Predicting Post-Disaster Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Trajectories: The Role of Pre-Disaster Traumatic Experiences.

The mental health impact of disasters is substantial, with 30-40% of direct disaster victims developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is not yet clear why some people cope well with disaster-related trauma while others experience chronic dysfunction. Prior research on non-disaster trauma suggests that an individual's history of traumatic experiences earlier in the life course, prior to the disaster, may be a key factor in explaining variability in psychological responses to disasters. This study evaluated the extent to which pre-disaster trauma predicts PTSD trajectories in a sample of Hurricane Katrina survivors followed for 12 years after the storm. Four PTSD trajectories were identified using latent class growth analysis: Resistant (49.0%), Recovery (29.3%), Delayed-Onset (8.0%), and Chronic-High (13.7%). After adjusting for covariates, pre-Katrina trauma had only a small, positive impact on the probability of long-term, chronic Katrina-specific PTSD, and little effect on the probability of the Resistant and Delayed-Onset trajectories. Higher pre-Katrina trauma exposure moderately decreased the probability of being in the Recovery trajectory, in which Katrina-specific PTSD symptoms are initially high before declining over time. When covariates were added to the model one at a time, the association between pre-Katrina trauma and Chronic-High PTSD was attenuated most by the addition of Katrina-related trauma. Our findings suggest that while pre-disaster trauma exposure does not have a strong direct effect on chronic Katrina-specific PTSD, pre-Katrina trauma may impact PTSD through other factors that affect Katrina-related PTSD, such as by increasing the severity of Katrina-related trauma. These findings have important implications for the development of disaster preparedness strategies to diminish the long-term burden of disaster-related PTSD.

The Interplay of Local- and State-Level Alcohol Policies in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Most research on alcohol control policies in the United States has focused on the state level. In this study, we assessed both local and state policy prevalence and restrictiveness in a nationwide sample of cities. METHOD: We conducted original legal research to assess prevalence of local-level policies across 374 cities (48 states) in 2019 for the following seven policy areas: (a) drink specials; (b) beverage service training; (c) minimum age for on-premise servers and bartenders; (d) minimum age for off-premise sellers; (e) prohibitions against hosting underage drinking parties (i.e., social host provisions); (f) bans on off-premise Sunday sales; and (g) keg registration. We obtained parallel state-level policies from the Alcohol Policy Information System. We assessed the restrictiveness of existing policies and how these compared across local and state levels. RESULTS: We found that for six of the seven policy areas, the majority of cities (53% to 83%) had only a state-level policy. Few cities (0% to 8% across policy areas) had only a local-level policy. The percentage of cities that had an alcohol policy at both the local and state levels ranged from less than 1% to 19% across policy areas, and the policies were mostly equally restrictive at both levels. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of local policies may point to areas where these localities could strengthen their alcohol policy environments. Additional research is needed to understand how the prevalence and restrictiveness of local and state policies are associated with public health harms such as traffic crashes.

Effects of Sunday Liquor Sales Legalization on Alcohol Policy Attitudes and Alcohol Purchasing Behavior.

We examined how legalization of Sunday alcohol sales relates to attitudes towards Sunday sales, and how both attitudes and alcohol consumption patterns relate to Sunday alcohol purchasing. A total of 1,384 adults of legal drinking age completed a survey one year post-legalization of Sunday sales. A majority of respondents (51%) were supportive of Sunday sales legalization both before and after legalization. People were more likely to support Sunday sales legalization if they reported binge drinking (PR: 2.19; CI: 1.51 3.18). Following Sunday sales legalization, 59% of participants reported purchasing alcohol in Minnesota on Sunday. Binge drinking (PR: 1.39; CI: 1.27, 1.52) or supporting Sunday sales legalization (PR: 1.85; CI: 1.56, 2.17) were associated with higher likelihood of purchasing alcohol on Sunday. Legalizing Sunday sales may have increased access to alcohol for people with more unhealthy drinking behaviors.

Body Mass Index Trajectories and Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Risk in Children from Low-Income and Racially and Ethnically Diverse Households.

Background: This study examined the associations between BMI trajectories and emerging cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in children living in low-income and racially and ethnically diverse households in the United States. Methods: Data were drawn from NET-Works randomized intervention trial and NET-Works 2 prospective follow-up study (N = 338). BMI was measured across 6 follow-up visits and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) at the sixth visit. Group-based trajectory modeling identified child BMI trajectories. Adjusted multivariable linear regressions evaluated the associations between BMI trajectories and CMR. Results: We identified two BMI trajectories: 25% followed a trajectory of steep BMI increase, and 75% followed a moderate decreasing BMI trajectory over time. Relative to children in the moderate decreasing trajectory, children in the increasing trajectory had higher adjusted mean levels of C-reactive protein [CRP; 3.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6 to 5.0], leptin (63.1; 95% CI: 44.3 to 81.8), triglycerides (35.4; 95% CI: 22.1 to 48.6), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (1.2; 95% CI: 0.8 to 1.6), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C; 0.1; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.2), fasting glucose (1.8; 0.1 to 3.5) and insulin (8.8; 95% CI: 6.5 to 11.0), overall CMR score (0.7; 95% CI: 0.5 to 0.9), and lower adiponectin (-1.3; 95% CI: -2.5 to -0.1) and HDL (-10.8; 95% CI: -14.3 to -7.4). Conclusions: Children with high BMIs early in childhood were more likely to maintain an accelerated BMI trajectory throughout childhood, which was associated with adverse CMR in pre-adolescence. To advance health equity and support children's healthy weight and cardiovascular health trajectories, public health efforts are needed to address persistent disparities in childhood obesity and CMR.

Impact of delaying high school start times on weight and related behaviors - the START study.

In the US, few adolescents get adequate school night sleep, largely due to early school start times. In the START study we aimed to test the following hypothesis: That following the implementation of later high school start times students have lesser longitudinal increases in body mass index (BMI) and shift to more healthful weight-related behaviors relative to students attending schools that retain early start times. The study enrolled a cohort of students (n = 2426) in five high schools in the Twin Cities, MN metro. Heights and weights were measured objectively, and surveys were administered annually from 9th through 11th grades (2016-2018). All study schools started early (either 7:30 am or 7:45 am) at baseline (2016). At follow-up 1 (2017) and continuing through follow-up 2 (2018), two schools delayed their start times by 50-65 min, while three comparison schools started at 7:30 am throughout the observation period. Using a difference-in-differences natural experiment design, we estimated differences in changes in BMI and weight-related behaviors over time between policy change and comparison schools. Students' BMIs increased in parallel in both policy change and comparison schools over time. However relative to changes in comparison schools after the start time shift, students in policy change schools had a modestly more healthful profile of weight-related behaviors - for instance they had a relatively greater probability of eating breakfast, having supper with their family, getting more activity, eating fast food less frequently, and eating vegetables daily. Later start times could be a durable, population-wide strategy that promotes healthful weight behaviors.

Alcohol Enforcement in the United States From 2010 to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the important role of enforcement in reducing alcohol-related harms, few studies have assessed alcohol enforcement efforts, particularly over time. We assessed the prevalence of alcohol law enforcement strategies at two time points. METHOD: Of a random sample of U.S. local law enforcement agencies (i.e., police, sheriff) surveyed in 2010, 1,028 were resurveyed in 2019 (742/1,028 [72%] response rate). We assessed changes in alcohol enforcement strategies and priorities within three domains: (a) alcohol-impaired driving, (b) alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons (i.e., overservice), and (c) underage drinking. RESULTS: Agencies reported placing higher priority on enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving and overservice in 2019 versus 2010. For alcohol-impaired driving enforcement strategies, we found increases over time in use of saturation patrols and in enforcing laws prohibiting open containers of alcohol in motor vehicles, but not in use of sobriety checkpoints. Approximately 25% of agencies conducted overservice enforcement in both years. For all strategies directed at underage drinking, enforcement decreased over time with more agencies using strategies aimed at underage drinkers versus alcohol suppliers (alcohol outlets, adults) in both years. CONCLUSIONS: Agencies reported continued low levels or declines in enforcement across most strategies despite reported increases in prioritizing alcohol enforcement. More agencies could adopt alcohol control enforcement strategies, including an increased focus on suppliers of alcohol to youth rather than on underage drinkers, and increased awareness and enforcement of selling alcohol to obviously intoxicated patrons. Use of these strategies has the potential to reduce health and safety consequences of excessive alcohol use.

The impact of delayed school start time on adolescent beverage consumption, findings from the START study.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to examine the effects of high school start time delay, a proven sleep-promoting intervention, on sugary beverage (SB) consumption among U.S. adolescents. METHODS: In the Spring of 2016 (baseline), the START study recruited 2134 ninth grade students who were enrolled high schools in the Twin Cities, MN metropolitan area. These participants were surveyed again in their 10th and 11th grade years, in Spring 2017 and 2018 (follow-ups 1 and 2). All five high schools started early (7:30 or 7:45 a.m.) at baseline. By follow-up 1, two "policy change" schools shifted their start times later (8:20 or 8:50 a.m.) and maintained these later start times through follow-up 2 while three "comparison schools" retained an early start time at all time points. Generalized estimating equations using a negative binomial distribution were used to obtain estimates of the number of sugary beverages consumed per day at each wave as well as the difference in difference (DiD) estimates between baseline and each follow-up period comparing policy change to comparison schools. RESULTS: Mean baseline sugary beverage consumption was 0.9 (1.5) beverages per day in policy change schools and 1.2 (1.7) beverages per day in the comparison schools. While there was no evidence of impact of start time change on total SB consumption, DiD estimates revealed a small decrease in the number of caffeinated sugary beverages consumed between baseline and the second follow-up period in students attending the policy change schools relative to comparison schools in both crude (0.11/day reduction, p-value = 0.048) and adjusted analyses (0.11/day reduction, p-value = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Although the differences in this study were quite modest, a population-wide reduction in sugary beverage consumption could have public health benefit.

School start time delays and high school educational outcomes: Evidence from the START/LEARN study.

INTRODUCTION: Delaying high school start times extends adolescents' nightly sleep, but it is less clear how it affects educational outcomes. We expect links between school start time delays and academic performance because getting enough sleep is a key input to the cognitive, health, and behavioral factors necessary for educational success. Thus, we evaluated how educational outcomes changed in the 2 years following a school start time delay. METHODS: We analyzed 2153 adolescents (51% male, 49% female; mean age 15 at baseline) from START/LEARN, a cohort study of high school students in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, USA metropolitan area. Adolescents experienced either a school start time delay ("policy change schools") or consistently early school start times ("comparison schools"). We compared patterns of late arrivals, absences, behavior referrals, and grade point average (GPA) 1 year before (baseline, 2015-2016) and 2 years after (follow-up 1, 2016-2017 and follow-up 2, 2017-2018) the policy change using a difference-in-differences analysis. RESULTS: A school start time delay of 50-65 min led to three fewer late arrivals, one fewer absence, a 14% lower probability of behavior referral, and 0.07-0.17 higher GPA in policy change schools versus comparison schools. Effects were larger in the 2nd year of follow-up than in the 1st year of follow-up, and differences in absences and GPA emerged in the second year of follow-up only. CONCLUSIONS: Delaying high school start times is a promising policy intervention not only for improving sleep and health but for improving adolescents' performance in school.

Cancer pain and alcohol self-medication.

BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors are at increased risk of pain due to their either cancer and/or treatments. Substances like alcohol may be used to self-medicate cancer pain; however, these substances pose their own health risks that may be more pronounced for cancer survivors. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2012-2019 to quantify the association between cancer pain and alcohol use. We used negative binomial regression, with interaction terms added to examine variations across age, sex, and race. We also examined whether alcohol use relates to cancer pain control status. RESULTS: Cancer survivors with cancer pain were more likely to be younger, female, Black, and to have been diagnosed with breast cancer. Cancer pain was associated with lower alcohol consumption (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.88, confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 0.99). This association was primarily among people 65 and older, women, and white and Hispanic people. Cancer pain control status was not related to alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Lower alcohol use among cancer survivors with pain has many possible explanations, including several alternative pain management strategies or a decrease in social engagement. Our findings of racial and gender disparities in cancer pain are consistent with the broader evidence on disparities in pain. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Cancer pain management for marginalized groups should be improved. Healthcare providers should screen cancer survivors for both pain and substance use, to prevent unhealthy self-medication behaviors.

Alcohol-impaired driving enforcement priorities and strategies in a nationwide sample of U.S. law enforcement agencies.

OBJECTIVE: Excessive alcohol consumption leads to a range of public health problems and social and financial burdens. Traffic crashes resulting from alcohol-involved driving are a major contributor to the overall health consequences of alcohol. Various laws and enforcement strategies aim to prevent alcohol-involved driving. The extent to which law enforcement agencies prioritize enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving laws can help to reduce alcohol-impaired driving. Among law enforcement agencies in the US, we examined prioritization of alcohol-impaired driving enforcement and how it is associated with use of specific enforcement strategies, as well as agency and community characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a survey of a national sample of 1,024 US police and sheriff agencies in 2019. We assessed prioritization of alcohol-impaired driving enforcement, use of specific enforcement strategies (saturation patrols, sobriety checkpoints, open container law enforcement, training field officers to identify driving impairment), and agency and jurisdiction characteristics. We assessed how priority of enforcement (high vs. low) was associated with use of specific strategies, and agency and jurisdiction characteristics using regression models that accounted for agencies nesting within states. RESULTS: A majority of agencies (68%) placed a high priority on alcohol-impaired driving enforcement. Almost all agencies (93%) reported performing at least one alcohol-impaired driving enforcement strategy and the most common strategy used was saturation patrols. Agencies that prioritized alcohol-impaired driving enforcement were more likely to use sobriety checkpoints and saturation patrols, conduct enforcement of open container laws and train field officers in identifying driving impairment (p < 0.05). They were also more likely to have an officer assigned primarily to alcohol enforcement, have an alcohol division, and serve jurisdictions that had fewer Black residents (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Many law enforcement agencies utilize strategies to address alcohol-impaired driving, however, some strategies are underutilized and an opportunity exists for agencies to incorporate additional strategies to help prevent alcohol-impaired driving. Agencies that made alcohol-impaired driving enforcement a priority were more likely to conduct related enforcement strategies. Encouraging police and sheriff agencies to prioritize alcohol-impaired driving enforcement may be an effective approach for preventing alcohol-related harms.

Strategies Used by Local Law Enforcement Agencies to Prevent Overservice of Alcohol in the United States.

Overservice of alcohol, defined as commercial provision of alcohol to an individual who is obviously intoxicated, is illegal in most states and contributes to motor vehicle crashes and violence. Law enforcement agencies use various strategies that aim to reduce overservice at licensed alcohol establishments (e.g., bars, restaurants). Place of Last Drink (POLD) data collection is an emerging overservice enforcement strategy. POLD identifies patterns of overservice, which can provide support for targeted interventions to prevent overservice at offending establishments. We describe the prevalence of POLD and other overservice enforcement strategies and associations with agency characteristics, which has important implications for public health and safety. We conducted a national survey of 1024 municipal (e.g., town, city) and county law enforcement agencies in 2019 (response rate = 73%). We assessed the use of overservice enforcement strategies conducted by the agencies over the past year. We examined associations of each type of overservice enforcement strategy with agency and jurisdiction characteristics using regression models. 27% of responding agencies reported conducting overservice enforcement and 7% conducted POLD data collection specifically. Municipal (vs. county) agencies and agencies with an officer assigned primarily to alcohol enforcement activities were significantly more likely to conduct overservice enforcement generally but not POLD data collection specifically. Overservice enforcement in general, and POLD data collection specifically, are not widely conducted. Prevention of overservice has the potential to reduce harms related to excessive alcohol consumption. Increased evaluation of overservice enforcement strategies should be prioritized.

What is the likelihood that underage youth can obtain marijuana from licensed recreational marijuana outlets in California, a state where recreational marijuana is legal?

OBJECTIVE: Since 2012, 19 states and the District of Columbia have legalized the recreational use of marijuana for adults ages 21 and older. Marijuana use at any level can impair driving performance. Prior research on enforcement of the minimum legal marijuana use age of 21 (MLMU-21) laws is limited. The objective of the current study was to assess the ease of access to marijuana by underage patrons at recreational marijuana outlets in California, where recreational marijuana was legalized in 2016. METHOD: Pseudo-underage patrons were sent to 50 randomly selected licensed recreational marijuana outlets in the state to see if they could enter the outlet without showing a valid identification of their age. RESULTS: Pseudo-underage patrons were required to show age identification to enter in 100% of the licensed recreational marijuana outlets visited. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that licensed California recreational marijuana outlets avoid selling marijuana to underage customers. One reason could be a strong incentive for recreational marijuana outlet owners and managers to avoid being shut down for an illegal activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Underage youth are not obtaining marijuana at licensed recreational outlets. Future studies and cannabis enforcement agencies should investigate whether underage patrons attempt to use fake IDs at licensed marijuana outlets and whether youth are obtaining marijuana from illicit dispensaries or from social sources.

Secular trends and customer characteristics of sweetened beverage and water purchasing at US convenience and other small food stores, 2014-2017.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular health is linked to sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverages (SSBs and ASBs). Prior studies document declines in SSB purchases. However, it is unclear if similar trends exist at convenience and other small food outlets, which often serve lower-income communities and where objective point-of-sales data are difficult to obtain. We examined trends (2014-2017) in observed SSB, ASB, and water purchases at convenience and other small stores as well as differences in purchasing by customer characteristics. METHODS: We used observational purchase data collected annually (2014-2017) from 3010 adult customers at 147 randomly-sampled stores in Minneapolis/St. Paul, USA. SSB sub-types included any ready-to-drink sweetened soda, fruit, sport, energy, tea, or other drink, and ASBs included artificially-sweetened versions. Unsweetened water included ready-to-drink water. Mixed regression models examined trends over time and associations with customer characteristics, accounting for customers nested within stores and stores repeatedly measured over time. RESULTS: Nearly 50% of purchases included an SSB. Approximately 10% included an ASB. There was no evidence of change over time in SSB or ASB purchasing. Customer purchasing of unsweetened water significantly increased over time (5.7 to 8.4%; P for trend = 0.05). SSB purchasing was highest among men, young adults, customers with lower education/ income, and customers that shopped frequently. ASB purchasing was highest among women, those 40-59 years, non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, and customers with higher education/ income. CONCLUSIONS: Despite research suggesting previous declines in SSB consumption and purchasing in the US, we identified a persistent, high trend of SSB purchasing overtime at convenience and other small food stores. Consumption of SSBs and water are growing targets for public policy and health campaigns. Results demonstrate additional work is needed curb sweetened beverage purchasing and promote water purchasing at convenience and other small food stores, which are often prevalent in low-income and marginalized communities.

Retailer Marketing Strategies and Customer Purchasing of Sweetened Beverages in Convenience Stores.

BACKGROUND: Marketing strategies for sweetened beverages (SBs) are pervasive across food retail. Yet few studies have examined how these strategies associate with planned and unplanned SB purchasing. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine whether customers with greater exposure to SB retail marketing (eg, advertisements and product placement) were more likely to purchase an SB and whether this varied by customer characteristics. DESIGN: This was an observational, cross-sectional study using objective customer purchasing and store assessment data from convenience and other small food stores. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Participants were 1,604 food and beverage customers at 144 randomly sampled convenience and other small food stores in Minneapolis-St Paul, MN. EXPOSURE: Marketing strategies, including SB advertisements, placement, and shelf space were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We determined the probability of customers purchasing ≥4 fluid ounces of a ready-to-drink sugar and/or artificially sweetened beverage. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Associations between marketing strategies and purchasing were estimated using mixed regression models, controlling for customer characteristics and accounting for customers nested within stores. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of customers purchased an SB; 14% also specified that it was an unplanned purchase. Customers were more likely to purchase an SB when exterior advertisements (P < .001) and advertisements hanging from the ceiling (P < .001) that promoted SBs were present. Customers with moderate and high cumulative exposure to SB marketing were significantly more likely to purchase SBs (51.2% and 54.9%, respectively) than those with lower exposure (34%); this effect was particularly salient for men. There were no significant associations between retail marketing strategies and unplanned purchases. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrate that feasible and sustainable approaches are required from policy makers, retailers, and public health professionals to shift store environments away from cues that promote unhealthy beverage selections. Given that numerous retail actors are invested in the availability, promotion, and sales of SBs, changing the predominance of SB marketing in convenience stores will likely be challenging and require cross-sector collaboration.

The influence of childhood and early adult adversities on substance use behaviours in racial/ethnically diverse young adult women: a latent class analysis.

Childhood and adult adversities occur more frequently among women and persons of colour, possibly influencing racial/ethnic disparities in substance use behaviours. This study investigates how childhood and adult adversities cluster together by race/ethnicity and how these clusters predict binge drinking, tobacco, e-cigarette, and marijuana use. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used in a combined sample from the 2015 to 2018 Minnesota College Student Health Survey to identify clusters of childhood and adult adversities among Asian, Black, Latina, and White women aged 18-25. Each substance use outcome was regressed on each adversity cluster across each race/ethnicity group. Across all racial/ethnic groups and substance use outcomes, the high adversity cluster exhibited the greatest risk. Significant racial/ethnic disparities were observed across several substance use behaviours; these were attenuated among women with fewer adversities. The reduced substance use disparities found among those with lower adversities suggest that prevention of adversities may advance health equity.

Evaluation of the efficacy of an intersection conflict warning system at two-way stop-controlled rural intersections: difference-in-differences and triple-difference analytical approaches.

OBJECTIVE: Intersection conflict warning systems (ICWSs) have been implemented at high-risk two-way stop-controlled intersections to prevent right-angle crashes and associated injuries. This study involved investigation of the impacts of ICWSs on crash reductions. METHODS: The study used a quasi-experimental design to analyse the potential causal relations between Minnesota's ICWSs and various crash rate outcomes (including total, injury, non-injury, targeted right-angle and non-right-angle crashes) in pre-post analyses. A restricted randomisation method enabled identification of three controls to each ICWS treatment intersection, and included as many comparable intersection characteristics as possible. Annual crash rates (per year per intersection) were analysed over the same periods before and after system activation for treatment and control intersections in each matched group. Pre-crash data for 3 years and post-crash data for up to 5 years were included, ranging from 2010 to 2018. Negative binomial regression models with generalised estimating equations were applied to estimate the average, immediate and continuing treatment effects of ICWSs, through the difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-difference approaches, respectively. RESULTS: The ICWS treatment was significantly associated with a decreasing trend for targeted right-angle crash rates posttreatment. Although not statistically significant, most crash rate outcomes appeared to be elevated immediately after treatment (statistically significant for sideswipe crashes only). Pre-post differences in average crash rates (over entire periods), except for incapacitating injury-related crashes, were not statistically significant between treatment and control intersections. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided important insight into potential causal associations between intersection safety countermeasures and crashes at high-risk rural two-way stop-controlled intersections.

Differential effectiveness of the Minnesota Safe Patient Handling Act by health care setting: An exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: The Minnesota Safe Patient Handling (MN SPH) Act requires health care facilities to implement comprehensive programs to protect their workers from musculoskeletal injuries caused by lifting and transferring patients. Nursing homes, hospitals, and outpatient facilities each face unique challenges implementing and maintaining SPH programs. The objective of the study was to compare patient handling injuries in these three health care settings and determine whether change in injury rate over time differed by setting following enactment of the law. METHODS: Workers' compensation data from a Minnesota-based insurer were used to describe worker and claim characteristics in nursing homes, hospitals, and outpatient facilities. Negative binomial models were used to compare claims and estimate mean annual patient handling claim rates by health care setting and time period following enactment of the law. RESULTS: Consistent with national data, the patient handling claim rate was highest in Minnesota nursing homes (168 claims/$100 million payroll [95% confidence interval: 163-174]) followed by hospitals (35/$100 million payroll [34-37]) and outpatient facilities (2/$100 million payroll [1.8-2.2]). Patient handling claims declined by 38% over 10 years following enactment of the law (vs. 27% for all other claims). The change in claims over time did not differ by health care setting. CONCLUSIONS: In this single-insurer sample, declines in workers' compensation claims for patient handling injuries were consistent across health care settings following enactment of a state SPH law. Though nursing homes experienced elevated claim rates overall, results suggest they are not lagging hospitals and outpatient facilities in reducing patient handling injuries.

Classes of lifetime adversities among emerging adult women by race/ethnicity and their associations with weight status in the United States.

This cross-sectional study examines the association of childhood and adolescent/adult adversities with obesity across four racial/ethnic groups among emerging adult women aged 18 to 25 (n = 9310). Latent class analysis was used to identify racial/ethnicity-specific classes arising from childhood and adolescent/adult adversity indicators in the 2015 and 2018 College Student Health Surveys (sampled from Minnesota, U.S.) Distal outcome procedure and Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars methods were used to assess each class's association with body mass index (BMI) and obesity probability. Models were adjusted for post-secondary school type and parental education. We identified 7 classes for White women, 4 classes for Asian and Latina women, and 5 classes for Black women. Weight distributions of Black and Latina women leaned towards "overweight", whereas White and Asian women's BMI leaned towards "normal weight." Latina and Black women had a wider BMI range (~5 kg/m2) between classes with the highest versus lowest BMI than White and Asian women (~3 kg/m2), suggesting a stronger association between adversities and BMI. For Asian, Black, and White women, the "Low Adversities" class had the lowest obesity prevalence, while the "High Lifetime Adversities" class had the highest prevalence. In contrast, Latina women had the lowest obesity prevalence in the "High Adolescent/Adult Adversities & Low Childhood Adversities" class, and highest prevalence in the "Household Mental Illness" class. Results indicate that racial/ethnic disparities in obesity-related measures are reduced when racial/ethnic groups experience low adversity. Future research should explore tailored adversity interventions that consider adversity exposure differences across race/ethnicity as a strategy for reducing obesity risk.

Design and evaluation of a rural intersection conflict warning system and alternative designs among various driver age groups.

Advanced Rural Intersection Conflict Warning Systems (RICWS) were deployed as countermeasures to reduce severe right-angle crashes at rural thru-STOP controlled intersections across the United States (U.S.). The simulator study designed and evaluated alternative RICWS designs to existing RICWS interventions, in varying rural driving scenarios, across age groups (N = 40 novice teenage, 40 middle-aged, and 40 older drivers). Each participant was randomly assigned to a RICWS design, either the original or an alternative, and drove through sequences of 17 thru-STOP controlled rural intersections (nine RICWS intervention and eight control intersections). Drivers' gap acceptance performance, intersection driving performance, traffic violation behaviors and self-reported workload were evaluated between intervention and control intersections. Regression models, applying the Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE), enabled efficacy determination of each RICWS design and an aggregated RICWS intervention effect, averaged across all simulated RICWS designs, among different levels of moderating factors. The safety performance and possible risks associated with the use of different RICWS designs were identified. Specifically, the original RICWS design had a significantly greater risk of STOP-sign violations at clear-view intersections with low traffic volumes, compared with control intersections (Risk Ratio = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.03 to 4.64). Except for Alternative RICWS Design 1, the alternative RICWS designs did not appear to outperform the Original RICWS Design. The moderating effects of drivers' ages and intersection types on aggregated RICWS intervention effects were also examined. This study provides important safety implications for development and evaluation of intelligent intersection warning systems, targeted to vulnerable driver populations at high-risk rural intersections.

Weekend night vs. school night sleep patterns, weight status, and weight-related behaviors among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examine associations between objectively measured weekend night vs. school night sleep patterns, weight status, and weight-related behaviors among adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Five Minnesota high schools that started early (7:30 or 7:45 AM) in Spring 2016. PARTICIPANTS: Ninth grade students, ages 14.5-16 years (n = 284). MEASUREMENTS: Students completed surveys, had body measurements taken, and wore sleep (wrist) actigraphs for 1 week (n = 284). We examined weekend night-school night differences in sleep duration and sleep timing. We then assessed whether these factors were related to weight status and weight-related behaviors (eating behaviors, food consumption, physical activity, beverage consumption) using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS: On average, students slept 1.5 hours (95% confidence interval 1.3-1.7) more and had a sleep midpoint 1.9 hours (1.8-2.1) later on weekend nights compared to school nights. Female students had larger increases in sleep duration on weekend nights than males but similar timing differences. Sleep duration differences were uncorrelated with sleep timing differences (r = 0.01). Neither duration nor timing differences were associated with overweight, obesity, or any of the eating behaviors we examined. However, sleeping longer on weekend nights than on school nights was associated with lower probability of being active 6-7 days per week (p = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents have substantial sleep duration and sleep timing differences on weekend nights vs. school nights. While these differences may not be associated with weight status or weight-related behaviors, they reflect the reality that most adolescents have schedules that restrict their sleep.