Results: No intergroup differences were noted regarding gender and age distribution (p = 0.565; p = 0,498). A significant intergroup difference was observed regarding CS values and the mean vector of CI angle and CL values for men and women (p = 0.002). CI angle values were noted to be significantly different among groups upon variable-based examination (p < 0.001). The CL values of men were observed to be significantly different, but not the CL values of women (p = 0.850). Therefore, the significant intergroup differences related to the CI angle and CL values support the study hypothesis. Conclusions: A reverse correlation between CI angle and CDDD development is demonstrated. This correlation is valid between CL and CDDD development. Therefore, cervical sagittal profile and the CI angle and CL measurements should be performed to follow-up patients with cervical pain.

Morphometric measurements of safety zones and orientation angles for freehand placement of revision screws in atlas lateral mass.

AIM: To demonstrate the possibility of revision screw placement to the atlas, as well as define the safety zones and orientation angles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study analysed the records of four patients who were operated for AAI earlier. Because they needed revision of Atlas screws, they were re-operated after obtaining the measurements mentioned in this study. In addition, measurements of 50 healthy subjects were included in the study as the control group. Maximum screw lengths were also measured. RESULTS: Safe zone in the ideal sagittal direction were wider. As the screw projection becomes more cephalic direction in the sagittal plane, the safe zone for the screw becomes narrower. With the sagittal angle moving forwards cranially, the screw length becomes longer. CONCLUSION: Atlas lateral mass screws could be safely revised whenever needed. The fact that needs to be considered is that the angular range becomes narrower, and the screw length becomes longer when the screw is directed more cranially.

Effect of topical rifamycin application on epidural fibrosis in rats.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the effects of topical rifamycin SV application on epidural fibrosis formation in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2015 and April 2015, a total of 20 Wistar rats were equally and randomly divided into laminectomy only group (control group) and laminectomy and rifamycin SV group (treatment group). Laminectomy was performed between L3-L5 in all rats. Surgical field was irrigated with 1 mL rifamycin SV (1 mL). After four weeks, vertebral columns of the rats were removed en bloc between the L1 and L5 levels, and epidural fibrosis and arachnoid involvement were histopathologically evaluated and graded. RESULTS: Grade 3 epidural fibrosis formation ratio was lower in the treatment group (40%) compared to the control group (80%). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment and control groups in terms of epidural fibrosis (p=0.164) and arachnoid involvement (p=0.303). CONCLUSION: Intraoperative rifamycin irrigation tends to reduce epidural fibrosis formation risk, although not statistically significant.

Investigation of Lateral Epicondylitis in Neurosurgeons.

AIM: To investigate the frequency of lateral epicondylitis (LE), depending on the tasks performed by neurosurgeons, and to determine whether it can be accepted as an occupational disease depending on its frequency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All neurosurgery specialists enrolled in the Turkish Neurosurgical Society website were prospectively included. A questionnaire form was shared, and the subsequent responses were recorded. Those who provided incomplete responses were excluded from the study. The respondents diagnosed with LE were recorded. Exclusion criteria were investigated on complaints of pain. They were examined by an orthopedics and traumatology specialist with application of Thomsen test and necessary maneuvers. RESULTS: The study was conducted with 216 neurosurgeons. Those with more than 30 operations per month (p=0.002), those with a specialization duration of 10-20 years and > 20 years (p=0.001), and those who specialized in spinal surgery (p=0.014) had a significantly higher prevalence of epicondylitis. Considering the relationship between lumbar/thoracic pedicle screw insertion and epicondylitis, the epicondylitis diagnosis rate was significantly higher in physicians inserting 20â€"60 screws per month than those inserting < 20 screws (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: LE frequently occurs in neurosurgeons who regularly perform spinal instrumentation and appears to be an occupational disease. However, data obtained during the current study should be combined with findings from case-control studies of neurosurgeons.

The Preventative Effect of α-Tocopherol on Spinal Epidural Fibrosis After Laminectomy in a Rat Model.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of α-tocopherol as a topical antifibrotic agent on epidural fibrosis in lumbar laminectomy procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 32 adult rats were assigned into four groups, with eight rats in each group. Standard laminectomy was performed in every rat. In group 1, no treatment was administered after laminectomy. In group 2, a saline-soaked absorbable gelatin sponge was left on the dura mater after laminectomy. In group 3, only α-tocopherol was used on the dura mater after laminectomy. In group 4, a gelatin sponge soaked with α-tocopherol was used after laminectomy. En bloc vertebral columns between T10 and L5 were removed after sacrifice on postoperative day 30. Specimens were evaluated for degree of fibrosis and arachnoidal invasions. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in the mean of fibrosis grades between groups (p=0.001). Differences in mean arachnoidal invasion were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Topical application of α-tocopherol could effectively reduce the development of epidural fibrosis in an experimental laminectomy model.

Delayed intracerebellar hemorrhage secondary to lumboperitoneal shunt insertion.

Aim of this paper is to present and discuss a case of a delayed cerebellar parenchymal hemorrhage developing after L/P shunt placement with a NPH patient. A hypertensive patient admitted to our clinic with a diagnosis of NPH. The patient was placed a pressure adjustable L/P shunt without any surgical complication. He was discharged with an uneventful period. The patient was admitted to the emergency clinic of our hospital with a 1.5 × 1.5 cm diameter hematoma at the left cerebellar hemisphere on 2 days after his discharge. CSF drainage by an L/P shunt can generate intracerebellar hemorrhages especially in hypertensive patients.

Melanotic schwannoma of the L5 root.

Melanotic neoplasm of the central nervous system is rare and the majority of them are metastatic. Melanotic schwannoma (MS) is an unusual variant of nerve sheath neoplasm accounting for less than 1% of primary nerve sheath tumors. A case involving a 36-year-old man with MS at the L5 root is presented. Surgery, differential diagnosis, radiology, histology, and treatment of this rare entity are discussed.

The effect of flurbiprofen on the development of anencephaly in early stage chicken embryos.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the effect of flurbiprofen on the development of anencephaly in early stage chicken embryos. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We looked at four groups with a total of 36 embryos. There was a control group, a normal saline group, a normal-dose group and a high-dose group with ten, ten, eight and eight eggs with embryo respectively. RESULTS: Two embryos in the control group, studied with light microscopy at 48 h, were consistent with 28-29 hours' incubation in the Hamburger-Hamilton System. They had open neural tubes. The other embryos in this group were considered normal. One embryo in the normal saline group was on the occlusion stage at 48 h. One embryo showed an open neural tube. They were compatible with 28-29 hours' incubation in the Hamburger-Hamilton system. The remaining eight embryos showed normal development. In the normal dose group, one embryo showed underdevelopment of the embryonic disc and the embryo was dead. In four embryos, the neural tubes were open. One cranial malformation was found that was complicated with anencephaly in one embryo. In two embryos the neural tubes were closed, as they showed normal development, and they reached their expected stages according to the Hamburger-Hamilton classification. There was no malformation or growth retardation. Four experimental embryos were anencephalic in the high dose group, and three embryos had open neural tubes. One embryo exhibited both anencephaly and a neural tube closure defect. None of the embryos in this group showed normal development. CONCLUSIONS: Even the usual therapeutic doses of flurbiprofen increased the risk of neural tube defect. Flurbiprofen was found to significantly increase the risk of anencephaly. The provision of improved technical materials and studies with larger sample sizes will reveal the stage of morphological disruption during the development of embryos.

Effectiveness of preemptive analgesia using a frequency rhythmic electrical modulation system in patients having instrumented fusion for lumbar stenosis.

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized prospective study. PURPOSE: To assess postoperative analgesic requirements after Phyback therapy preemptively in patients undergoing lumbar stabilization. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulation System is the latest method of preemptive analgesia. METHODS: Forty patients were divided into two groups. Patients who were to receive tramadol were allocated to "group A" and those who were to receive Phyback therapy were allocated to "group B." In patients with a visual analog scale score of >4 or a verbal rating scale score of >2, 75 mg of diclofenac IM was administered. The amount of analgesic consumption, the bolus demand dosage, and the number of bolus doses administered were recorded. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using the visual analog patient satisfaction scale. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the visual analog scale and verbal rating scale scores in the fourth, sixth, 12th, and 24th hours. The number of bolus infusions was significantly lower in group B. The amount of analgesic consumption was higher in group A. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the number of bolus infusions and the total amount of analgesic consumption, and this comparison showed better results for group B. CONCLUSIONS: Application of Phyback therapy reduced postoperative opioid consumption and analgesic demand, and it contributed to reducing patients' level of pain and increased patient satisfaction. Moreover, the application of preemptive Phyback therapy contributed to reducing preoperative pain which may have reduced patient anxiety.

L'hermitte-Duclos disease in an elderly patient: A case report and review of the literature.

L'hermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) is an extremely rare cerebellar lesion of uncertain etiology. Occasionally, the patients with LDD may even have sudden neurological deterioration due to acute heniation as seen in the present case report. It is also imperative to distinguish this disease from other malignant lesion of the cerebellum and cerebellar malformations with its varied natural course of history and hence better ability to prognosticate such patients. Herein, we reported a successfully treated case of LDD following a long history of vaguely defined neurological complaints in an elderly patient and reviewed the literature.

The impact of antibiotic-impregnated catheters on ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections remain an important problem and result mainlyfrom perioperative colonization of shunt components by skin flora. Antibiotic-impregnated shunts have been designed to prevent such colonization. T'his study evaluates the incidence of shunt infection after the insertion of antibiotic-impregnated shunts in a population of children with hydrocephalus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All pediatric patients who had undergone cerebrospinal fluid shunt insertion retrospectively were reviewed over a 6-year period between May 2004 and December 2010. The primary outcome measure was the rate of shunt infections. Patients were followed up with for an average of 26.2 months after shunt surgery, and shunt infections were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 123 pediatric patients underwent 211 shunt placement procedures. Of these operations, 193 (91%) were performed with nonimpregnated catheters and 18 shunts (9%) were placed with antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters. Of the patients with nonimpregnated catheters, 12 (6%) experienced shunt infection, whereas none of the patients with antibiotic-impregnated catheters experienced shunt infection within the 26.2-month follow-up period (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The antibiotic-impregnated catheters significantly reduced the incidence of shunt infection in children with hydrocephalus during the postoperative period. Antibiotic-impregnated catheters are effective devices to prevent perioperative colonization of shunt components.

Two-stage multilevel cervical spondylectomy for aneurysmal bone cyst.

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign tumor-like bony lesion with a propensity to develop in the pediatric population. It generally involves one vertebral level when localized to the spine. The degree of resection correlates highly with fewer recurrences. En bloc spondylectomy is the procedure of choice for this reason, but its high complication rate has led to the development of alternative surgical methods. This paper presents a three-level aneurysmal bone cyst that was excised totally in two stages, and the safety and efficacy of this method especially in the pediatric population are emphasized. This paper also states that anterior and posterior instrumented fusions are necessary in spite of the growing spine.

Quantitative evaluation of the anatomical parameters for subaxial cervical spondylectomy: an anatomical study.

OBJECT: The object of this investigation was to conduct a morphometric study in cadavers to determine anatomical structures, their relationships, and their morphometry for subaxial cervical spondylectomy. METHODS: Forty sides of 20 cadavers were used for this study. Dissections were performed in 2 stages (anteriorly and posteriorly). Twenty-one morphometric measurements were performed for both sides of the C3-6 vertebrae. Data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Morphometry of the laminas, tuberculum posterius, pedicle, corpus, foramen transversarium, and processus costalis were measured. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed quantitative anatomical knowledge for operations requiring wide dissection and resection, such as cervical spondylectomy, lowers the morbidity rate.

Late results of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with interbody cages.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion for degenerative cervical disc disease. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Anterior spinal surgery originated in the mid-1950s and graft for fusion was also employed. Currently anterior cervical microdiscectomy and fusion with an intervertebral cage is a widely accepted procedure for treatment of cervical disc hernia. Artificial grafts and cages for fusion are preferred because of their lower morbidity, reduced operating time and acceptable fusion rate. METHODS: The study involved retrospective analysis and investigation of long-term results for 41 consecutive patients who had undergone anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with an intervertebral cage for cervical disc hernia. The angle of lordosis, segmental height and range of motion were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 month and 2 years. The clinical outcome was assessed by the visual analog scale and Odom's criteria. RESULTS: The angle of lordosis increased by 2.62° and the range of motion angle increased by 5.14° after the operation. The segmental height did not change. The visual analog scale and Odom's criteria scores decreased significantly after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Using a cage in anterior cervical discectomy prevents segmental collapse, so the segmental height and the angle of lordosis are preserved and newly-developed pain does not occur.

Ottoman surgical treatises and their influences on modern neurosurgery in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the authors of 6 prominent Ottoman surgical treatises, to present the chapters that relate to present-day neurosurgery, and to discuss their influence on the establishment of modern Turkish neurosurgery. METHODS: Neurosurgery-related chapters of 6 prominent Ottoman surgical treatises and their role i the establishment of modern neurosurgery in Turkey are discussed. RESULTS: Neurosurgery-related chapters of "Hulasa-i Tibb" by Surgeon Mesud (Summary of Medicine), "Cerrahhiyet-al Haniyye" by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu (Imperial Surgery), "Cerrahname" by an unknown author (Surgical Treatise), "Ala'im-i Cerrahin" by Surgeon Ibrahim (Wonders of Surgeons) "Cerrahname" by Ali Munsi of Bursa (Surgical Treatise), and "The law of surgeons" by Sanizade Ataullah Mehmed Efendi (Kanun-al Cerrahin) were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: These treatises, including sections on neurosurgery-related topics, were important influences on the establishment of contemporary neurosurgery in modern Turkey.

Spinal anatomy in an essential illustrated medical treatise of the late Ottoman era.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to introduce a great physician of the late Ottoman period and his writings on spinal anatomy. METHODS: The article presents chapters related to the anatomy of vertebra and the vertebral column in the book of Sanizade Ataullah Mehmed, Mir'at al-Abdan fi Tashrih-i A'dai'l-Insan (Mirror of the Bodies in the Dissection of the Members of the Human Body). RESULTS: Works of Sanizade are viewed as important landmarks in Turkish medical history. Anatomy education in Turkey can be divided into four historic periods and the second period is called the Sanizade Period (1816-1827). This period leads up to the opening of the first modern medical school in Turkey on March 14, 1827. CONCLUSIONS: The most important characteristic of Sanizade's work is that it is the first illustrated anatomy book printed in the Ottoman Age, and the value of the work is shown by Sanizade being one of the originators of medical terms in Ottoman Medicine.

Paulus aegineta: review of spine-related chapters in "Epitomoe medicoe libri septem".

STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of chapters related to spinal fractures and dislocations of an important medical book from medieval age. A historical study. OBJECTIVE: To present the sections on spinal fractures and dislocations in the treatise of Paulus Aegineta or Paul of Aegina, and to discuss their relationship with preceding and subsequent literature. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Paul of Aegina was influenced by precedent great authors and provided a significant link in the transmission of the surgical knowledge to present day via the prominent physicians of Islamic golden age. METHODS: The edition on which this study is based was translated from Greek into English by Francis Adams and was published in 1846 by The Sydenham Society in London in 3 volumes. The related sections were examined and compared with the treatises of earlier and subsequent writers. RESULTS: Although Paul of Aegina was influenced by Hippocrates, Celsus, and Galen, he also put forward his own opinions. The most prominent representatives of the Islamic Golden Age, Rhazes, Albucasis, Avicenna, and Haly Abas were influenced by Paul of Aegina. CONCLUSION: Paul of Aegina, who was the last representative of the Byzantine School, compiled approximately 1000 years of medical knowledge up to his own era. By taking on this task, he provided a significant link in the transmission of ancient knowledge to later generations. He is also considered as a bridge between Western and Eastern medicines as he conveyed medical knowledge of the ancient era to Islamic authors.

Intracranial sewing needles in an adult patient.

A 37-year-old patient is reported with intracranial sewing needles, which were located in the right frontal lobe. Both clinical and radiological findings suggested that these needles must have been introduced in infancy before the closure of anterior fontanelle during an unsuccessful homicide. Usually intracranial foreign objects are placed due to penetrating trauma or surgical procedures. Child abuse has been known for centuries. Many types of physical traumas have been reported, especially in Western countries. In Iran, insertion of sewing needles into the brain aiming to kill the infant have been seen in a lot of cases. This situation takes part in a lot of Persian stories. We reported a 37-year-old man who had 2 intracranial sewing needles with unknown etiology.